Grammatik, syntaks og morfologi

Il volume esplora il ruolo della linguistica contrastiva nel lavoro del traduttore, concentrandosi sui problemi posti da alcuni "punti di conflitto" che caratterizzano la traduzione dal tedesco all¿italiano e dal francese all¿italiano. In particolare, un primo gruppo di contributi parte da una forma semantico-sintattica del francese o del tedesco per indagarne attraverso fonti grammaticali, teoriche e/o di corpora, gli equivalenti funzionali in italiano. A questo gruppo appartengono uno studio sui determinanti del nome in francese e italiano, un¿analisi del vocabolo francese même e delle sue traduzioni in italiano e due studi su mezzi di espressione della modalità in tedesco e italiano. Un secondo gruppo di contributi affronta questioni lessicali nella traduzione dal tedesco in italiano di fenomeni di variazione in testi letterari, la resa in italiano dei neologismi presenti in due romanzi francesi e questioni di traduzione dall¿italiano al tedesco in prospettiva diacronica.

This book examines psycholinguistic elements of irregular verb morphology in English, using two empirical studies of young language learners in Austria to make evidence-based didactic recommendations for classroom use. The author first provides an up-to-date overview of the so-called past tense debate, encompassing the last four decades of linguistic, psycholinguistic, and cognitive research, before presenting an in-depth discussion of the notion of irregular and semi-regular verbal morphology in both German and English, with a focus on vowel change and apophony. Turning to his original research, he applies generalised linear mixed model analyses as well as conditional inference trees to the behavioural data, avoiding common pitfalls that come with traditional ANOVAs in repeated measure designs, and discusses the concrete implications of the experimental results on second language acquisition and instructed EFL teaching, with a focus on Input Processing. This book will be essential reading for SLA and applied linguistics researchers as well as graduate and postgraduate students in cognitive linguistics, psycholinguistics, and language acquisition.

Grammatik i kontekst viser, hvordan læreren kan bruge grammatik som en vej ind i tekster, når eleverne skalfortolke fiktive teksteranalysere brugsteksterudvikle strategier til at forstå fagtekster, og til at få overblik over centrale begreber i emneforløbog i samtaler med elever om at udvikle sproget i deres teksterDer er eksempler på elevtekster og tekster til de yngste, de mellemste og de ældste elever. For hver tekst er der analyse af en række sproglige træk, som læreren kan benytte i undervisningen i teksterne, og som samtidig bliver en funktionel del af undervisningen i grammatik.I bogen finder du også et kapitel med en samling af citater fra medier med pudsige og typiske fejl, som kan bruges i undervisning i at analysere fejl – og undgå fejl. Bogens sidste kapitel giver et bud på en progression i grammatikundervisningen.Grammatik i kontekst kan læses for sig eller i sammenhæng med Grammatik i funktion (2021), der gennemgår én ordklasse ad gangen og udvalgte syntaktiske træk knyttet til en lang række korte teksteksempler.

No other grammatical phenomenon causes as many problems in teaching and learning as the subjunctive. Most grammars devote as many pages to the presentation of the rules as to the exceptions. This becomes even more frustrating when dealing with the differences, not only between different language families, but even within the Romance language family alone, since it seems that each language shapes the functional area of the subjunctive individually. The aim of this volume is therefore to reconsider the representation of the subjunctive in Romance languages in a crosslinguistic and contrastive way. First, an overview of research in this area from the beginnings to the latest neurolinguistic findings will explore the complexity of the issue. Next, specific phenomena of the subjunctive at the interface of its functional domain with the indicative will be illustrated by means of appropriate case studies. On this basis, an attempt is made to trace the polyfunctionality and the differing uses in the Romance languages and beyond to a common pattern with language-specific margins. This allows us to explain, not only contrastive differences, but also the decline of the subjunctive in some domains and languages, as well as demonstrate the range of substitution possibilities. Finally, the view is extended to other language families and new impulses for foreign language teaching are presented.With contributions fromTobias Gretenkort, Sebastian Buchczyk, Ingo Feldhausen, Michel Favre, Helene Rader, Liane Ströbel, Aurélie Scheffe

