Kybernetik og systemteori

As our title suggests, there are two aspects in the subject of this book. The first is the mathematical investigation of the dynamics of infinite systems of in­ teracting particles and the description of the time evolution of their states. The second is the rigorous derivation of kinetic equations starting from the results of the aforementioned investigation. As is well known, statistical mechanics started in the last century with some papers written by Maxwell and Boltzmann. Although some of their statements seemed statistically obvious, we must prove that they do not contradict what me­ chanics predicts. In some cases, in particular for equilibrium states, it turns out that mechanics easily provides the required justification. However things are not so easy, if we take a step forward and consider a gas is not in equilibrium, as is, e.g., the case for air around a flying vehicle. Questions of this kind have been asked since the dawn of the kinetic theory of gases, especially when certain results appeared to lead to paradoxical conclu­ sions. Today this matter is rather well understood and a rigorous kinetic theory is emerging. The importance of these developments stems not only from the need of providing a careful foundation of such a basic physical theory, but also to exhibit a prototype of a mathematical construct central to the theory of non-equilibrium phenomena of macroscopic size.

In the bestselling The Physics of Star Trek, the renowned theoretical physicist Lawrence Krauss took readers on an entertaining and eye-opening tour of the Star Trek universe to see how it stacked up against the real universe. Now, responding to requests for more as well as to a number of recent exciting discoveries in physics and astronomy, Krauss takes a provocative look at how the laws of physics relate to notions from our popular culture -- not only Star Trek, but other films, shows, and popular lore -- from Independence Day to Star Wars to The X-Files. What's the difference between a flying saucer and a flying pretzel?Why didn't the aliens in Independence Day have to bother invading Earth to destroy it?What's new with warp drives?What's the most likely scenario for doomsday?Are ESP and telekinesis impossible?What do clairvoyance and time travel have in common?How might quantum mechanics ultimately affect the fate of life in the universe?

Dieser Tagungsband des vierten Symposiums "e;Informatik im Umweltschutz"e; (Karlsruhe, 6.-8. November 1989) behandelt den Einsatz von Informatikmethoden in allen Bereichen des Umweltschutzes: Luft, Klima, Wasser, Abfall, Altlasten, Boden, Naturraum, Raumplanung, Pflanzen, Wald, Tiere. Die Problematik wird sowohl praktisch anhand konkreter Projekte als auch methodisch anhand grundlegender Prinzipien und Verfahren dargestellt. Die Beitrage zeigen den derzeitigen Stand von Entwicklungen und Projekten und diskutieren anstehende Probleme und Losungen. Sie geben damit einen Uberblick uber die in diesem neuen Anwendungsgebiet gestellten Anforderungen an die Informatik und die zukunftig notwendigen methodischen Entwicklungen. Der Tagungsband wendet sich an alle Wissenschaftler, Ingenieure aus Forschung, Industrie und Behorden, die mit Umweltschutz befat sind.

Das Buch beschreibt den Entwurf und die Entwicklung des Expertensystems ICX, das, verbunden mit einem CAD-System, bei der Gestaltung, Dimensionierung, Planung und Ausfuhrung einer Kunststoff-Metall-Klebung dem Konstrukteur hilfreich zur Seite steht. Unter der Kontrolle eines ubergeordneten Systems werden dabei mehrere Expertensysteme aktiviert, um dem interdisziplinaren Charakter des verwendeten Wissens gerecht zu werden. Als Schwerpunkte werden Wissensakquisition und -strukturierung, die Entwicklung des Gesamt-Expertensystems, die Einbindung in eine CAD-Umgebung und die problemorientierte Gestaltung der Benutzerfuhrung behandelt. Dem Leser wird ein Uberblick des dem Expertensystem zugrunde liegenden Wissens und ein Einblick in Funktionsweise und Handhabung des Systems gegeben. Daruberhinaus wird eine Vorgehensweise zur praxisbezogenen Umsetzung einer komplexen technischen Anwendung in ein Software-System unter Verwendung von Hilfsmittel aus der KI-Forschung vorgestellt.

