Bøger om 17. århundrede

James Grant was an early pioneer within America. His life story is set within the context of a rapidly changing society in the second half of the 19th century. In that period slavery was rampant; huge numbers of new immigrants continued to arrive from Europe; people began to travel into the vast interior, which opened the west; a brutal civil war ravaged the country; railroads were established nationwide; financial depression hindered growth; and two US Presidents were murdered.He witnessed at first hand slaves working on southern plantations. He led a wagon train west across the expanse of the Great Plains. He built businesses in Wyoming and in Kansas. He inherited a ranch in Texas, where he also found true love. He had financial successes, and a reputation damaging failure. Later in life he worked to help immigrants settle in New York, where his actions created dangerous enemies.James Grant was without question a man whose stoicism and above all his humanity shine through his life story.

The word schilderachtig - painterly - captures the paradoxical phenomenon that early seventeenth-century Dutch landscape paintings emphatically favor the unassuming nature of the countryside in order to bring out the very artfulness of their pictorial representation.Dutch seventeenth-century landscape painting has often been characterized as schilderachtig - literally: »painterly.« Referring to a certain looseness in the handling of the brush, the seemingly tautological and rarely critically discussed term also captures the idea that the landscape image »realistically« renders the, rather unassuming, idiosyncrasies of the Dutch countryside, including the often-overcast skies, moist and windy atmospheric conditions, without any aesthetic or other value judgement about the appropriateness of these motifs for a work of art. The book argues that early in the seventeenth century, however, the term had specifically rhyparographic connotations related to the proverbial Hollandse botheid (»Dutch rudeness«). In accordance, Jan van Goyen (1596-1656) and others began to depict base and even hideous aspects of the countryside not as the coincidental result of an indiscriminatory pictorial mimesis concept, but resulting from a preference for motifs of questionable »paint-worthiness« - in order, by way of contrast, to bring out the painter`s art-full representational skill per se. Schilderachtig stood for the contradictio in picturis of Hollandse botheid as a paradoxical means to evince »painterly« artifice.

When three Yale classmates -- David Bushnell, Nathan Hale, and Benjamin Tallmadge -- leave their world of classical education at Yale College, they embark on a hero's journey by joining the American Revolution in 1776. One fights underwater, another on the battlefield, and the other as a spy for General George Washington. Their lives will never be the same as they battle to save their homes on Connecticut and New York's Long Island from tyranny. The Submarine and the Spies is a timely book for ages 12 and up for America's 250th anniversary. Ideal for middle and high school classrooms, book clubs and personal reading for adults.

The story behind the legend...Long before Betsy Ross became a national icon for making the first US flag, she was a quiet Quaker girl swept up against her will by events leading to the American Revolution.Philadelphia, 1770. Eighteen-year-old Betsy Griscom falls in love with a man her parents can't accept-non-Quaker John Ross, whose family has strong ties to powerful colonial government offices. Despite Betsy's best intentions to stay within the safety of her Quaker world, Betsy marries John and dreams of an untroubled life with him and their future children.Betsy's hopes are dashed when the colonies begin to openly and violently rebel against the British crown. Taught to be peace-loving and non-violent, Betsy watches helplessly as her husband becomes a militiaman and joins the resistance movement, taking them closer and closer towards chaos and revolutionary war.When shots ring out at Lexington and Concord, Betsy realizes she can no longer be neutral. She finds herself fully entrenched in the turmoil of America's first civil war, inching closer to treason.

This well-proven method not only finds Scot's diaspora family trees, it also puts each generation into their wider historical context, finds their true clan or tribal origins and, each event that caused them to move on. A DNA search, hoping for a quick answer, often disappoints as it can bring more questions than answers- Any report generally plots the parts of the world that make up an origin from the DNA sample for both the doner's male and female line with no timeline or relevant explanation. Those who have passed may be disclosed as linking to you which helps but, leaves frustration over not finding out enough about them! That inevitably leads on to paying out to be assisted by professionals to build your family tree. A paid Genealogist will bring results, as long as you keep paying out, but not necessarily in historical context, especially when surnames peter out, or records were lost or destroyed? The essential starting off point is you - so find out from all your relatives as much as you can and then verify it, with all noted down for total recall later, as & when it becomes relevant to your very own matured family tree.