Samskara, Vidyarambha, Devanagari, Chandas, Sandhi, Dhatu, Samasa, Anvaya, Katha, Ramayana, Mahabharata, Bhagavad-Gita, Dharma, Varna, Ashrama, Pramana, Vedanta, Yoga, Bhakti, Mantra, Kosha

Not necessarily based on but coordinating with the book Somnium, seu opus posthumum De astronomia lunari by Johannes Kepler. Written in Latin in 1608, it purports to present a detailed imaginative description of how the Earth might look when viewed from the Moon. That's where any resemblance ends. This Somnium presents a detailed description of how the earth might look from sleep. How life might look from other perspectives. A cosmogony of dreamed proofs through which the author gets to occupy events of different perspectives from Borges, John Cale and Kepler to film noir, science fiction, prosperity gospel and other hidden appropriations. Somnium is composed of 137 episodes of 137 words (think physics not psychics....) the significance being that in physics 137 was once believed to be the exact value of the fine-structure constant, a number which, according to Leon Lederman, "shows up naked all over the place."

This book is a comprehensive grammar textbook for students of English, designed for use in public schools, high schools, and colleges. It provides a systematic and interactive approach to learning and practicing English grammar, with a focus on clear explanations, plentiful exercises, and helpful feedback. The book covers all aspects of grammar, including parts of speech, syntax, punctuation, spelling, and usage, and can help students improve their writing and communication skills. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

This book draws from graph theory and a semiotic comparison between language and distributed ledger technologies (also known as Blockchains) to motivate three experiments on language and network structure. The work explores the importance of this concept in different areas of linguistic research and establishes elements of a tentative linguistics of networks. Its empirical investigation is based on data from threads posted to the imageboard Hispachan, which often displays radicalized language and hate speech. The experiments (based on topic modeling and sentiment analysis) reveal an impact of the network structure of interaction on the interaction itself as well as the use of ingroup signalling and emotionally charged vocabulary to expand the network of interaction..

This work offers a substantial advance in the study of the macrosyntax of Spanish. Situated in the field of discourse realization, it provides theoretical foundations and a precise methodology. It describes the units of discourse, the new categories that must be taken into account to describe speech (operators, connectors and constructions), and integrates the diachronic aspect, in a dynamic vision of the language.

The book shows how to interpret and reveal the hidden meanings of Words. The combinations of vowels and consonants in words are nothing but a formula that can be translated into a form. This form will show the exact intended meaning. This book shows how to learn this method intuitively, but will also explain how it could become a mathematical method that will reveal how every expressed word can be expressed visually. The study reveals ideas how to overcome the difficulty of the fact that many words express a change that occurs over time. This is the first of two volumes. Volume 1 reveals the building blocks of the theory. It includes several separate angles of studies so that readers can slowly learn to understand how vowels and consonants combine differently when applied to a different order and setting. The book will guide you to develop a sense for synesthesia that will gradually develop into form of practical intelligence.

In the second part of Sound-In-Form I apply the knowledge of and insight gained from the theory covered in the first part to the interpretation of a number of scripts. I also examine past theories that went in search of the origins of the scripts as well as focussing on the common meanings of vowels and consonants and the outcomes in localised applications.Where some Elements dominate, a different order results. I introduce the underlying context for Arabic (FIRE), Baybayin (WATER), Hebrew (AIR) and the Adamic written language (EARTH). I also make the link between proto-scripts and interpret the phonemes of Egyptian hieroglyphs and arrange them using the cubit - in 28 parts. I compare the lunar calendar (in 28 parts) to the Arabic, Chinese and Ancient Egyptian outlooks using the associated phonemes as well as shifting perceptions. The Berber and Brahmi writing systems are also covered. For the element of METAL, I have analysed the ancient Japanese Woshite script. I also interpret the Korean Hangul language's balance between the Elements, and finally I seek out the evidence of the phoneme-meanings in interpretations of spectrograms.An additional study is "THE SENSE OF THE WORD", which interprets the underlying structure and Confucian order of the Chinese and Japanese writings systems, once again with the aid of the theoretical structure that can be used to understand phoneme-meanings.

