Politisk forskning og politisk teori

Articles included in issue 26 of Marxist Left Review:Editorial: Eighteen months of hard Labor - Omar HassanFrom Marx to Lenin: Debates that forged the socialist approach to war - Mick ArmstrongClass struggle in the Pacific - Vinil KumarEngels after Marx: a (critical) defence - Darren RosoThe Spanish left in transition: Interview with Anticapitalistas - with Ánxel TestasReview: The rise of the far right in Italy - Luca TavanReview: Selling arms to anyone who wants them - Jasmine DuffReview: Retelling race and critiquing identity politics - Anneke Demanuele

Was ist der Unterschied zwischen Europäischem Rat und Europarat? Wo liegen die Ursachen für die zahlreichen Krisen, die Europa gemeistert - oder noch vor sich - hat? In seiner 4., überarbeiteten und aktualisierten Auflage erklärt das Buch, wie unser neues Europa funktioniert, welche ungeahnten Freiheiten und Chancen es uns bietet - und warum es mitunter nicht funktioniert. Anschaulich analysiert der Autor das gesamte Spektrum aktueller Themen - von den Turbulenzen um den Euro, die Flüchtlingspolitik, den Brexit und Fridays for Future bis hin zum "Green Deal" und dem Angriffskrieg Russlands auf die Ukraine.Europa ist kein Elite-Projekt. Dieses bewährte, leicht lesbare Taschenlexikon lädt Einsteiger wie Europa-Kenner gleichermaßen ein, mitzumachen, zu kritisieren und zu diskutieren. Europa ist zugegeben unperfekt, aber es ist das Erstaunlichste, was wir auf unserem Kontinent in den letzten Jahrhunderten auf die Beine gestellt haben.

The current discussion on the rule of law, especially in the EU, seems to be developing because the terms that express the idea of the rule of law in different European languages do not convey the same content. The rule of law, der Rechtstatt, l'état de droit, to name just three language versions, were coined in different historical contexts and within different traditions of political thought. The question then becomes, to what extent is diversity in the understanding of the rule of law still legitimate today? The answer is sought in the book we have edited, whose authors are academically recognized individuals representing these different traditions of legal and political thinking.The publication is divided into three parts. The first part explains the concept of the rule of law and outlines the development of the idea of the rule of law. The analyses presented also address the issue of legal positivism seen as a minimization of the idea of the rule of law. In addition, this part includes articles on the problem of the rule of law from the perspective of Catholic social thought, as well as a consideration of the transformation of the legal concept of the rule of law into a kind of political fetish. Part two is devoted to various European traditions of understanding the rule of law. In this part of the book, the reader will find articles on approaches to the issue of the rule of law from the Anglo-Saxon, French, German, and Polish perspectives. The third part of the book deals with the issue of the rule of law from the perspective of the European Union. It is about the mechanisms of control of the rule of law in the Member States and the possibility of applying this concept to the EU.

In today¿s rapidly evolving political landscape, the intersection of democracy, leadership, and governance with artificial intelligence (AI) has become a focal point for academic inquiry and practical explorations. This book is a machine-generated literature overview that explores the opportunities, challenges, and impacts of integrating AI technologies in democratic processes, leadership dynamics, and sustainable governance. Through a collection of thought-provoking chapters, readers will gain insights into the transformative potential of AI that revisits the tenets of deliberative democracy, redefines leadership roles, and rejuvenates public service delivery. This volume offers a comprehensive exploration of the processes and practices of democratic decision-making, leadership development, and sustainable governance. It serves as a valuable resource to academics, policymakers, and practitioners navigating through the concepts, dimensions, and praxis of democracy, leadership, and governance. It is an important value addition to the body of knowledge and paves the way for informed decision-making and responsible application of digital technologies for good governance.

