Bøger om 4000 til 3000 f.Kr.

Seven hundred and twenty-two personal ornaments, found in the fort of Saut and the Déboussadou cave (Châteauneuf les Martigues, Bouches du Rhône) and in three of the megalithic monuments (Bounias, Castellet and Source hypogeums) of Fontvieille, Bouche du Rhône, were studied in the present work. We count five categories of ornaments, pendants, beads, ring elements, buttons and plates. The formal analogies of these artifacts with several areas of Europe and in particular with the western Mediterranean area indicate the existence of contacts and exchanges. Traceological studies have shown traces of the last phases of processing and regulation of the surfaces of the piece and also various methods used to perforate the artifacts. The shape of the ornaments and in some cases the traces present, help to define a specific use.

Esta investigação diz respeito ao estabelecimento de fontes de fabrico de cerâmica e de relações entre os sítios de trabalho do ferro primitivo (EIW) de Kwale (Mombaça), Limbo, Mafia e Kwale (Kisiju). Baseia-se em investigações anteriores que se centraram na utilização de atributos físicos da cerâmica, tais como motivos decorativos e provas linguísticas, para explicar a origem e a disseminação das comunidades de língua bantu. Este enfoque não forneceu provas suficientes para explicar por que razão a cerâmica com atributos tipológicos semelhantes pode ser encontrada em diferentes regiões. Além disso, o sítio de Kwale (Mombaça) não foi adequadamente estudado desde 1966. Para resolver estes problemas, foi efectuada uma escavação no sítio de Kwale (Mombaça) e foram adquiridos dados comparativos de investigações anteriores realizadas por Felix Chami nos sítios de Limbo, Mafia e Kwale (Kisiju). Os resultados deste estudo revelam que os atributos dos tecidos de cerâmica de cada um dos sítios examinados estão correlacionados com os atributos dos tecidos de cada um dos sítios examinados, o que sugere uma produção local de cerâmica.

This research concerns establishment of sources of pottery manufacture and relationships between Early Iron Working (EIW) sites of Kwale (Mombasa), Limbo, Mafia and Kwale (Kisiju). It is founded on previous research focus of using pottery physical attributes such as decorative motifs and linguistic evidence to explain origin and spread of Bantu speaking communities. This focus inadequately provided evidence to explain why pottery with similar typological attributes could be found in different regions. Additionally, the Kwale (Mombasa) site has not been adequately studied since 1966. To address these problems, excavation was conducted at Kwale (Mombasa) site and comparative data were acquired from previous researches by Felix Chami at Limbo, Mafia and Kwale (Kisiju) sites. This study employed petrological analysis to investigate relationships of pottery and clay temper from similar EIW sites so as to trace source of pottery manufacture. Results of this study reveal that pottery fabric attributes from each of the examined sites correlate fabric attributes from each of the examined sites correlate with local clay suggesting local production of pottery.

This calendar is bilingual in German and English and offers you the true calendar that God [Elohim] gave to man in the Torah (Leviticus 23) and that is no longer used today even among Jews. The calendar of God is a three-dimensional calendar that works astronomically, agriculturally and geographically, being the only true calendar and every person on earth should know and use it.Dieser Kalender ist bilingual gehalten in Deutsch und Englisch und bietet dir den wahren Kalender, den Gott [Elohim] in der Tora (Levitikus 23) den Menschen gegeben hat und der heute selbst unter Juden nicht mehr genutzt wird. Der Kalender Gottes ist ein dreidimensionaler Kalender, der astronomisch, landwirtschaftlich und geografisch funktioniert, und dieser ist der einzig wahre Kalender und jeder Mensch auf Erden sollte ihn kennen und nutzen.

This work presents an introduction to the study of pre-colonial funerary practices within the scope of archaeological research. Aimed at students and society in general, the book aims to make public how mortuary practices can be approached with a view to reconstructing the ways of life of the groups that occupied the national territory in prehistoric times. In clear and accessible language, the book provides a brief history on the study of pre-colonial mortuary rituals and practices, highlighting some theoretical considerations and proposing a methodological model for analysis. Considering that the large number of cemetery sites recorded in Brazil contrasts with the lack of archaeological research on this theme, this book also aims to encourage future studies on this vast and rich field of investigation, still very little explored in Brazilian archaeology.