OKAY erfreut sich ungebrochener Beliebtheit. In der Mündlichkeit wurde es bereits in den 1960er-Jahren erforscht. In der schriftlichen Online-Kommunikation begegnet uns OKAY in zahlreichen Kommunikationskontexten. Um aktiv an solchen Kontexten teilnehmen zu können, folgen Internetnutzer*innen den erforderlichen Praktiken der Netzkommunikation. Dieses Open Access Buch setzt an diesen Aspekten an: Neben der Herausstellung allgemeiner Verwendungsweisen von OKAY in digitalen Kontexten, galt es, die Forschungslücke zu schriftlichem OKAY aus interaktionsorientierter Perspektive zu schließen. Dafür wurden Artikeldiskussionsbeiträge der deutschen, englischen und französischen Wikipedia-Sprachversionen sprachkontrastiv analysiert. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen, dass es Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede zwischen mündlichen und schriftlichen OKAYs sowie in Bezug auf sprachkontrastive OKAY-Gebrauchsweisen in den jeweiligen Wikipedia-Communities gibt. OKAY wird in der Schriftlichkeit, neben den Funktionsweisen, die es auch im Mündlichen aufweist, in teilweise aufwendige Einschub- und Erweiterungsmuster eingebunden, die so für OKAY in den mündlichen Daten nicht festgestellt werden konnten.

How can insights from Construction Grammar (CxG) be applied to foreign language learning (FLL) and foreign language teaching (FLT)? This volume explores several aspects of Pedagogical Construction Grammar, with a specific look at issues relevant to second language acquisition, FLL, and FLT. The contributions in this volume discuss a wide range of constructions, as well as different resources, methodologies, and data used to learn constructions in the language classroom. More specifically, they seek to provide answers to the following questions: What do new constructional approaches to teaching and learning foreign language look like that take the insights of CxG seriously? What should electronic resources using constructions and semantic frames for foreign language instruction look like? How should constructions (pairings of form with meaning/function) in the foreign language classroom be introduced? What role does frequency play in learning constructions in the language classroom? What types of strategies does CxG offer to facilitate the acquisition of a second language? This volume is relevant for anyone interested in second language acquisition, foreign language pedagogy, Construction Grammar, and Cognitive Linguistics. Endorsements: If first language learning flows forth from language use, teaching language should be based on relevant usage-patterns, modified in accordance with the advanced cognitive and linguistic knowledge of older learners. The current volume shows how insights from first and second language learning and usage-based Construction Grammar can be turned into evidence-based teaching strategies.Heike Behrens, University of Basel Usage-based Construction Grammar has changed our view of language learning, but it is only recently that researchers have begun to apply the insights of the constructionist approach to language pedagogy. This volume brings together a collection of articles in which experts of Construction Grammar and Usage-based Linguistics make concrete proposals for teaching constructions by using corpora and other resources. A must read for everybody interested in grammar teaching.Holger Diessel, University of Jena With Directions for Pedagogical Construction Grammar, Boas has produced an impressive and much-needed volume which excels at illustrating the immense potential of constructionist approaches to improve language pedagogy. The contributions to this volume, all authored by leading cognitive and corpus linguists, convincingly describe what a successful future of language teaching could look like¿one that is founded in usage-based linguistics and takes language patterns seriously. I consider this volume essential reading for any applied linguist.Ute Römer, Georgia State University

