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The book reports on the development and validation of a computerized adaptive EFL test, which is used as an exit requirement for non-English-major undergraduates at a major Chinese university. Unlike the tests reported in previous research on computerized adaptive language test (CALT), which were mostly designed to assess vocabulary, grammar and reading, this test consists of listening and reading components using both dichotomously-scored stand-alone items and polytomously-scored testlet-based items. The book is an essential and stimulating read for researchers and graduate students in the testing domain, particularly for those who are interested in CALT, item response theory (IRT), and quantitative research methods in general. It also constitutes a solid reference resource for L2 teachers and test developers. One of the distinctive features of the book is its operationalization of assessment use argument (AUA) in the investigation of the construct validity of the CALT. Another strength of this book is that it provides insight into the specific procedures that are followed in the development of CALTs and addresses a few key issues, such as local item dependence and DIF detection that were ignored in previous CALT development research.

This book aims to answer the key question facing China in building an innovative country: What kind of indigenous innovation path with Chinese characteristics should be taken? This book conducts an in-depth analysis of the indigenous innovation path with Chinese characteristics from two dimensions: path evolution and level (enterprise, industry, region, and country). It puts forward the leading path of innovation with Chinese characteristics and also offers policy suggestions.

Based on the ancient Chinese concept of the unity of Heaven and Man (¿¿¿¿, ¿tian ren he yi¿), guided by principles governing the connections and interdependencies between Heaven, Earth, Man, and the media, and in accord with the coexistence of these four elements in balance and in harmony, this monograph outlines the scope of the study, fundamental concepts and theories, and future directions of research in the interdisciplinary field of the geography of media. The author delves deeply into the themes of time, space, place, landscape, and scale to introduce readers to a wide array of intriguing concepts that add new dimensions to this relatively new academic field. In addition, this monograph presents a history of media geography as it has evolved in the West and in China over the past several decades, and introduces principles and values from traditional Chinese culture that shed light on the nature, direction, and significance of media studies and communication research now being conducted around the globe. Intended readership: professional scholars, graduates, and general readers.

Dunhuang studies refer to a discipline focusing on Dunhuang Manuscripts, Dunhuang grotto art, the theory of Dunhuang studies, and Dunhuang history and geography. It is a broad subject of studying, excavating, sorting, and protecting the cultural relics and documents in the Dunhuang area of China.The General Theory of Dunhuang Studies explores the basic concept of Dunhuang studies. It presents a more comprehensive and systematic study of six aspects of Dunhuang, covering the background of Dunhuang studies in orientalism, the history of Dunhuang, Dunhuang grotto art, the scattering of Dunhuang cultural relics, Dunhuang manuscripts, and the history of Dunhuang studies, and discussing and summarizing the relevant national and international research.The General Theory of Dunhuang Studies has extensively absorbed the research achievements of domestic and foreign academic circles and the author's decades of academic research experience.As a comprehensive and systematic academic monograph with both academic depth and extensive readability, the book provides descriptions, theory and objective comments written in a clear and straightforward style; the book is intended for professional scholars, graduates and general readers. It is an excellent teaching and learning resource for those interested in understanding and learning about Dunhuang studies. However, it is also a helpful reference book for readers interested in Dunhuang culture.

This book explores poems, novels, legends, operas and other genres of writing from the Ming Dynasty. It is composed of two parts: the literary history; and comprehensive reference materials based on the compilation of several chronologies. By studying individual literary works, the book analyzes the basic laws of the development of literature during the Ming Dynasty, and explores the influences of people, time, and place on literature from a sociological perspective. In turn, it conducts a contrastive analysis of Chinese and Western literature, based on similar works from the same literary genre and their creative methods. The book also investigates the relationship between literary theory and literary creation practices, including those used at various poetry schools. In closing, it studies the unique aesthetic traits of related works. Sharing valuable insights and perspectives, the book can serve as a role model for future literary history studies. It offers a unique resource for literary researchers, reference guide for students and educators, and lively read for members of the general public.

This book systematically outlines the development of ancient Chinese. Consisting of 20 chapters, the self-contained work presents macro-level discussions on a broad range of topics, including: philology, phonology, exegetics, certain words¿ special meanings, sentence types, the flexible use of words, different grammars in ancient and modern times, and rhetoric. Though chiefly focusing on vocabulary, the book also addresses grammar, and points out grammar problems that differ considerably from those in modern Chinese, in addition to combining morphology and syntax. Further, unlike the majority of textbooks on the subject, it pays more attention to the rhetoric used in ancient Chinese literary works. Rather than simply analyzing linguistic phenomena, the book also (and more importantly) provides a meaningful approach to the study of ancient Chinese. Accordingly, it offers a valuable asset for researchers, graduate students, and everyone else who is interested in ancient Chinese.

Chapter 1. Thousand years vicissitudes of Dunhuang1. Dunhuang in the pre-Qin period2. Dunhuang in the Qin and Han dynasty3. Dunhuang in the Wei Jin Southern and Northern dynasties4. Dunhuang in the Sui and Tang dynasties5. Tubo''s rule and management of dunhuang6. Dunhuang during the Guiyijun regime period7. Dunhuang in the Song dynasty∩╝êTwo Song dynasties∩╝ë8. Dunhuang in the Yuan Ming and Qing dynastyChapter 2. Artistic treasures:Thousand Buddha Caves(Mogao Grottoes)1. The creation and numbering of Mogao Grottoes2. Dunhuang mural art3. Dunhuang painted sculpture4. Dunhuang architectural artChapter 3. Talk about the sorrowful history with rage Lamentedly1. The discovery that shocked the world2. The thousand-year''s mystery ------ The  reason of the Hidden Library Cave sealed3. Marc Aurel Stein and the scattering of Dunhuang Manuscripts4. Paul Pelliot and the Dunhuang Documents Collected in France5. Otani kozui expedition and Dunhuang Turpan Documents6. Russian investigation of Dunhuang and northwest China7. The destruction of Dunhuang art by American Landon┬╖Warner8. The scattering of the remain Dunhuang Manuscripts after robbery9. The reason of the scattering of the Dunhuang Cultural Relics Chapter 4 Dunhuang Manuscripts1. Dunhuang Manuscripts and history studies2. Religion studies materials in dunhuang documents3. A true portrayal of temples life4. Dunhuang literature and its academic value5. Dunhuang folk-song6. Scientific and technological material in DunhuangChapter 5 Dunhuang studies all around the world -- the development and  overview of the Dunhuang Studies1. The emergence and development of Dunhuang Studies2. The vigorous development of Dunhuang Studies3. Dunhuang Studies in abroad4. Dunhuang studies in the future

In turn, it conducts a contrastive analysis of Chinese and Western literature, based on similar works from the same literary genre and their creative methods. The book also investigates the relationship between literary theory and literary creation practices, including those used at various poetry schools.