Dieses Werk bietet eine Einführung in das Studium der vorkolonialen Bestattungspraktiken im Rahmen der archäologischen Forschung. Das Buch richtet sich an Studenten und die Gesellschaft im Allgemeinen und soll aufzeigen, wie man sich den Bestattungspraktiken nähern kann, um die Lebensweise der Gruppen zu rekonstruieren, die das nationale Territorium in prähistorischer Zeit besiedelten. In klarer und verständlicher Sprache gibt das Buch einen kurzen Überblick über die Geschichte der Erforschung vorkolonialer Bestattungsrituale und -praktiken, hebt einige theoretische Überlegungen hervor und schlägt ein methodologisches Modell für die Analyse vor. In Anbetracht der Tatsache, dass die große Zahl der in Brasilien erfassten Gräberfelder im Gegensatz zu dem Mangel an archäologischen Forschungen zu diesem Thema steht, soll dieses Buch auch zu künftigen Studien über dieses große und reichhaltige Untersuchungsfeld anregen, das in der brasilianischen Archäologie noch sehr wenig erforscht ist.

A love song to youth and the dawn of Britain.

Whether to answer the questions of why and how ¿the only durable kingdom in the world¿ highlighted by Hegel (1823) or to explore the background of the rise of ancient Chinese myths, we must look at Chinäs prehistory, for it was in that time the durable feather of Chinese culture arose, and the roots of Chinese arithmetic, calendar, pottery, agriculture, jade, hieroglyphics, and so on grew. To trace back to the oldest roots of Chinese culture, the research on Human¿Artifact Coevolution was conducted by integrating the archaeological data from 430 pre-Qin sites and abroad sites at the same time. It was found that spherical artifacts are the only durable traceable artifacts with million-year-continuous evolutionary pedigree among all artifacts so that they can be used as a tracer to track human evolution. The result of the research on human cognition-spherical artifact coevolution is written into this book as Chinäs first prehistory. It gives massive and systematic evidences to readers with different interests, also proposed and verified the new theories for Human Cognition-Artifacts Coevolution and Origin of Science. This book is readable for both the public and professionals.

Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2021 im Fachbereich Weltgeschichte - Frühgeschichte, Antike, Note: 1,0, Universität Trier, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Der Friedensschluss des Commodus ist der in Forschung viel diskutierte erste Akt in der Regentschaft des jungen Kaisers Commodus. Betrachtet man jedoch die Vorgeschichte dieses Friedensschlusses, so hat bereits sein Vorgänger Marc Aurel Friedensverhandlungen mit germanischen Stämmen geführt. So stellt sich die Frage wieso die Entscheidung des jungen Commodus als Bruch mit der Politik des Vaters angesehen wird und ob diese Bewertung überhaupt zutreffend ist. Für die Beantwortung dieser Frage ist es daher zunächst von Interesse zu ergründen, wie die allgemeine Darstellung der beiden Kaiser in den Quellen aussieht. Dabei wird der Fokus auf die charakterlichen Eigenschaften der Kaiser und ihr Verhältnis zum Senat gesetzt. Anschließend wird der Friedensschluss unter Einbezug der Darstellung in den Quellen und der Einschätzung der Forschung diskutiert. Abschließend wird der Vergleich der jeweiligen Herrschaftsbilder in Bezug zum Friedensschluss des Commodus gesetzt und der Einfluss der Herrscherbilder auf die antike Bewertung des Friedensschlusses diskutiert.

Debates about astronomy at the Neolithic monuments of the British Isles have occupied academic and independent researchers for many years. This book argues that astronomical observation had a deeply practical as well as symbolic role for early prehistoric societies negotiating the transition to an agricultural way of life. With a focus on the Brú na Bóinne World Heritage Site in Ireland, including the monuments of Newgrange, Knowth and Dowth, it is argued that our ancestors rendered astronomical knowledge meaningful through a rich symbolic system centred on the human experience of time. This in turn may help us to understand the role of astronomy in later epochs, as the struggle to accurately observe and interpret the cycles of Earth, sun, moon and stars was part of our recent history ¿ and is a subject that continues to be explored by archaeologists, astronomers and historians today.