This book explores the uses of the past in foreign policy-making. It outlines why and how political leaders refer to historical events in contemporary foreign policy discourses; the goals they hope to achieve; and the sometimes unintended foreign policy consequences of their (ab)use of historical memory. Furthermore, it looks at how political leaders shape domestic collective memories in pursuit of their international agendas, and highlight historical events leaders forget, reinterpret or obscure through selective narratives.The chapters explore a variety of theoretical concepts that shed light on how memory and foreign policy are linked in a complex and reciprocal way. The following mechanisms are discussed: the application of historical analogies; the construction of historical narratives; the creation of memory sites; the marginalisation and forgetting of the past; and the securitisation of historical memory. Through the use of a number of methodological approaches (such as discourse analysis, narrative analysis and content analysis of securitising moves) and a broad range of qualitative and quantitative data (newspaper articles, policy documents, commemorative speeches, interviews with policymakers and the observation of memory sites), the contributions highlight the interdependence of the international, national, regional and local dimensions of memory practices and history writing. Although they mostly focus on national case studies of foreign policy-making, they also reveal how representations of historical events evolve through interaction between political actors at the international level of analysis.The collection originated in the section entitled 'Exploring the Link between Historical Memory and Foreign Policy' at the annual Pan-European Conference of the European International Studies Association (EISA) 2018 held in Prague, the Czech Republic.

"Fragile Foundations" offers a critical exploration of the intricate fiscal and monetary policies of the United States, especially focusing on the potential long-term consequences of consistent overspending and the unchecked printing of American dollars. As the world's largest economy, the financial choices made by the United States reverberate globally. This book delves into the heart of these choices, questioning their sustainability and potential impact on future economic stability.Key insights of the book include:Historical Context: Tracing the evolution of U.S. fiscal policy and the increasing reliance on debt-driven growth.The Mechanics of Money Printing: A comprehensive look at the process, rationale, and consequences of quantitative easing and other forms of monetary policy expansion.Global Repercussions: Understanding the implications of U.S. economic decisions on global trade, currency markets, and international relations.Inflationary Concerns: Investigating the potential risks of hyperinflation, its historical precedents, and the indicators that suggest its onset.Debt Dynamics: Analysis of the burgeoning national debt, its holders, and the challenges of servicing it in an uncertain economic future.Domestic Implications: Exploring how continued overspending and excessive money printing could impact employment, wealth distribution, and social services in the U.S.The Role of Global Reserve Currency: Discussing the privileges and responsibilities of the U.S. dollar as the world's primary reserve currency, and the potential risks to its continued dominance.Possible Pathways: Speculation on potential corrective measures, from fiscal restraint to monetary policy adjustments, that could address the looming challenges."Fragile Foundations" paints a cautionary tale, urging policymakers, economists, and the general public to recognize and address the potential vulnerabilities in the U.S. economic system. Through detailed analysis, rich data, and compelling narratives, the book serves as a clarion call for prudent financial stewardship to ensure the lasting stability and prosperity of the nation and the broader global economy.

Marx, Spinoza and Darwin presents a common thread in its argument: it shows how these authors-certainly with differences among themselves-consolidated a field of investigation that does not resort to transcendent or religious premises in approaching the phenomena they analyze. Thus, when Spinoza declared that the "e;will of God"e; is the "e;sanctuary of ignorance,"e; when Marx provocatively maintained that "e;criticism of religion is the premise of all criticism,"e; or when Darwin polemicized against a millennial creationist approach, all were taking a stand that invited us to view our world through a secular and immanent lens. In addition to this common thread, Martins discusses other issues present in the works of these thinkers, for instance the space that exists for human subjectivity from a Marxist perspective (which is not to be confused with philosophical "e;objectivism"e;): men and women are encouraged to act in the world. With this conceptual background, the concluding chapters of the book address the proliferation of some less examined Christian fundamentalisms in contemporary world, presenting an explanatory hypothesis for the phenomenon.