'A sweeping, scintillatingly original, exciting exploration of writer, spy, power player, lover Aphra Behn' Kate Williams, historian and author of Rival Queens: The Betrayal of Mary, Queen of Scots'Hilton to showcase[s] her skill for both historical and detective work and compelling, evocative writing . . . A sparkling and eye-opening account . . . compelling to read [and] refreshingly transparent . . . Her fresh ideas could open up exciting paths for future scholars' BBC History Magazine----A CLANDESTINE AFFAIR 'Whereas the Lady Henrietta Berkeley has been absent from her Father's house since the 20th August last past . . . AN OUTRAGEOUS ELOPEMENT. . . and is not yet known where she is, nor whether she is alive or dead. STOLEN LETTERS, SCHEMING SERVANTS These are to give notice That whoever shall find her, so that she may be brought back to her Father, the Earl of Berkeley, they shall have 200 Pounds Reward' SEX. SENSATION. CELEBRITY. This is The Scandal of the Century - and the true story of the author Aphra Behn, who used a shocking love affair to create the first English novel . . . ----In 1682, a young woman in the throes of a passionate affair flees her parents' home in Surrey to seek a new life in London. A scandal in its own right, but this is no ordinary young woman: Lady Henrietta Berkeley is the daughter of one of England's most powerful men, and her lover is her own sister's husband. As news of this notorious adulteress spreads, her flight, capture and the lawsuit that follow tear through society as the scandal of the century.To Aphra Behn, England's first professional female writer - herself condemned as a scarlet woman of loose morals - Henrietta's trial would be more than a source of shock and intrigue: it would inspire her to write Love Letters Between a Nobleman and His Sister, an outrageous and bestselling political fiction and arguably the first novel in English literature.Aphra herself is an enigma, the facts about her life continually disputed. By revealing the story of these two rebellious and ruthless women, Lisa Hilton's new history offers a surprisingly original theory on the origins of one of England's most celebrated playwrights. Against the backdrop of seventeenth-century England, with its strict traditional conventions of love, duty and identity, The Scandal of the Century shows just how far both women will go to break free.---'Gloriously mind-boggling . . . This is a lively book' Spectator

In the mid-to late 1660s and early 1670s, the Haudenosaunee established a series of settlements at strategic locations along the trade routes inland at short distances from the north shore of Lake Ontario. From east to west, these communities consisted of Ganneious, on Napanee or Hay Bay, on the Bay of Quinte; Kenté, near the isthmus of the Quinte Peninsula; Ganaraské, at the mouth of the Ganaraska River; Quintio, on Rice Lake; Ganatsekwyagon, near the mouth of the Rouge River; Teiaiagon, near the mouth of the Humber River; and Qutinaouatoua, inland from the western end of Lake Ontario. All of these settlements likely contained people from several Haudenosaunee nations as well as former Ontario Iroquoians who had been adopted by the Haudenosaunee. These self-sufficient places acted as bases for their own inhabitants but also served as stopovers for south shore Haudenosaunee on their way to and from the beaver hunt beyond the lower Great Lakes. The Cayuga village of Kenté was where, in 1668, the Sulpicians established a mission by the same name, which became the basis for the region's later name of Quinte. In 1676, a short-lived subsidiary mission was established at Teiaiagon. It appears that most of the north shore villages were abandoned by 1688. This volume brings together traditional Indigenous knowledge as well as documentary and recent archaeological evidence of this period and focuses on describing the historical context and efforts to find the settlements and presents examinations of the unique material culture found at them and at similar communities in the Haudenosaunee homeland.Available formats: trade paperback and accessible PDF

