Terrorisme og væbnet kamp

Motivated by the future threat to air force command and control networks and forces, the authors identify the demands of future conflicts and consider alternative options for the design of wing-level command and control elements.

Whenever and however Russia's invasion of Ukraine ultimately ends, the U.S.-Russia relationship is likely to remain hostile in its aftermath. Over the long term, however, the United States will have incentives to reduce the risks and costs of its relationship with Russia in order to focus on other challenges, such as China. Future U.S. policymakers might therefore wish to again consider a limited less-hardline approach toward Russia. Supporters of such approaches contend that limited less-hardline approaches can reduce an adversary's insecurity, moderate its behavior, and reduce the costs and risks associated with competition between the two countries. Critics are reluctant to make concessions to U.S. rivals and worry that softening the U.S. stance could embolden a rival to become more demanding and aggressive. The authors used four historical case studies of limited less-hardline approaches with strategic similarities to the U.S.-Russia relationship before the war in Ukraine to evaluate these competing claims. These cases were (1) negotiations between Britain and Russia over Central Asia from 1899 to 1914 (2) U.S.-Soviet negotiations on the post-World War II order from 1945 to 1946, (3) the U.S.-Soviet dâetente from 1969 to 1975, and (4) the U.S.-Russia reset from 2009-2013. The authors found that such approaches have led to durable but narrow gains without emboldening the rival to be more demanding or aggressive. These limited policies also have limited effects. They only reduce a rival's threat perceptions modestly and do not prevent future deterioration of the relationship over outstanding conflicts of interest.

This edited collection expands the applicability of peace journalism research beyond war to present readers with new and unique perspectives on terrorism and radicalization. Flora Khoo curates an expansive range of global case studies on diverse instances of terrorism, extremism and radicalization. Chapters examine news portrayal of war and peace in national and international conflicts, TV and film portrayal of war and peace in the entertainment world, as well as global terrorism, domestic extremism and radical movements. Essays are drawn from global range of locations including Kenya, London, Paris and Orlando, and a variety of organizations including ISIS, Al-Shabaab, Antifa and Army of God to deepen our understanding of peace and war journalism and related issues in new and diverse ways."Examining Terrorism, Extremism and Radicalization Through a Peace Communication Perspective is a scholarly foundation for those of us who want to enjoy learning about the breadth and depth of peace journalism. This book will arouse interest and generate a complex view of timely case studies spanning four different continents. Readers will enjoy a fresh perspective of peace journalism and its implications and applications in the world today." ¿Shahira S. Fahmy, Professor of Communication, The American University in Cairo; Associate Editor, Journal of Communication; Author, Media, Terrorism & Society: Perspectives and Trends in the Digital Age "This edited volume offers a timely and compelling reexamination of international conflicts and terrorism through the lens of peace journalism. It expands our understanding of peace journalism through an interdisciplinary approach that is not only theoretical in scope and depth, but also highly applied." ¿Seow Ting Lee, Professor of Strategic and Health Communication, University of Colorado Boulder

¿Dieses Lehrbuch bietet einen kompakten Überblick über die wesentlichen Zugänge, Spezifika und Methoden der behördlichen Terrorismusbekämpfung und der strukturellen Extremismusprävention. In verständlicher Art und Weise werden auf Basis einer aktuellen Bedrohungsanalyse durch Extremismus in Europa Grundprobleme beider Themenfelder ausgewogen dargestellt, kritisch reflektiert und auch anhand von rezenten Beispielen illustriert. Das Buch soll aufgrund seiner leicht verständlichen Struktur und der fortwährenden Aktualität des Themas ein breites Publikum von Studierenden bis hin zu Praktikerinnen und Praktikern ansprechen.

Disrupting the financing that violent nonstate actors require is critical for degrading such groups. This report examines the methods used to disrupt this financing and how the Army can contribute to the effort.