This booklet is mainly meant for students at universities and colleges to solve problems in the field of power and chemical engineering, where water and steam are serving as working or process medium. Tables and diagrams will support engineers in research work and industrial practice too. All tabulated values given were recalculated; the thermodynamical properties have been calculated according to the 1984 IAPS formulation, the remaining properties result from IAPS`s current releases. The increments for temperature and pressure for the saturation tables were decreased. In addition ten properties were added. Three new h,s-diagrams for compressed water will be useful in geographical and in jet cutting applications.

At a first glance the reader of this book might be puzzled by the variety of its topics which range from phase-transition-like phenomena of chemical reactions, lasers and electrical currents to biological systems, like neuron networks and membranes, to population dynamics and socio­ logy. When looking more closely at the different subjects the reader will recognize, however, that this book deals with one main problem: the behaviour of systems which are composed of many elements of one or a few kinds. We are sure the reader will be surprised in the same way as the participants of a recent symposium on synergetics, who recognized that such systems have amazingly common features. Though the subsystems (e. g. electrons, cells, human beings) are quite different in nature, their joint action is governed by only a few principles which lead to strikingly similar phenomena. It hardly needs to be mentioned that once such common principles are established, they are of an enormous stimulus and help for future research. Though the articles of this book are based on invited papers given at the first International Symposium on Synergetics at Schlof. l. Elmau from April 30 to May 6, 1972, it differs from usual conference proceedings in a distinct way. The authors and subjects were chosen from the very beginning so that fmally a well organized total book arises. We hope that the reader will feel the same pleasure and enthusiasm the participants at the symposium had.

heit aufgeiat werden mu. Dabei werden sich als Resultate von zentraler Be- deutung ergeben: Diejenige Groe, welche die ganze Thermodynamik beherrscht, namlich die Entropie, erweist sich als quantitatives Ma der soeben geschilderten Unkenntnis. Das ist fraglos eine der merkwurdigsten und tiefstliegenden Aus- sagen der ganzen Physik. Sie wird naturlich nur sinnvoll durch eine exakte Formulierung, welche erst nach den Vorarbeiten der nachsten Abschnitte erfolgen kann. Ein beherrschender Zug der statistischen Mechanik besteht darin, da die Zahl der mikroskopischen Freiheitsgrade - im wesentlichen gegeben durch die Zahl N der im System enthaltenen Atome - so ungeheuer gro ist. Obwohl mit wachsendem N unsere Kenntnis von der mikroskopischen Struktur immer geringer wird, werden dennoch die oben angedeuteten Wahrscheinlichkeitsaus- sagen uber makroskopische Groen um so scharfer, je groer N ist, in dem Sinne, da wir im Limes N -+ oo wieder zu sicheren Aussagen gelangen. Dieser Zug der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung ist so charakteristisch, da wir ihn gleich jetzt an einem primitiven Beispiel erlautern wollen. Ein Gas bestehe aus N Molekulen, welche sich unabhangig voneinander in einem Volumen V bewegen (ideales Gas). Wir grenzen innerhalb V ein dagegen kleines Volumen v ab und interessieren uns fur die Zahl n der Molekule, welche sich in v aufhalten. Nennen wir V und 1-p = q, -y=P so sind p bzw. q die Wahrscheinlichkeiten dafur, ein hervorgehobenes Molekul innerhalb bzw. auerhalb v zu finden.

This book constitutes the revised selected papers of the 9th Italian Workshop on Advances in Artificial Life and Evolutionary Computation held in Vietri sul Mare, Italy, in May 2014, in conjunction with the 24th Italian Workshop on Neural Networks, WIRN 2014.The 16 papers presented have been thoroughly reviewed and selected from 40 submissions. They cover the following topics: artificial neural networks; fuzzy inference systems; rough set; approximate reasoning; and optimization methods such as evolutionary computation, swarm intelligence, particle swarm optimization.