In the 17th century, Italy was the third-largest country by population in Europe, after France and Germany, passing into second position for a century after 1650. Northern as well as southern Italy constituted a key place in the strategic duel between Spain and France, and the Peninsula lied on the front line in the struggle against the Ottoman Empire. Moreover, Italian states constituted good examples of fairly efficient governance machines, which developed many matters, included the 'Military'. Some of these states experienced long periods of wars, to the point that the claim regarding social elites progressively demilitarized to an unequaled extent anywhere else in Europe should be considered no longer valid.This second volume looks at the armies of the lesser Italian States. The armies of Genoa, the Papal States, Tuscany, Parma, Modena, Mantua, Lucca, and many others are all examined in detail never before seen in the English language. This volume also covers the nature and execution of military affairs and war in Italy. The book is lavishly illustrated and comes with 16 especially commissioned color plates drawn by the author himself.

The resumption of conflict between 1648 and 1651 is frequently referred to as the Second and Third Civil Wars. The period marked not only a return to war, but to a bloodier, more violent conflict that had perhaps been seen before in the British Isles. Massacre, summary executions, wonton destruction and assault on the civilian population were commonplace. In early 1648 a political faction called the 'Engagers' gained control of the Scottish Government and sent an army into England to support numerous pro-Royalist risings across the country. Poorly equipped and trained with low morale, the Scottish 'Engager' Army and its Royalist allies were no match for the New Model Army led by Cromwell. The two sides met at Preston in August 1648 and after an initial clash, the Scots finally surrendered at Warrington two days later.Following the execution of Charles Ist in January 1649, the Scots supporting his son Charles IInd went to war against England, now a republic. A second invasion of England was launched, and the Scots found themselves corned at Worcester by English forces, once again led by Oliver Cromwell. The battle, the last major action of the British Civil Wars was fought on the 3rd September 1651, was described by Cromwell as 'a crowning mercy'.The venue for the 2022 conference was Worcester Cathedral. The obvious theme for the conference was the Scottish invasions of England in 1648 and 1651. Not only did Worcester witness the last major battle of the British Civil Wars, but the Cathedral was used as a temporary prison to hold the Scottish prisoners.The papers in this book of proceedings include: Ronald Hutton - Key Note Speaker and ForewordStuart Jennings - Colonel Francis Thornhagh and the Battle of Preston, 1648Peter Gaunt - A Tale of Two Risings: Was the second civil war in England and Wales primarily pro-Royalist or anti-Parliamentarian?Malcolm Wanklyn - The Control of Command in the British Wars 1642-1651 Edward Furgol - Three armies into one? Scottish Engager military organization in 1648

Until now historical works have neglected to fully consider the events of the British Civil Wars with respect to the logistics and supply systems. As such, this book evaluates and challenges these narratives of the wars by tackling historical debates through the lens of these logistics and supply systems at an operational level. How the military logistics and supply systems of the period functioned is revealed, including what methods of supply were used, what decisions and events these systems impacted, and how these related to strategic and tactical outcomes of the wars. The book investigates the facets of land, coastal, and riverine transportation, the supply of manpower to the armies, and the supply of food, clothing, and shelter to multiple forces across various conflicts throughout the British Civil Wars. With an application of a broad range of both civilian and military sources, this research employs archival and manuscript materials from national and local archives across the British Isles, contemporary tracts, letters, books, and pamphlets, as well as secondary literature from a variety of historical fields--from military history, economic and social studies, as well as reconstructive archaeology. As a result, the study outlines regional disparity in military logistics systems due to reliance on pre-existing civilian structures and methods--which had not been developed with a military purpose in mind and resulted in substantial logistical and supply differences that consequently, and heavily, favored one faction over another.Many questions that have bedevilled previous historiography--and some that remain contentious even today--are likewise explored through this new perspective. This includes, but is not limited to, countering the simple narrative that Royalist armies were terribly supplied in comparison to Parliament, placing the Royalists' Gloucester campaign in its correct strategic context, highlighting Catholic recruitment to Cromwell's forces in Ireland, and providing a reasonable and informed explanation for Prince Rupert's decision to fight at Marston Moor--all through the lens of logistics and supply. It emphasizes the absolute necessity of interactions between civil and military authority across multiple levels to supply early modern forces, providing a more nuanced history of civilian and military interactions than the popular view of soldiers imposing their will on a suffering population.The book's analysis of logistics and supply during the British Civil Wars, a focus not undertaken in such detail so far for the period, will provide a compelling read for those with interests in the operational realities of warfare during the seventeenth century more broadly, and the British Civil Wars in particular.