U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) installations have been affected by extreme weather events, such as wind and flood damage from Hurricane Sally at Naval Air Station Pensacola and flooding from severe storms at Offutt Air Force Base. More-frequent and less-extreme events, such as recurrent flooding or hailstorms, also disrupt DoD missions and result in considerable financial loss. DoD needs a way to compare the damage costs resulting from extreme weather events against the costs of mitigating that damage through enhanced installation resilience. There is currently no DoD-validated model or method for systematically comparing climate hazard damage costs against the costs of investing in resilience options. This report begins to address this gap by assessing the relevance and limitations of this one analytic approach. Climate change is likely to increase the frequency and/or severity of extreme weather events, but it is difficult to predict with certainty which installations will be hit and when, or even by what type of hazard. It is important for DoD to account for this uncertainty by setting priorities for where and how much to invest in installation resilience to climate-driven hazards. Tools such as the Federal Emergency Management Agency's natural hazard analysis tool (Hazus) could be used to further understanding of the value of investing in installation resilience to climate-driven hazards. In 19 case studies, the annualized cost of a resilience option was compared with the averted damage over that option's lifetime under a variety of disaster scenarios to screen for potentially attractive resilience investment options.

To develop and harness technological capabilities to meet its missions, the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) seeks ways to improve acquisition and retention of technical talent from science, technical, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines. Congress and DoD policymakers point to higher compensation in the private sector as a key challenge. However, a prior RAND Corporation report suggests that the average compensation difference between private- and public-sector STEM workers is not that large when workforce characteristics are considered. This same research shows that there are demographic-group differences (gender, racial and ethnic) in compensation for STEM workers. Given Congressional and DoD interest in employing more STEM workers-and federal government interest in promoting diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility more generally-demographic-group differences in the DoD STEM workforce warrant in-depth understanding. Building on previous RAND research, the authors use several years of DoD civilian workforce data to quantify trends in demographic-group compensation differences and other employment-related outcomes among the DoD civilian STEM workforce. The authors provide an overview of the composition of the DoD civilian STEM workforce, then perform an analysis that controls for observable characteristics, such as education, that might explain those group differences. Next, they describe the compensation implications of the demographic composition of civilian pay plans and explore compensation differences while holding DoD component, geographic location, and STEM occupational category constant. They conclude with key findings and recommendations for DoD to better understand and address demographic-related inequalities within its STEM workforce.

This report describes the resilience assessment framework that RAND Project AIR FORCE developed to assess the potential impact of integrating select commercial space services on U.S. Space Force mission performance.

Das Buch beschäftigt sich mit dem Einfluss politischer Kulturen auf die Antiterrorpolitik in Frankreich, Belgien und Deutschland infolge islamistischer Terroranschläge im Zeitraum von 2015 bis 2017. Im Kern geht es um die Frage, weshalb sich in Frankreich außerordentliche Maßnahmen samt Ausrufen des Ausnahmezustandes initiieren und gegenüber den Menschen im Land legitimieren ließen, während politische Akteure in Belgien und Deutschland darauf verzichteten. Um die Frage zu beantworten, hat die Autorin Interviews mit politischen Entscheidungsträgern in den drei Ländern geführt sowie Exekutivdiskurse unterschiedlicher Genres ausgewertet: Beiträge im Parlament, Regierungserklärungen, öffentliche Ansprachen, Trauerbekundungen, Pressemitteilungen, Interviewbeiträge. Auf der Grundlage einer vergleichenden qualitativen Fallstudie verdeutlicht sie, dass sich politische Entscheidungsträger bei der Wahl und sprachlichen Legitimierung von Antiterrormaßnahmen nicht nur auf rein materielle oder rationalistische Abwägungen stützen (konnten), sondern ihnen kollektive Erinnerungen an Ausnahmezustände sowie unterschiedliche Verfassungskulturen eine Orientierungshilfe für angemessenes Verhalten gaben.

The Department of Defense (DoD) has hypothesized that the demand signal for uncrewed systems (UxS) in the coming years will strain the capacity of the U.S. defense industrial base (DIB). DoD asked the RAND Corporation to explore this possibility and assemble relevant risks, issues, and opportunities to support ongoing DoD activities, including complying with statutory requirements to provide annual reports to Congress. The scope of the request covered many types of UxS, including uncrewed aerial systems (UAS), uncrewed ground systems (UGSs), and maritime platforms-specifically, uncrewed surface vehicles (USVs) and uncrewed underwater vehicles (UUVs). The authors consulted a variety of data sources and conducted interviews with officials from military UxS program offices, representatives from commercial entities, and subject matter experts. They examined fragility indicators, such as financial outlook, DoD sales, the number of firms in relevant sectors, and dependence on foreign sources of supply; and examined criticality indicators, such as defense uniqueness, design requirements, skilled labor needs, facility and equipment availability, materials and components with long lead times, and availability of alternatives. This report contains an analysis of required levels of autonomous UxS to meet DIB requirements, data on DIB categories and specific component elements within those categories, an assessment of the posture of the DIB to produce and sustain levels of UxS platforms as required by DoD, the results of a comparative analysis of near-peer nation-states China and Russia, and recommendations on strengthening the DIB.

