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Co-edited by world-renowned scientists in the field of catalysis, this book contains the cutting-edge in situ and operando spectroscopy characterization techniques operating under reaction conditions to determine a materials¿ bulk, surface, and solution complex and their applications in the field of catalysis with emphasis on solid catalysts in powder form since such catalyst are relevant for industrial applications. The handbook covers from widely-used to cutting-edge techniques. The handbook is written for a broad audience of students and professionals who want to pursue the full capabilities available by the current state-of-the-art in characterization to fully understand how their catalysts really operate and guide the rational design of advanced catalysts. Individuals involved in catalysis research will be interested in this handbook because it contains a catalogue of cutting-edge methods employed in characterization of catalysts. These techniques find wide use in applications such as petroleum refining, chemical manufacture, natural gas conversion, pollution control, transportation, power generation, pharmaceuticals and food processing. fdsfds

Computer science provides a powerful tool which was virtually unknown three generations ago and new applications have emerged which were technically not feasible without the support of a computer. These developments lead to new high-level domains. One of them is Geographic Information.Classical fields of knowledge are geodesy (surveying), cartography, and geography. Electronics and computers have revolutionized geodetic methods. Cartography has faced the dominance of the computer that results in simplified cartographic products. All three fields now make use of the internet and databases where geodesy may be interpreted as the input-component, cartography as the output component, and geography as one of many application of geographic information.Fast and mobile internet access as well as a comprehensive standardization of data exchange have opened the door to many new applications. Typical examples are spatial data infrastructures. They enable an overlay of data that reside on different computers but are geometrically referred to the same area. They revolutionize the relations between citizens and administration and economy. Another field is location based services which link mobile devices with spatial and temporal data. The most advanced concept is called ubiquitous GIS which handles a great number of position-coded mobile objects. The automatic administration of these objects has already gained importance within logistics enterprises.The contents of the Springer Handbook of Geographic Information reflects these thoughts. It is organized in the parts, Basics, Geographic Information, and Applications. Some parts of the basics part belong to computer science. However, the reader gets a comprehensive view of geographic information because the topics selected from computer sciences have a close relation to geographic information.

This practical handbook provides a clearly structured, concise and comprehensive account of the huge variety of atmospheric and related measurements relevant to meteorologists and for the purpose of weather forecasting and climate research, but also to the practitioner in the wider field of environmental physics and ecology. The Springer Handbook of Atmospheric Measurements is divided into six parts: The first part offers instructive descriptions of the basics of atmospheric measurements and the multitude of their influencing factors, fundamentals of quality control and standardization, as well as equations and tables of atmospheric, water, and soil quantities. The subsequent parts  present classical in-situ measurements as well as remote sensing techniques from both  ground-based as well as airborn or satellite-based methods. The next part focusses on complex measurements and methods that integrate different techniques to establish more holistic data. Brief discussions of measurements in soils and water, at plants, in urban and rural environments and for renewable energies demonstrate the potential of such applications. The final part  provides an overview of atmospheric and ecological networks.Written by distinguished experts from academia and industry, each of the 64 chapters provides in-depth discussions of the available devices with their specifications, aspects of quality control, maintenance as well as their potential for the future. A large number of thoroughly compiled tables of physical quantities, sensors and system characteristics make this handbook a unique, universal and useful reference for the practitioner and absolutely essential for researchers, students, and technicians. 

Engineers and practitioners contribute to society through their ability to apply basic scientific principles to real problems in an effective and efficient manner. They must collect data to test their products every day as part of the design and testing process and also after the product or process has been rolled out to monitor its effectiveness. Model building and validation, data collection, data analysis and data interpretation form the core of sound engineering practice.After the data has been gathered the engineers, statisticians, designers, and practitioners must be able to sift them and interpret them correctly so that meaning can be exposed from a mass of undifferentiated numbers or facts. To do this he must be familiar with the fundamental concepts of correlation, uncertainty, variability and risk in the face of uncertainty.In today's global and highly competitive environment, continuous improvement in the processes and products of any field of engineeringis essential for survival. Many organizations have shown that the first step to continuous improvement is to integrate the widespread use of statistics and basic data analysis into the manufacturing development process as well as into the day-to-day business decisions taken in regard to engineering and technological information processes.The Springer Handbook of Engineering Statistics gathers together the full range of statistical techniques required by readers from all fields to gain sensible statistical feedback on how their processes or products are functioning and to give them realistic predictions of how these could be improved. Key TopicsFundamental Statistics Process Monitoring and ImprovementReliability Modeling and Survival AnalysisRegression MethodsData MiningStatistical Methods and ModelingWide Range of Applications including Six Sigma FeaturesContributions from leading experts in statistics and their application to engineering from industrial control to academic medicine and financial risk management Wide-ranging selection of statistical techniques to enable the readers to choose the method most appropriate Extensive and easy-to-use subject index making information quickly available to the reader. The Springer Handbook of Engineering Statistics will be essential reading for all engineers, statisticians, researchers, teachers, students, and engineering-connected managers who are serious about keeping their methods and products at the cutting edge of quality and competitiveness.