In autumn 1621, at a fortified camp near Khotyn (Chocim), in the Principality of Moldavia, allied Polish, Lithuanian and Cossack armies faced a large Ottoman army led by Sultan Osman II. It was the concluding act of a war that had started with the defeat of a Polish army at Cecora one year earlier. As such it was actually part of the longer conflict, waged over the Commonwealth's and the Ottoman's influence over Moldavia. Throughout the whole of September and the first half of October 1621, the allied army managed to defend their camps against Turks, with both sides taking heavy losses from the hardship of the siege operations and worsening weather conditions. The conflict ended with the Treaty of Khotyn (9 October 1621) which did not particularly favor either of the sides. All the same, stopping the Ottoman was seen as a huge success for the Commonwealth, while attitudes on the Ottoman sides were far from victorious. The aftershock of the war led to the rebellion of janissaries in 1622, resulting in the overthrow and murder of Sultan Osman II.The book focuses on the Khotyn campaign of 1621, describing the day-by-day actions of the combatant armies - assaults, sallies and raids - during the whole of the siege. Additional theaters of war, such as Cossack operations from the summer of 1621 and Tatars raids against the Polish interior, are described as well. The reader will also find here details of the organization and strength of the fighting armies, information about the battle dispositions of the troops at Khotyn and commanders leading the troops. Actions leading to the outbreak of the open conflict between the Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire are explained in a separate chapter, providing a good historical background of the war. Another chapter covers the outcome of the war and the ways that influenced the internal and external situation of both the Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire.As with his previous works, the author has utilized a large number of primary sources: from the diaries of soldiers taking part in the campaign, through chronicles, official letters and documents from the period to army musters. Among the documents used are not only those written by Poles and Lithuanians, but also documents from Cossacks, Germans and Ottomans. Modern works, especially from Polish and Ukrainian historians, have also been used, in order to provide the most up-to-date and in-depth research. As this topic has previously not had much coverage in English, this book will be a valuable addition to the library of anyone interested in the history of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, in Zaporozhian Cossacks and in the Ottoman Empire in the early seventeenth century.

Between 1639 and 1660, more than 1,000 places across England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales were fortified. These included towns and villages, castles and manor houses, as well as new places of strength. They ranged in complexity from the simple strengthening of existing medieval walls to the sophisticated re-fortification of major towns. Often overlooked in the context of European military engineering, and in terms of the so-called 'military revolution' of the period, the design and construction of the Civil War fortress progressed during the period, evolving from the basic ditch and rampart of the early years of the fighting to the massive stone-built citadels of the Protectorate. Over half of these so-called 'fortified places' witnessed some sort of military action, although it is wrong to conclude that the fortress warfare of the period was purely about sieges. The Town Well Fortified is a brand-new study which looks at the strategic and tactical importance of fortifications, and their influence on the respective war effort of all sides, particularly in terms of logistics, and the concept of 'protected corridors' which connected key locations and dominated campaigns. The book also places the fortress in its geographical context, and considers how the local topography influenced placement and design. Given the years of peace enjoyed by much of the Three Kingdoms prior to the Civil Wars, it is no surprise that fortress construction was heavily influenced by European practice, although the fortified landscape prior to 1639, including a heritage stretching back as far as Roman times (and beyond), was also important.The design and construction of the fortifications is also considered, both in terms of the theory, especially from the military manuals of the time, and then the practice, including several contemporary and eyewitness accounts. The book also examines actual numbers, locations, and types of fortresses, including an assessment of the type of fort known as a 'sconce'.Secondary sources have been re-examined, and brought together with ongoing research, including recent archaeological investigations (which, among other things, consider just how earthworks were built), in this ground breaking-study which offers a fresh interpretation of the subject of fortresses during the Civil Wars. The use of up-to-date research is reflected in the book's spotlight on the current and yet largely unpublished investigations at King's Lynn, London, and the Isle of Man. But the inclusion of findings from the Civil War Fortifications Register project ensures this book genuinely encompasses the whole of Britain and Ireland.This is the result of more than thirty years of research, including the author's thorough and ongoing study of London's fortifications, the King's Lynn under Siege archaeological project, and the results from the development of a register identifying every place fortified during the Civil Wars across the entire British Isles.