With the emergence of strategic competition with near peers as the defining U.S. national security priority in recent years, the U.S. Army has had to rethink its roles and responsibilities. Competition requires strategies, approaches, and missions different from those developed for counterterrorism and counterinsurgency, which have been the focus of the past two decades. Many Army missions and capabilities are relevant here, but for the Army to succeed in competition against near peers, it must work in an integrated fashion with the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) and other U.S. government entities. The objective of this research was to identify how the Army can make or influence procedural and/or organizational changes to help tailor DoD processes for competition and to identify existing Army capabilities that could be more fully used and understood in competition. The authors reviewed the relevant literature, authorities, policy, and historical cases; interviewed subject-matter experts; and conducted a systematic analysis of overlaps between the existing supply of Army capabilities and the demands of competition below the threshold of armed conflict. Among other things, the authors found that relevant Army organizations are not always incentivized to tailor their contributions to support broader DoD competition activities. The best opportunities for the Army to contribute to competition efforts, moreover, may not be in its areas of historical focus or competency.

This book focusses on the interaction between different kinds of violence and radicalization. Current research criticizes linear models of radicalization and assumes that individuals are involved in radical actions even without extremist preferences. In recent years, the research on radicalization and the use of violence has increasingly been focused on this phenomenon of individual radicalization. However, radicalization is a manifold phenomenon on various levels and exists in miscellaneous variations.The book provides an impetus for analysing social situations that contain the potential for the emergence of conflict. This is done through new outlooks on the role of emotions, the influence of narratives and representations, the connection between (non)violence and emancipation and, lastly, new approaches and perspectives on deradicalization.

This book is a comparative study of terrorism and counterterrorism in Saudi Arabia and Indonesia. It explores the history and contemporary developments of terrorism, especially Islamist terrorism, in these two Sunni Muslim-majority countries. In doing so, it analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of governments' policies, strategies, and models of counterterrorism, including terrorist rehabilitation and reintegration programs. In addition, the book also documents the opinions of Saudis and Indonesians to find societal voices on effective ways of combating violent extremism and discusses Saudi-Indonesian cooperation on counterterrorism, defense, and security issues.The book suggests that although particular Islamic texts, teachings, and discourses might influence radical behaviors and practices of some Muslim individuals and groupings, terrorism is beyond ideological, religious, and doctrinal issues. Therefore, multiple methods and strategies are needed to combat radicalism and create sustainable peace in society. The work will be is beneficial for both academic and non-academic communities, particularly students of conflict, violence, peacebuilding, and religious studies. 

This book is the first comprehensive, book-length analysis of Israel and securitization processes. It develops an original analytical framework to ameliorate the theoretical understanding of the audience component during the securitization process, drawing upon insights from both securitization theory, political psychology, and IR theory. This gives us significant new insights into why some audiences are essential to be persuaded for securitization to occur, while others are not. This book also examines the role of the United States in defining what matters in Israeli National Security. In essence, since the United States is Israel's most significant ally, it is essential for the Israeli leadership to gain the American government's support (or its lack of resistance) for almost any securitization acts. The book analyses a highly original set of interviews with prominent figures in Israel who were at the top level of the Israeli decision-making process, including members of the political and military echelons."Through unparalleled access to Israel's political and security echelons, Israel: National Security and Securitization provides a unique overview of Israel¿s decision-maker's political perception over the years". Ehud Olmert- Prime Minister of Israel 2006-2009"Israel: National Security and Securitization provides a powerful analysis of how the State of Israel confronted security threats, and what was the American involvement in the Israeli decision-making process". Amos Yadlin, IDF Military Intelligence Directorate Chief 2006-2010"This book makes us understand securitization in a novel and enlightening way, thus making a substantial contribution to our understanding of national security in general and Israeli security in particular". Gabriel Ben-Dor, University of Haifa "Wertman and Kaunert's book makes an important and unique contribution to the existing and developing literature on securitization". Kobi Michael, Institute for National Security Studies