Zweisprachige Ausgabe / Englisch - DeutschThe "Thyssen Lectures" are a continuation of a tradition that the Fritz Thyssen Foundation initiated in 1979, first at various institutions throughout Germany, and then at several universities in Czechia, Israel, the Russian Federation, Turkey, and most recently Greece. The series in the United Kingdom and Ireland will be held ove a period of four years. Spearheaded by Prof. Christina von Hodenberg, director of the German Historical Insitute London, it will be dedicated to the overarching theme of "Science, Knowledge, and the Legacy of Empire".Colonial Times, Global Times: History and Imperial World-MakingColonial hierachies were constituted not by military and economic power alone, but also by imperial worldviews. Chief among their ingredients was a particular temporality. The expansion of the European (and, soon, American and Japanese) empires, and the grafting of imperial structures onto colonized communities, confronted large groups of people with new temporal norms. This "temporal invasion" found expression in the proliferation of clocks as levers of punctuality and temporal discipline; the alignment of calendars and the concomitant synchronization of the globe; and the dissemination of History as the privileged form of linking past, present, and future. Consequently, historians emerged as imperial agents in their own right. They helped introduce "historical time" and a cosmology that redefined narratives about the past, the trajectories into the future, in the colonizing/colonial world. The lecture discusses how historians achieved this revolutionary form of world-making. It argues that this was not only a colonial imposition, but must it be seen as a repsonse to global conjunctures.

This edited volume discusses the life and scholarship of Friedrich Engels. Written to commemorate the two-hundred-year anniversary of Engels' birth, the contributions take a look into his research from a variety of viewpoints, trace the influence of his predecessors, and critically evaluate his place within 19th century scholarship. In addition, specific topics are taken up, such as his (mis)assessment of American capitalism, his influence on the Italian labor movement, the thematization of social problems and the relevance of his thought in a global economy. Providing a fresh look at the co-founder of scientific socialism, this volume will be of interest to researchers and students of contemporary political, social and economic systems, the history of economic thought, and political history.

"The book is written for the general reader concerned with ideological polarization in the world today. It analyses current ideologies as part of cultural worldviews characteristic of the modern era, and suggests ways for furthering political stability and social harmony"--

A powerful and urgent explanation and vindication of our human rights and freedomsAfter the devastation of World War Two, the international community came together to enshrine fundamental rights to refuge, health, education and living standards, for privacy, fair trials and free speech, and outlawing torture, slavery and discrimination. Their goal was greater global justice, equality, and peace. That settlement is now in danger, attacked by opponents from across the political spectrum and populist and authoritarian movements worldwide. We are threatened by wars, inequality, new technologies and climate catastrophe, and we need our human rights now more than ever. In this powerful, accessible book, Shami Chakrabarti, lawyer, parliamentarian and leading British human rights defender, shows us why human rights are essential for our future. Outlining the historic national and international struggles for human rights, from the fall of Babylon, to the present day, Chakrabarti is an indispensable guide to the law and logic underpinning human dignity and universal freedoms. Her intervention will engage both sceptics and supporters, equipping believers in the battle of ideas and persuading doubters to think again. For human rights to survive, they must be far better understood by everyone.

This book provides a comprehensive study of the notion of responsibility in environmental governance. It starts with the observation that, although the rhetoric of responsibility is indeed all-pervasive in environmental and sustainability-related fields, decisive political action is still lacking. Governance architectures increasingly strive to hold different stakeholders responsible by installing accountability and transparency mechanisms to manage environmental problems, yet the structural background conditions affecting these issues continue to generate unevenly distributed, socially unjust, and ecologically devastating consequences. Responsibility in Environmental Governance develops the concept of responsibility as an analytical approach to map and understand these dynamics and to situate diverse meanings of responsibility within larger socio-political contexts. It applies this approach to the study of food waste governance, uncovering a narrow governance focus on accountability, optimization, and consumer behavior change strategies, opening up spaces for organizing more democratic solutions to a truly global problem.

This volume is a collection of papers written over the course of forty years. It examines political attitudes, patterns of political behavior, and institutional framework of transition to democracy in Poland. Its contents have been shaped by and provide commentary on the often-dramatic political developments in Poland: the emergence of the massive liberation movement ¿Solidarity¿ in 1980¿81; the dissent against the communist regime in the 1980s; the struggles to pave the roads toward consolidated democracy in the 1990s; and the problems with adaptation to European liberal values in the 21st century that led to democratic backsliding. In conclusion, it presents the cultural and structural background of the cleavage between the proponents of open society and its enemies.