In the early seventeenth century the Principality of Transylvania was a new state, organized in the decades that followed the dissolution of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary, towards the middle of the sixteenth century. The rulers of Transylvania were vassals of the Ottoman Empire but enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy in matters of domestic policy. The second half of the sixteenth century was a difficult period for the young state, caught between two warring factions, the Ottomans and the Habsburgs.In the first half of the seventeenth century the Principality of Transylvania underwent a process of international affirmation which culminated with its involvement in the Thirty Years' War. Prince Gabriel Bethlen (1613- 1629) implemented several military reforms that strengthened the professional elements of the Transylvanian army, and he recruited a regiment of German infantry that was kept in service for several decades. The traditional components of the Transylvanian army, such as the Nobility, the Székely and Saxon levies were maintained but their importance was reduced. George Rákóczi I (1630-1648), continued this policy and fought in the Thirty Years' War as an ally of Sweden and of France. These two rulers had transformed Transylvania into a regional power while still ensuring peace and prosperity inside the country. In 1657 Prince George Rákóczi II, attempted an ambitious military and diplomatic venture by attempting to take the throne of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. He had a strong army at his disposal; he secured alliances with Sweden, the Cossacks, Moldavia and Wallachia, but it was not enough. The campaign was a military disaster and most of the Transylvanian army was captured by the Tartars. In the meantime the Ottoman Sultan organized a punishment campaign that devastated the whole of Transylvania. In addition, in 1660, Transylvania lost its most important fortification on the Western frontier - the fortress of Oradea. The last decades of the autonomous Principality of Transylvania were marked by desperate efforts for survival under the constant pressure of neighboring empires. From a military point of view the focus shifted to organizing a defensive chain of fortifications provided with permanent garrisons and well supplied with modern weapons. This was not enough to stop the eastern expansion of the Habsburgs who managed, in a few years (1686-1690), to completely occupy Transylvania through shrewd diplomacy and a little military effort.The first chapter of this book offers a broad overview of the history of Transylvania and its rulers in the seventeenth century. The most important political events are presented in connection with social, economic and military developments. The second and third chapters are dedicated to the military organization of the Principality with detailed discussion of all its components - the military categories, weapons and equipment, recruitment of troops, mobilization, motivation and compensation, fortifications, military regulations and justice, et cetera. Campaigns and battles represent the main focus of the fourth and final chapter with detailed descriptions of some of the most important military achievements of Transylvania during the early modern age.