This handbook delivers an up-to-date, comprehensive and authoritative coverage of the broad field of surface science, encompassing a range of important materials such metals, semiconductors, insulators, ultrathin films and supported nanoobjects.Over 100 experts from all branches of experiment and theory review in 39 chapters all major aspects of solid-state surfaces, from basic principles to applications, including the latest, ground-breaking research results. Beginning with the fundamental background of kinetics and thermodynamics at surfaces, the handbook leads the reader through the basics of crystallographic structures and electronic properties, to the advanced topics at the forefront of current research. These include but are not limited to novel applications in nanoelectronics, nanomechanical devices, plasmonics, carbon films, catalysis,  and biology.The handbook is an ideal reference guide and instructional aid for a wide range of physicists, chemists, materials scientists and engineers active throughout academic and industrial research.

This resource covers all areas of interest for the practicing engineer as well as for the student at various levels and educational institutions. It features the work of authors from all over the world who have contributed their expertise and support the globally working engineer in finding a solution for today's mechanical engineering problems.

The book is divided into four parts: Optical Subsystems for Transmission and Switching, Core Networks, Datacenter and Super-Computer Networking, and Optical Access and Wireless Networks. Each chapter is written by world-renown experts that represent academia, industry, and international government and regulatory agencies.

This handbook plays a fundamental role in sustainable progress in speech research and development.

The Springer Handbook of Odor is the definitive guide to all aspects related to the study of smell and their impact on human life.

This handbook offers the first comprehensive reference guide to the interdisciplinary field of model-based reasoning. It highlights the role of models as mediators between theory and experimentation, and as educational devices, as well as their relevance in testing hypotheses and explanatory functions. The Springer Handbook merges philosophical, cognitive and epistemological perspectives on models with the more practical needs related to the application of this tool across various disciplines and practices. The result is a unique, reliable source of information that guides readers toward an understanding of different aspects of model-based science, such as the theoretical and cognitive nature of models, as well as their practical and logical aspects. The inferential role of models in hypothetical reasoning, abduction and creativity once they are constructed, adopted, and manipulated for different scientific and technological purposes is also discussed. Written by a group of internationally renowned experts in philosophy, the history of science, general epistemology, mathematics, cognitive and computer science, physics and life sciences, as well as engineering, architecture, and economics, this Handbook uses numerous diagrams, schemes and other visual representations to promote a better understanding of the concepts. This also makes it highly accessible to an audience of scholars and students with different scientific backgrounds. All in all, the Springer Handbook of Model-Based Science represents the definitive application-oriented reference guide to the interdisciplinary field of model-based reasoning.

This handbook presents the state of the art of quantitative methods and models to understand and assess the science and technology system. Focusing on various aspects of the development and application of indicators derived from data on scholarly publications, patents and electronic communications, the individual chapters, written by leading experts, discuss theoretical and methodological issues, illustrate applications, highlight their policy context and relevance, and point to future research directions.A substantial portion of the book is dedicated to detailed descriptions and analyses of data sources, presenting both traditional and advanced approaches. It addresses the main bibliographic metrics and indexes, such as the journal impact factor and the h-index, as well as altmetric and webometric indicators and science mapping techniques on different levels of aggregation and in the context of their value for the assessment of research performance as well as their impact on research policy and society. It also presents and critically discusses various national research evaluation systems.Complementing the sections reflecting on the science system, the technology section includes multiple chapters that explain different aspects of patent statistics, patent classification and database search methods to retrieve patent-related information. In addition, it examines the relevance of trademarks and standards as additional technological indicators.The Springer Handbook of Science and Technology Indicators is an invaluable resource for practitioners, scientists and policy makers wanting a systematic and thorough analysis of the potential and limitations of the various approaches to assess research and research performance.

This handbook provides comprehensive treatment of the current state of glass science from the leading experts in the field. The second part provides dedicated chapters on each individual glass type, covering traditional systems like silicates and other oxide systems, as well as novel hybrid amorphous materials and spin glasses.

25 chapters collect and summarize the most frequently used data and relationships for numerous metals, nonmetallic materials, functional materials and selected special structures such as liquid crystals and nanostructured materials.

This unique reference book offers a holistic description of the multifaceted field of systematic musicology, which is the study of music, its production and perception, and its cultural, historical and philosophical background.

This key text is a major reference work - a totally authoritative handbook on a major current topic. It consolidates state-of-the-art information from the large number of disciplines used in Experimental Fluid Mechanics into a readable desk reference book.

This comprehensive handbook has become the definitive reference work in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology, and this 4th edition incorporates a number of recent new developments.

This handbook plays a fundamental role in sustainable progress in speech research and development.

The second, updated edition of this essential reference book provides a wealth of detail on a wide range of electronic and photonic materials, starting from fundamentals and building up to advanced topics and applications.

The Springer Handbook of Odor is the definitive guide to all aspects related to the study of smell and their impact on human life.

The Springer Handbook of Ocean Engineering is organized in five parts: Part A: Fundamentals, Part B: Autonomous Ocean Vehicles, Subsystems and Control, Part C: Coastal Design, Part D: Offshore Technologies, Part E: Energy Conversion

The Springer Handbook for Computational Intelligence is the first book covering the basics, the state-of-the-art and important applications of the dynamic and rapidly expanding discipline of computational intelligence. swarm intelligence and hybrid computational intelligence systems.

As a reference book, the Springer Handbook provides a comprehensive exposition of the techniques and tools of experimental mechanics. New topics include biological materials, MEMS and NEMS, nanoindentation, digital photomechanics, photoacoustic characterization, and atomic force microscopy in experimental solid mechanics.

The Springer Handbook of Spacetime is dedicated to the ground-breaking paradigm shifts embodied in the two relativity theories, and describes in detail the profound reshaping of physical sciences they ushered in.