The Amorites were a Semitic people who seem to have emerged from western Mesopotamia (modern day Syria) at some point prior to the 3rd millennium BCE. In Sumerian they were known as the Martu or the Tidnum (in the Ur III Period), in Akkadian by the name of Amurru, and in Egypt as Amar, all of which mean 'westerners' or 'those of the west', as does the Hebrew name Amorite. They worshipped their own pantheon of gods with a chief deity named Amurru (also known as Belu Sadi - 'Lord of the Mountains¿ whose wife, Belit-Seri was 'Lady of the Desert¿), which also became a designation for the people as the Akkadians also referred to them as 'the people of Amurrü and to the region of Syria as 'Amurrü. There is no record of what the Amorites called themselves. The god Amurrüs association with the mountains and his wife's with the desert suggests that they may have originated in the area of Syria around Mount Hermon but this is unsubstantiated. Their origins are unknown and their precise history, until they settle in cities like Mari, Ebla, and Babylon, is equally mysterious.

This research work ¿Vedic Wings¿ is relevant to today¿s war-torn world. Vedic India convulsed under the onslaught of a series of brutal battles fought by the powerful bloodthirsty warriors pursued by powerful dark forces, caught between the supremacy and revenge. There have been so many matters in the Vedas relating to boons, curses, seduction, brutal rapes, incest, abortion, conjugal infidelity, deception, robbery, battles, and weaponry as well skills and most advanced aircraft used. These are now regarded as historical facts by scholars, historians, and archaeologists and the Author termed them under a common name "Vedic Wings." There have been many great individuals in various fields of human endeavor throughout history from science to the arts, philosophy to politics, business to technology, and human history has experienced battles that have been instrumental in molding the future, influencing the spread of culture, civilization, and religious dogma. The outcome of these battles in this work is bound to stimulate the mind, touch the heart, and awaken the soul, which the reader will love to read with speechless wonder and remember for ages...Sivkishen Author

This book provides a current reading of the Shield of Achilles in the Iliad. Looking to combat views that regard aspects of the passage as confused and inessential, I hope to demonstrate the different ways in which this passage is important to the understanding of the greater epic. My first chapter provides a scene-by-scene analysis of the Shield passage, incorporating many of the views held by modern scholarship, arguing that the Shield works as a reflexive centerpiece within the poem, concentrating key themes and recalling crucial scenes at a climactic moment in the epic¿s narrative. My second chapter explores how the Shield, as the earliest example of an extended ekphrasis in Western culture, provides a sophisticated comment upon the nature of art, and explores the inferences that can be made from the description of a creative process within a poem performed in an oral tradition. My final chapter examines the Shield¿s political scenes arguing that the Shield passage provides a valuable contribution to our understanding of the Iliad as an early work of political thought and evidence of the nascent city-state.

In this treatise, a set of complementary coordinates that illustrate the continuum between biological and cultural modes of evolution is proposed. These define random processes that determine various levels of specialization or autonomy. However, within the cultural coordinates, evolution acquires teleological aspects, due to biased perception and transmission techniques. The inherent risk of selecting for cultural values as desirable goals of biological adaptation is avoided by leveling mechanisms that are functionally similar to biological neoteny. It is suggested that, despite an evolutionary line based on tendencies that enabled biological flexibility, we have become a species rigidly specialized to our own conscious constructs of reality. Moreover, accelerated cultural adaptation led to rapid morphological and cognitive changes that have baffled paleoanthropologists to such an extent that various exotic evolutionary scenarios were forwarded to explain them. An inevitable predisposition to psychological disorders has accompanied these changes, depending on how modern cognitive abilities were applied and on how the inherent risks of cultural evolution were managed.