Kopar is a very moribund, close to extinct, language spoken in three villages at the mouth of the Sepik River in Papua New Guinea. This is the only description of the language available. It also discusses areas where rapid language shift is affecting the structure of Kopar. Although the period of fieldwork was necessarily short, this book provides as comprehensive a description as possible of the grammatical structure of this complex and fascinating language. It is quite thorough and detailed and goes well beyond what is normally considered a sketch grammar. It covers all the phenomena essential to description and comparison and gives clear, typologically sound definitions and explanations. The grammar is written with the research interests of language typologists and comparative grammarians foremost in mind. Typologically, Kopar can be described as a split ergative, polysynthetic language. The language lacks nominal case marking so ergativity or lack thereof is signaled by verbal agreement affixes. Tenses and moods which describe as yet unrealized events, like future and imperative, pattern accusatively for agreement affixes, while those express realized events, like past and present, pattern ergatively. In addition, the ergative case schema is overlaid by a direct-inverse inflectional schema determined by a person hierarchy, a feature Kopar shares with other languages in its Lower Sepik family. As a polysynthetic language, incorporation of sentential elements like temporals, locationals, adverbials and verbals is extensive, though noun incorporation is not. Sadly, this work is all the documentation we will likely ever have of Kopar, a language of potentially very high theoretical interest, given its rare typological profile. It will certainly be of interest to language typologists and comparative grammarians, and anyone who wants to explore the range of language variation

L¿adaptation ou reformulation facilitante des descriptions dites savantes de la grammaire française et de ses descriptions ordinaires en usage est un phénomène désormais identifié et défi ni de manière unanime. Ces adaptations, qüelles soient le fait des auteurs de grammaire ou des enseignants, sont souvent des créations individuelles ou représentations qui ont une visée pratique de la langue et qui tendent à se détacher de la norme grammaticale des locuteurs francophones natifs. Le présent ouvrage regroupe sept articles sélectionnés suite à un colloque international organisé en juin 2018 à Nicosie (Chypre). II réunit ainsi les résultats de recherches portant sur des formes particulières de descriptions, dites contextualisations de la description du français, caractérisées par le fait qüelles sont déviantes par rapport à la norme linguistique. Dans la première partie, les contributions présentées se penchent sur l¿étude des représentations des apprenants de la langue française. Dans la deuxième, les auteurs analysent le discours et la description grammaticale du français dans des ouvrages du français. Enfin, dans la troisième partie de l¿ouvrage, les articles sont consacrés aux difficultés grammaticales des apprenants locuteurs non natifs du français. L¿ensemble de ces contributions se fonde ainsi sur la grande question de l¿appropriation de la grammaire, avec l¿importance accordée d¿une part à l¿étude précise de la pluralité des représentations et du discours des grammaires, et d¿autre part à la collecte de difficultés récurrentes, qui permettent de fonder la recherche sur la réalité des pratiques linguistiquesOnt contribué à l¿écriture de ce volume : Jean-Claude Beacco, Henri Besse, Marie-Christine Fougerouse, Karima Gaci, Fryni Kakoyianni-Doa, Dora Loizidou, Daniel Luzatti, Monique Monville Burston, Leyre Ruiz de Zarobe et Sofia Stratilaki-Klein.

Cross-linguistically, motion verbs are frequently involved in language change and feature a wide array of motion-related constructions. The aim of this volume is to grasp more completely the typological characteristics and the developmental potential of motion verbs and to acknowledge the formal and functional diversity of motion-related constructions in Romance languages. To this end, the contributions in this collection provide synchronic and diachronic as well as typologically oriented studies that focus on motion verbs and single- and multi-verb constructions that have received scant attention to date. These include verbal periphrases, (pseudo-/semi-)copula and pseudo-coordinated constructions in Spanish, Italian, Romanian, French and French-based Creoles. In comparison to previous research on Romance languages, the present volume also adopts a broader perspective on language change, taking into account not only grammaticalization processes but also discursive, lexical and pragmatic phenomena such as the development of discursive, quotative or mirative functions. The studies build on functional, usage-based and constructionist models of language change and rely on corpus-based as well as experimental empirical approaches.