This book, written in honor of Arno Tausch, presents cutting-edge research on globalization, development, and global values. Internationally renowned authors cover topics such as global economic and political cycles, global values, and support for terrorism. Over the last five decades, the Austrian political scientist Arno Tausch was a pioneer in studies on globalization, development and global values. This collection of essays takes up the issues dealt with by Tausch and presents perspectives for the 21st Century. Throughout his work, Tausch applied quantitative methods to study the fundamental issues of the global political economy and the global political system, like dependency, economic and political cycles, and global values, based on a rigorous study of available social scientific data, like the World Values Survey and the Arab Barometer.

On 20 September 2001, in an address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American people, President George W Bush declared a 'war on terror'. The concept of the 'war on terror' has proven to be both an attractive and a potent rhetorical device.

In The Conflict with ISIS: Operation INHERENT RESOLVE, June 2014-January 2020, Mason W. Watson chronicles how a U.S.-led coalition fought against the Islamic State (ISIS)-a terrorist organization that, at its height, controlled a span of territory in Iraq and Syria the size of Kentucky. A campaign of targeted airstrikes, beginning in August 2014, slowed ISIS's offensive momentum and gave U.S. military advisers a chance to help rebuild the shattered Iraqi Security Forces. With coalition assistance, the Iraqis then liberated their country in a series of major operations that culminated in the battle for Mosul (2016-2017), one of the largest urban battles in recent history. Watson's narrative further describes how U.S. Army conventional and special operations forces enabled local partners, including the Syrian Democratic Forces, to retake ISIS-held areas of eastern Syria. By January 2020, Iraqi and Syrian forces-supported by U.S. airpower, armed with U.S. equipment, and trained and assisted by U.S. military advisers-had defeated ISIS on the battlefield and ended its pretentions to statehood.

The Fiscal Year 2019 National Defense Authorization Act established an alternative framework for promotion policies for military officers. The authors examine whether shifting to this framework would be beneficial and how it would be implemented.

Winner of the Prix littéraire France-Liban'A stunningly stylish, breathtakingly evocative tribute in words and art to the cosmopolitan Levant that exists in defiance of war and empire. I treasure my copy' -- Molly Crabapple, artist and co-author of Brothers of the Gun: A Memoir of the Syrian WarMy Great Arab Melancholy is a beautiful, elegiac and award-winning book from Lebanese writer and illustrator Lamia Ziadé. Blending the author's years of research, personal memoir, and more than 300 illustrations, this compelling history of the modern Arab world explores the major thinkers, struggles, and turning points that have shaped the Middle East as we know it today.Ziadé begins in South Lebanon, "land of martyrs, ruins, and passion", before taking the reader on a journey through Beirut, Jerusalem, Cairo, and Baghdad. The book moves from the beginning of the twentieth century to the present day, tracing the Arab world's tragedies and the derailing of dreams and possibilities caused in large part by Western imperialism and the conquest of Palestine.Within these pages there are the blasts of explosions, blood, and tears; cemeteries, wreaths, and ribbons; martyrs and paradise. Ziadé unearths the buried memory of resistance fighters and their lost ideals. In haunting prose and unforgettable images she celebrates the progressive, bold, revolutionary moments and figures of the Arab world's recent past.Lamia Ziadé is a Lebanese author, illustrator and visual artist. Born in Beirut in 1968 and raised during the Lebanese Civil War, she moved to Paris at 18 to study graphic arts. She then worked as a designer for Jean Paul Gaultier, exhibited her art in numerous galleries internationally, and went on to publish several illustrated books, including My Port of Beirut, Ô nuit, ô mes yeux and Bye Bye Babylon: Beirut 1975-1979.