Offers an overview of strategic skirmishes and overlooked battles alongside profiles of the contemporary masters of irregular warfare during the 18th century.Histories of the Seven Years War or French and Indian War tend to concentrate on the larger engagements. In the European theater, the attention goes to Rossbach and Leuthen (1757) or Minden (1759). By the same token, in the North American theater, historians tend to dedicate the most time to engagements such as the Battle of the Monongahela (1755), the attack on Fort Carillon (1758), later renamed Ticonderoga, or the battle on the Plains of Abraham (1759). One consequence of this focus on the larger engagements has been a general tendency to overlook the more constant war of raids, ambushes and scouting that pervaded in both theaters, what contemporaries referred to as the petite guerre or kleine krieg.Light Troops in the Seven Years War fills this gap by examining not only the conduct of these smaller, but at times operationally and even strategically significant engagements. It draws parallels between the theaters as well. The work surveys the development of irregular troops, sometimes referred to as light infantry, on both continents over the course of the eighteenth century. It goes to provide examples of these troops in action in the Seven Years War. Thus, the focus shifts from the major engagements listed above to smaller encounters such as the ambushes at Gundersdorf and Domstadtl (1758) in Europe. The raid constituted a relatively small attack, but one that had major operational, even strategic consequences. In the North American theater, the raid on Fort Bull in 1756 is examined, again, an often-overlooked engagement, but one with a significant impact, nonetheless.The book likewise highlights the careers of various practitioners, recognized by contemporaries, as masters at the conduct of irregular warfare. These figures include Johann Ewald, Andreas Graf Hadik von Futak, Simon-Claude Grassin de Glatigny, Gaspard-Joseph Chaussegros de Léry, Graf Nikolas von Luckner, Johann von Monkewitz and Robert Rogers.

In the early modern British Atlantic world, the comparison of enslaved people to animals, particularly dogs, cattle, or horses, was a common device used by enslavers to dehumanize and otherwise reduce the existence of the enslaved. Letters, memoirs, and philosophical treatises of the enslaved and formerly enslaved bear testament to the methods used to dehumanize them. In Empire of Brutality, Christopher Michael Blakley explores how material relationships between enslaved people and animals bolstered the intellectual dehumanization of the enslaved. By reconsidering dehumanization in the light of human-animal relations, Blakley offers new insights into the horrific institution later challenged by Black intellectuals in multiple ways. Using the correspondence of the Royal African Company, specimen catalogs and scientific papers of the Royal Society, plantation inventories and manuals, and diaries kept by slaveholders, Blakley describes human-animal networks spanning from Britain's slave castles and outposts throughout western Africa to plantations in the Caribbean and American Southeast. They combine approaches from environmental history, history of science, and philosophy to examine slavery from the ground up and from the perspectives of the enslaved. Blakley's work reveals how African captives who became commodified through exchanges of cowry sea snails between slavers in the Bight of Benin later went on to collect zoological specimens in Barbados and Virginia for institutions such as the Royal Society. On plantations, where enslaved people labored alongside cattle, donkeys, horses, and other animals to make the agricultural fortunes of slaveholders, Blakley shows how the enslaved resisted these human-animal pairings by stealing animals for their own purposes--such as fugitives who escaped their slaveholder's grasp by riding stolen horses. Because of experiences like these, writers and thinkers of African descent who survived slavery later attacked the institution in public as fundamentally dehumanizing, one that corrupted the humanity of both slaveholders and the enslaved.

An award-winning historian's examination of impossible events at the dawn of modernity and of their enduring significance

Bringing to life the world of Spanish royal tailor Mateo Aguado and his colleagues during the reign of Philip IV, and exploring the distinctive look of the court in seventeenth-century Madrid

Nicholas Ackley was an early settler of Hartford and a founder of Haddam, CT. This book traces the lives of the second through the fourth generations of this family in Connecticut and New York: James Ackley, Nicholas Ackley, and Abel Ackley. The narrative uses the culture and norms of their times to help understand the lives of these ancestors and to solve puzzles created by sparse official records.The book contains all the reliable documentation for these families and debunks persistent myths about the ancestry of some of the women. Details include the true story about the witchcraft allegation that involved James's sister; the involvement of Nicholas, three of his sons and other Connecticut Ackleys in the French and Indian War; and the record of Abel's service in the Revolutionary War.