Delay differential and difference equations serve as models for a range of processes in biology, physics, engineering and control theory. In this volume, the participants of the International Conference on Delay Differential and Difference Equations and Applications, Balatonfüred, Hungary, July 15-19, 2013 present recent research in this quickly-evolving field. The papers relate to the existence, asymptotic and oscillatory properties of the solutions; stability theory; numerical approximations; and applications to real world phenomena using deterministic and stochastic discrete and continuous dynamical systems.

There is a growing body of literature that focuses on the similarities and differences between how people behave in the offline world vs. how they behave in these virtual environments. Data mining has aided in discovering interesting insights with respect to how people behave in these virtual environments. The book addresses prediction, mining and analysis of offline characteristics and behaviors from online data and vice versa. Each chapter will focus on a different aspect of virtual worlds to real world prediction e.g., demographics, personality, location, etc.

Historically, one of the basic issues in control systems design has been robustness: the ability of a controlled plant to withstand variations in or lack of knowledge of its dynamics. Even if the dynamics of a system are accurately known for purposes of implementation, it is often desirable to design a control system based on a simplified model. Consequently it is essential to be able to guarantee a reasonable performance not only for the nominal plant, but also for its neighbouring perturbations: this is the issue of robustness. Since the beginning of this decade major advances have been made in this area, notably using the H -approach; this term is meant to cover the solution of sensitivity reduction, approximation and model reduction, robustness and related control design problems using the mathematics of Hardy spaces and related areas in Harmonic Analysis. This book contains the proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on "Modelling, Robustness and Sensitivity Reduction in Control Systems", which was held at the University of Groningen, December 1986. Its aim was to explore the development of H -design techniques and its ramifications in Systems Theory in a unified and systematic way with the emphasis on recent advances and future directions in this fast developing area. In particular the following inter-related aspects were addressed: H -mathematical foundations, model approximation and robustness in control design, optimal sensitivity reduction, modelling and system identification and signal processing.

The thread of self-organization which is now recognized as permeating many dynamical transformations in diverse systems around us seems set to unleash a revolution as influential as that of Darwin in the last century. Darwin removed the 'originator' of a species; self-organization now seeks to remove the 'organizer' from an organism. Methods of nonlinear dynamics have played a crucial role in opening up this field and if these methods have a progenitor it is Henri Poi~care (1854 - 1912) whose first substantial compilation amongst his prolific productio~ was Les Methodes Nouvelles de la Mecanique Celeste, Vol 1. Thi~ work'aplleared in Paris in 1892, a century ago, thus offering us the opportunity to celebrate a centenary of this extraordinary revolutionary of science: M~:of. ~he ex;tensive contributions of Poincare helped to lay the foundation of this field of nonlinear dynamics, for _e. xam*lI~e mai:hematic~l theory of . dillJ. ensions~ . ( qualita. tively) global aspects of ph~ ~~c~ d~~~ics, topological analysis, . fiXed. pbiilt theo­ rems, bifurcation COIiC~l?ts :{~o ?e u~d later for example for Andronov-Poincare bifurcation), diffe~!:. Iice' equation mappings in phase spa

As robots improve in efficiency and intelligence, there is a growing need to develop more efficient, accurate and powerful sensors in accordance with the tasks to be robotized. This has led to a great increase in the study and development of different kinds of sensor devices and perception systems over the last ten years. Applications that differ from the industrial ones are often more demanding in sensorics since the environment is not usually so well structured. Spatial and agricultural applications are examples of situations where the environment is unknown or variable. Therefore, the work to be done by a robot cannot be strictly programmed and there must be an interactive communication with the environment. It cannot be denied that evolution and development in robotics are closely related to the advances made in sensorics. The first vision and force sensors utilizing discrete components resulted in a very low resolution and poor accuracy. However, progress in VLSI, imaging devices and other technologies have led to the development of more efficient sensor and perception systems which are able to supply the necessary data to robots.