L'objet du présent ouvrage est donc de poursuivre l'enquête que j'ai commencée dans Révolution mondiale, en retraçant le cheminement des idées révolutionnaires à travers les sociétés secrètes depuis les temps les plus reculés, en n'indiquant le rôle des Juifs que là où il est clairement décelable, mais en ne cherchant pas à les impliquer là où il n'y a pas de preuves suffisantes. C'est pourquoi je ne baserai pas mes affirmations sur des ouvrages simplement "antisémites", mais principalement sur les écrits des Juifs eux-mêmes. De même, en ce qui concerne les sociétés secrètes, je m'appuierai autant que possible sur les documents et les aveux de leurs membres, point sur lequel j'ai pu recueillir un grand nombre de données nouvelles qui corroborent entièrement ma thèse précédente. Il doit être entendu que je ne me propose pas de faire une histoire complète des sociétés secrètes, mais seulement des sociétés secrètes dans leurs rapports avec le mouvement révolutionnaire. Je n'essaierai donc pas de décrire les théories de l'occultisme ni d'enquêter sur les secrets de la franc-maçonnerie, mais simplement de relater l'histoire de ces systèmes afin de montrer la manière dont ils ont été utilisés dans un but subversif. Si je ne parviens pas à convaincre les incrédules de l'existence de forces secrètes de révolution, ce ne sera pas faute de preuves.

"The Norwegian 'treason trials' were the most extensive post-war 'reckoning' with wartime collaboration in all of Europe. This study examines how the Norwegian authorities envisaged, implemented and interpreted these trials, from the first planning efforts of the early 1940s to the debates over their legacies during the 1960s"--

This book analyzes non-democratic legitimacy during the Arab Spring. During this historic event, monarchs and presidents were forced to defend their rule, whether through Islam, the cultural image of paternalism or the cash flow of welfare. Can Arab leaders still justify apolitical reigns? Are monarchies more respected than republicans or are they too under threat? The author traces the history of apolitical rule in the Arab world, from Islamic roots to the role of Arab leaders in merging religion with socio-economic benefits and cosmetic liberalization. Finally, analysis of speeches given by leaders of Tunisia, Egypt, Jordan and Bahrain in response to the Arab Spring are considered. When protesters took to the streets with their slogans, the regimes talked back. This work discusses the weight of their words and why some leaders survived unrest while others were overthrown.

This book explores key contemporary issues of democracy in our globalized and highly technologized world. Written from an interdisciplinary perspective, with contributions including the fields of philosophy, political science, media studies, linguistics, and aesthetics, it reflects on the characteristics of the democratic state and democratic social practices.The book features contributions on topics such as the status of political parties, the separation of powers and the rule of law, bureaucracy and meritocracy, equality, forms of democratic participation and governance, comparisons between historical and contemporary democratic practices, individual rights, propaganda, political engagement, and consent. Further, it discusses how global information flows and new technologies affect democratic processes, including topics such as cyber-activism and open-source software as a means of empowerment to ethnocentric and class-centric technological design, globalization and media neutrality, and the mechanization of public administration. Overall, the book demonstrates how historical, philosophical, technical, and institutional issues relate to contemporary democracy. It will appeal to political theorists, social scientists and everybody interested in contemporary democracy.

This book redefines the relationship between Marxism and history. At its roots, Marxism was aimed at analyzing society in order to change it, reflecting on the past to create the 'poetry of the future.' No single event of the past was as important to early Marxists as the French Revolution of 1789. Studying the varying uses of the history of that past event among Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, and prominent European Marxists before 1914 (Karl Kautsky, V.I. Lenin, and others), this book argues that we should take the historiography of concrete past events seriously. It was not only an auxiliary element of Marxism, but a core constitutive element in its formation. Thus, this book calls for transcending traditional approaches to Marxism as a fixed set of social theories combined with strategies for the present and future. Important to students of Marxism, the labor movement, and the French Revolution alike, this study contains refreshing perspectives on the interplay between past, present, and future and on the role of states, social classes, socio-economic determination, and political organization in history.