Rankiem 11 wrze¿nia 2001 roku terrory¿ci porwali cztery loty pasäerskie i rozbili samoloty o Bli¿niacze Wie¿e, Pentagon i pole w pobli¿u Shanksville w Pensylwanii (samolot zmierzä do Waszyngtonu, ale pasäerowie walczyli o przej¿cie kontroli nad samolotami od terrorystów), zabijaj¿c prawie 3000 osób i rani¿c tysi¿ce innych. Ten atak terrorystyczny wys¿ä fale uderzeniowe na cäy ¿wiat i wyznaczy¿ punkt zwrotny w polityce USA, skutkuj¿c wojn¿ z terroryzmem, uchwaleniem Patriot Act i inwazj¿ na Afganistan. W ci¿gu zaledwie 50 minut poznasz g¿ówne konsekwencje ataków z 11 wrze¿nia i rol¿, jak¿ odegräy one w ksztätowaniu mi¿dzynarodowego krajobrazu geopolitycznego pocz¿tku XXI wieku. Ta prosta i pouczaj¿ca ksi¿¿ka oferuje dok¿adne omówienie kluczowych momentów ataków z 11 wrze¿nia, które miäy miejsce na tle spornych wyborów i rosn¿cego zagro¿enia d¿ihadyzmem. Zawiera równie¿ wprowadzenie do g¿ównych osób zaangäowanych w spraw¿, w tym Osamy bin Ladena, oraz badanie politycznych, spo¿ecznych i ekonomicznych konsekwencji, daj¿c ci wszystkie informacje potrzebne do zrozumienia tego donios¿ego wydarzenia w historii USA.

This book analyzes the ideological roots, structures and operational methods of Jihadi intelligence and counterintelligence activities. Based on a substantive collection of data on terrorist attacks, communication channels, recruitment methods, manuals and statements released by various Jihadi groups, it examines and compares the nature, ideology and realities of Jihadi intelligence operations. The author, an expert on Jihadist ideology and paramilitary intelligence, compares the modus operandi of terrorist groups such as al-Qaeda and the IS with those of governmental intelligence agencies, and subsequently analyzes the role of historical and religious narratives that help Jihadist groups justify their actions and military management. Further topics covered include encryption, counterfeiting, covert operations and Jihadi intelligence activities in the digital realm. The insights shared here will allow readers to gain a comprehensive understanding of Jihadist groups and their intelligence operations, while helping practitioners and policymakers develop better counterterrorism activities and counternarratives.

This handbook provides contributions by some of the world-leading experts in the field on recent phenomena and trends in transnational terrorism.Based on the methodological approach of a trend-and-key factor analysis of transnational terrorism and processed on the virtual platform "Foresight Strategy Cockpit" (FSC), the volume seeks to examine what potential future variants of transnational terrorism may evolve. Focusing on the latest structural developments in the sphere of politically or religiously motivated violence, the handbook considers the tactical, strategic, and not least the systemic dimension of terrorism. Divided into seven thematic sections, the handbook's contributions cover a wide range of issues, dealing among others with strategic and hybrid terrorism, the systemic dimension of extremist violence, prevalent actors, counter-narratives, the crime terror-nexus, the role of digitalization and the spiral dynamic between Islamist and right-wing terrorism. The expert contributions provide a condensed overview of current developments, structural linkages and important academic debates centering around transnational salafi-jihadi terrorism, but also right-wing terrorism and counter-terrorism. A key objective of the work is to make the effects of prevention/preemption, (de-) radicalization and (non-) intervention both transparent and assessable. As such, it contributes well-founded strategies, feasible solutions and options for policy-makers and counter-terrorism experts.This volume will be of great interest to students of terrorism and counter-terrorism, political violence and security studies.

The book provides a pentapartite theoretical analysis of socio-economic factors as the grand basis for the evolution of Boko Haram terrorism in Nigeria. It describes the terrorism as a by-product of unresolved conflict emanating from unequal hegemonic power exchange with respect to the non-fulfillment of socio-economic goals between the political state and the citizenry.Rather than follow the popular notion of religion as the root causes of Boko Haram crisis, the book widens its scope to cover terrorism as a whole with a view to laying a more viable foundation for its readers to understand the concept of terrorism, provoking causes and perspectives, as well as influential factors that may interplay to sustain extremist terrorism in contemporary global society. Using Boko Haram as a potentially useful model, the book contends that the discursive framework of terrorism cannot be isolated from its socio-economic perspectives. In view of the foregoing, the simplistic response to resolving terrorism crisis in Nigeria still lies at the heart of ameliorating the socio-economic conditions of the citizens via the political state.The book will be appropriate for individuals whose interests are vested on terrorism and homeland security, terrorism and counterterrorism studies, criminal justice and organized crime, terrorism and political violence, African politics, peace and conflict resolution as well as security and conflict management. Counter-terrorism experts, policy makers, academic scholars, intelligence and security operatives will also find this book resourceful. Ultimately, as interest in terrorism studies continues to grow exponentially among Sociologists, Anthropologists and Criminologists, it is my utmost quest to provide the most invaluable themes and updated theories in terrorism research for use by independent researchers, students and academics seeking to advance empirically and theoretically driven research in the fields of terrorism, homeland security and related crimes.