The discovery of the Harappan Civilization in the greater Indus Valley has been significant issue of discussion, as well as the causes of its downfall in the mid second millennium B.C. This work investigates all the major factors suggested to have contributed to the end of the Harappan Civilization and also considers whether it declined or collapsed. I have elaborated the causes of the decline of Harappan civilization with special reference to Dholavira in these five chapters. However, I have mentioned all the factors which were responsible for the decline. The objective of the study is to explore the various possible causes that might have been responsible for the decline of Harrapan civilization and Dholavira in particular.This work is very much useful as the base to the academic researchers or anyone else who may be interested in history & architecture of early civilizations, on the decline of Harappan civilization and mainly with reference of its towns, particularly Dholavira in Gujarat, India.

This book is the result of the author's many years of work on restoring the history of the origin of various peoples of the planet from the so-called Himalayan Adam, who was one of the representatives of the Soan archeological culture. On the basis of archaeological excavations, given by anthropologists and paleogeneticists, modern achievements of DNA genealogy, the book contains relevant evidence and shows the most accurate way of moving across Eurasian territory of various families of superhaplogroup K belonging to haplogroups L, T, M, S, P, Q, R , N and O, taking into account the terrain and the found Upper Paleolithic sites. It is also proven that the Baikal Region is the Promised Land not only for the peoples of the Far North and the Far East, but also for American Indians, Chinese, people of Central Asia, Kazakhstan, and even most of the Europeans.

This book is a continuation of the book "The Descendants of the Himalayan Adam." On the basis of archaeological excavations, given by paleogenetics, and most importantly, on the basis of modern achievements of DNA genealogy, the book proves and shows in detail the most accurate path of movement from the Promised Country (Baikal Region) of various families, primarily related to the O, Q, N haplogroups and R, in view of the found Upper Paleolithic sites and Neolithic settlements. Movement of various parts of the R family belonging to subclades R2, R1b and R1a from the Upper Irtysh along the three streams to India, to Urals and to Caspian has been restored. The division of the R1a family into two main branches after leaving the shores of the Caspian Sea is shown. The northern branch contributed to the emergence of such archaeological cultures as Volosovo, Srednyi Stog, Chernavoda, Baden, battle axes, Fatyanovo and others. The southern branch turned into Northern Iran and into Anatolia. After a few thousand years, it promoted the appearance in the Balkans of such an archaeological culture as Vinca, Humenica and others. As a result, the Neolithic Cultural Revolution swept across Europe.

Vahid Rzayev, who had not told anything about the Great Creator¿s Sayings to anybody during long years, disclosed it for the first time to his brother Fikrat Rzayev by Permission of the Great Creator in 1997. Just Fikrat Rzayev initiated publication of the Great Creator¿s Sayings in a book form (¿Creation¿) in 1999, and this made the Sayings sent by the Great Creator for all mankind, accessible for broad masses. Other books publicshed afterwards contain answers to our questions about creation, purity, and theology as well.All written in the books by Vahid Rzayev, as he said, are ¿Postulates¿. The books contain information about the Great Creator and His Saints (Angels), structure and motions of the Universe, of suns and planets, as well as of the Earth, initial and further periods of creation of the Universe and mankind, the meaning and essence of individuals¿ coming to the world and of their return, life standards of behavior and many other issues. This book, introduced to English-speaking readers, cover some part of that information.

Atlantis belongs to the historical period qualified as a mixture made out of parts such as esotericism, mythology, ancient religions, the beginnings of history, ancient cosmology, epic literature, linguistics, on the one hand ¿ and, at the other, even contemporary archaeology, as well as paleography, paleontology, oceanography, tectonics, seismology, geophysics, tsunami research and the like. The principal issue of atlantology does not concern Atlantis as a geographical object only ¿ its location and its time and way of disappearance ¿ but also the issue of the flame of the ancient civilization of Atlantis, enlightening other civilizations of our planet. The present book is inspired by the genuine ambition to end the myth of Atlantis and to transform that myth into reality. Atlantis of the myth and Atlantis of the reality are joined together in this book making a single and actual object. In this way, we have saved Atlantis from oblivion. The reader of the present book, by turning the last page, may probably conclude that there is no more such puzzle. The only remaining secret is probably why so much time was necessary to solve that puzzle.