This book discusses in an accessible way how emerging globalizing processes are setting the stage for new forms of social and political struggle in Latin America, with increased involvement of multilateral and foreign actors, and impacts of global political populism and populist social media. These are opening up new strategies and opportunities for activists, and offer new arenas of contestation for international organizations. The book analyzes the struggles of select marginalized groups, specifically the urban poor, indigenous groups, women's and LGBTQ groups, and the vulnerable middle classes. Each case is examined in the context of a distinct struggle for citizenship, identity, inclusion, and or the rule of law. The study offers a broad historical analysis of the region through the context of these struggles. It tackles some of the most pressing issues surrounding the current politics of Latin America, including identity politics, cultural appropriation, social mobilization and protest, neoliberal reform, reproductive rights and sexual autonomy, corruption, the influence of religion and patriarchy, crime and social justice, inequality and poverty, the informal economy, and urban exclusion. In doing so, it details not only how these are not new struggles, but also how they have evolved over time. In the contemporary period, the book explores how the actors as well as character of their struggle are changing through a globalized interchange of ideas and processes. The book covers a wide geographical area in Latin America, with a particular focus on countries with Spanish or Portuguese colonial backgrounds, and is for researchers, students and laypersons interested in new globalizing forces affecting Latin American society and polity.

Das Buch eröffnet ein neues Forschungsfeld praxeologischer Demokratieforschung. Statt von bestimmten theoretischen Konzeptionen auszugehen, was Demokratie ist oder sein soll, wird untersucht, wie Demokratie praktisch gemacht wird. Wie wird der ¿demos¿ zum Subjekt des Regierens gemacht, als politischer Akteur mit kollektivem Willen und Handlungsmacht? Das Buch verfolgt den Ansatz, nach konkreten praktischen Formen zu suchen, in denen Repräsentationen des Willens von kollektiven Subjekten hergestellt und geltend gemacht werden. Dabei entfaltet sich ein Blick auf die Multiplizität und Dynamik der Demokratie.

Donald Trump's campaign and presidency represented a radical departure from political norms that are often classified by media and researchers as 'populist'. Instead, this book theorizes Trump's campaign and presidency with reference to Mikhail Bakhtin's "carnival" - a medieval festival of transgression, ridicule, and renewal. In this book, Lisa Gaufman and Bharath Ganesh provide a closer insight into the Trump Carnival, developing interdisciplinary perspectives on populism, misogyny, misinformation, and far-right vernacular culture. Building on the idea of the carnivalesque, this book focuses on the laughing culture of the Trump campaigns and presidency that vilified minorities, disparaged women, and ultimately emboldened the far right. Bringing Bakhtin into dialogue with key developments in contemporary politics, this book is a must-read for anyone interested in the Trump phenomenon, American politics, and populism.

L'incursion nocturne de l'armée russe en territoire ukrainien, à la date programmée depuis la fin des années 1980 pour faire entrer l'humanité dans le Nouvel Ordre Mondial, allait conduire au défilé d'une myriade d'experts en géopolitique dans les différents médias. Or, cette invasion exposée telle une évidence naturelle par ces mêmes experts comme relevant d'un fait d'ordre géopolitique trouve en réalité ses origines dans le messianisme kabbalistique. Ainsi, lorsque des objectifs irrationnels de dimension eschatologique ou occulte prennent le pas sur des intérêts stratégiques rationnels, il n'est plus question de "Géopolitique", mais bien de "Géomessianisme" ! Si des problématiques de nature religieuse peuvent parfois supplanter des nécessités rationnelles dans la quête des territoires, nous pourrons voir que les dérives extrêmes du géomessianisme mettent désormais en péril l'existence même de l'humanité, et ce dans l'indifférence générale... C'est pour cette raison que la Noachisation de l'humanité et autres projets apocalyptiques annexes destinés à asservir les peuples de"Toutes les Nations" sont hélas en passe d'être accomplis.