This book discusses terrorism and the rise of Hindu nationalism in contemporary India and examines how this movement has become a threat to democracy in the country.The work analyses the rise of Hindu nationalism, culminating in the success of Narendra Modi's Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), the political arm of the movement, in the 2019 Indian national elections. It offers an accessible account of the complexities and subtleties of Hindu nationalism and the dangers it poses to India's pluralistic democracy and secularism. A major theme of the book is the role that terrorism has played in the rise of Hindu nationalism, a factor often underplayed or ignored in other studies, and it also challenges the widespread belief that terrorism is largely an Islamic phenomenon. Employing a cross-disciplinary approach, the book is highly relevant to both academics and policymakers, given India's importance as a major global economic and military power.This book will be of interest to students of terrorism and political violence, South Asian history, Indian politics and international relations, as well as policymakers.

Op de ochtend van 11 september 2001 kaapten terroristen vier passagiersvluchten en stortten de vliegtuigen neer in de Twin Towers, het Pentagon en een veld bij Shanksville, Pennsylvania (het vliegtuig was op weg naar Washington, maar de passagiers vochten om de controle over de vliegtuigen over te nemen van de terroristen), waarbij bijna 3000 mensen omkwamen en duizenden anderen gewond raakten. Deze terroristische aanslag veroorzaakte schokgolven over de hele wereld en vormde een keerpunt in de Amerikaanse politiek, met als gevolg de oorlog tegen het terrorisme, de goedkeuring van de Patriot Act en de invasie in Afghanistan. In slechts 50 minuten ontdekt u de belangrijkste gevolgen van de aanslagen van 11 september en de rol die zij hebben gespeeld bij de vorming van het internationale geopolitieke landschap van het begin van de 21e eeuw. Dit eenvoudige en informatieve boek biedt een grondige bespreking van de sleutelmomenten van de aanslagen van 11 september, die zich afspeelden tegen de achtergrond van omstreden verkiezingen en de groeiende dreiging van het jihadisme. Het bevat ook een inleiding tot de belangrijkste betrokkenen, waaronder Osama bin Laden, en een onderzoek naar de politieke, sociale en economische gevolgen, waardoor u alle informatie krijgt die u nodig hebt om deze gedenkwaardige gebeurtenis in de Amerikaanse geschiedenis te begrijpen.

La mattina dell'11 settembre 2001, alcuni terroristi dirottarono quattro voli passeggeri e fecero schiantare gli aerei contro le Torri Gemelle, il Pentagono e un campo vicino a Shanksville, in Pennsylvania (l'aereo era diretto a Washington, ma i passeggeri lottarono per sottrarre il controllo degli aerei ai terroristi), uccidendo quasi 3.000 persone e ferendone altre migliaia. Questo attacco terroristico ha provocato onde d'urto in tutto il mondo e ha segnato un punto di svolta nella politica statunitense, portando alla guerra al terrorismo, all'approvazione del Patriot Act e all'invasione dell'Afghanistan. In soli 50 minuti, scoprirete le principali conseguenze degli attentati dell'11 settembre e il ruolo che hanno avuto nel plasmare il panorama geopolitico internazionale dell'inizio del XXI secolo. Questo libro semplice e informativo offre una discussione approfondita dei momenti chiave degli attentati dell'11 settembre, che hanno avuto luogo sullo sfondo di elezioni contestate e della crescente minaccia del jihadismo. Include anche un'introduzione ai principali personaggi coinvolti, tra cui Osama bin Laden, e un esame delle conseguenze politiche, sociali ed economiche, fornendo tutte le informazioni necessarie per comprendere questo evento epocale nella storia degli Stati Uniti.