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Organocatalysis is a promising field of research that has led to the development of many efficient and eco-friendly synthetic methods. Among the different applications of organocatalysis, spirocyclic assembly is of particular interest, as spirocyclic compounds are an important class of organic molecules with a wide range of biological and pharmaceutical activities. The Tamura reaction and 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition are two organocatalytic reactions that have been extensively used for spirocyclic assembly. Electron deficient alkenes are commonly used in these reactions, as they can undergo cycloaddition reactions with dipolarophiles to form a range of spirocyclic compounds. The use of organic catalysts in these reactions has many advantages over traditional metal-based catalysts, including low toxicity, low cost, and easy handling. In addition, organocatalysts can offer high enantioselectivity in many cases, which is crucial in the synthesis of biologically active compounds. Organocatalytic spirocyclic assembly involves the use of various chemical reactions, including Michael addition, acylation, alkylation, Mannich reaction, aldol reaction, Robinson annulation, and many others. The reaction conditions, catalysts, and substrates can all be optimized to achieve high yields and selectivity. The use of chiral organocatalysts can also lead to the synthesis of enantiomerically pure spirocyclic compounds. Lewis base and Brønsted base catalysis are the two main types of organocatalysis used in spirocyclic assembly. Both types of catalysis can offer unique advantages depending on the reaction conditions and substrates used. Moreover, the mechanism of organocatalytic reactions can be elucidated by various techniques, such as NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, and kinetic studies. The development of efficient and green methods for spirocyclic assembly is an important area of research, as it can lead to the synthesis of novel and biologically active compounds. Organocatalysis is a promising field in this regard, as it offers many advantages over traditional metal-based catalysis. Furthermore, the use of organocatalysts can lead to the development of new reactions and the modification of existing ones, thus expanding the toolbox of synthetic methods available to organic chemists. The work of RaviKiran Donthi and his colleagues in this field is an important contribution to the ongoing efforts to develop efficient and eco-friendly methods for spirocyclic assembly.

The INSTANT New York Times bestseller Instant Los Angeles Times bestsellerOne of NPR's Books We LoveOne of Newsweek Staffers' Favorite Books of the YearShortlisted for the Baillie Gifford Prize“In Nuclear War: A Scenario, Annie Jacobsen gives us a vivid picture of what could happen if our nuclear guardians fail…Terrifying.”—Wall Street Journal There is only one scenario other than an asteroid strike that could end the world as we know it in a matter of hours: nuclear war. And one of the triggers for that war would be a nuclear missile inbound toward the United States.   Every generation, a journalist has looked deep into the heart of the nuclear military establishment: the technologies, the safeguards, the plans, and the risks. These investigations are vital to how we understand the world we really live in—where one nuclear missile will beget one in return, and where the choreography of the world’s end requires massive decisions made on seconds’ notice with information that is only as good as the intelligence we have.   Pulitzer Prize finalist Annie Jacobsen’s Nuclear War: A Scenario explores this ticking-clock scenario, based on dozens of exclusive new interviews with military and civilian experts who have built the weapons, have been privy to the response plans, and have been responsible for those decisions should they have needed to be made. Nuclear War: A Scenario examines the handful of minutes after a nuclear missile launch. It is essential reading, and unlike any other book in its depth and urgency.

Discover the untold story of the most terrifying invention in human history

Chapter ITalks about slave-raiding/warfare, an activity considered in Philippine pre-colonial society as an honest profession, and an undertaking as legitimate as trade.This was an intrinsic part of societal life, not only for the Moros or Muslims in the southern regions of the country but was widespread among other nations or ethnolinguistic groups as well.Chapter IIThis chapter is about the prohibition of slave-raiding/warfare and how it impacted the Catholicized indigenous nationsunder the Spanish administration.As a result, these nations became easy targets of the Moros from the Sultanates Sulu and Maguindanao, the Dutch, the British, the Portuguese, Chinese pirates, and other indigenous nations who continued to defy Spanish hegemony.In response, the Spaniards created community fortifications under the leadership of soldier-priests or "El Padre Capitans," they built permanent garrisoned forts, which were generally manned by well-trained and professional soldiers of Kapampangan nation, organized armed native fleets or Barangayanes aimed at battling the raiders at sea, and of course, trained the local militias in bearing arms.Chapter IIIBased on Pedro Picornell's "The Philippine Chronicles of Fray San Antonio," National Media Production Center's "Philippine Churches," and Rene B. Javellana's "Fortress of Empire: Spanish Colonial Fortifications of the Philippines 1565-1898," this chapter presents an overview of the known locations and status of permanent garrisoned forts and community fortifications still found all over the Philippines.Chapter IVThis chapter dives deep into the composition of the Spanish colonial armies in the Philippines.From the later part of the 16th century until the 19th century, thousands of indigenous peoples served in these armies, both as professional soldiers in permanent garrisoned forts and conscripts for extraordinary missions of conquest, defense, and pacification.Chapter VDeals with the types of training the indigenous soldiers received while serving in the Spanish colonial armies, such as the use of firearms and pikes in line with tercio-esque tactics used in the earlier periods of Spanish colonization; and of course, swords for both cavalry, infantry, and militias used in the later years of Spanish colonization and throughout the American colonization.Chapter VIThis chapter discusses in detail, the factual origin of the name "Arnis" and the basis for its use as a specific fighting method.It also analyzes the origin of the word "kali" and the logical reason why it cannot be regarded as a term for the types of swordwork of pre-Hispanic Philippines; and dispels the myths and falsities behind the term's propagation.Chapter VIISummarizes the facts contained in Chapters I, II, III, IV, and V; and presents the core conclusions on the real origin and development of Arnis.This is the crowning jewel of the author's 4 years of research and toil.Chapter VIIITalks about how Arnis was traditionally practiced in the Philippines; what are the traditional titles Filipinos used to refer to their teachers and how more modern titles such as master, grandmaster, great grandmaster etc., became popular.It also tells a story of the very first Arnis clubs or groups in the country and paints a picture on how they helped spread Filipino culture around the world.It likewise enumerates and describes the history, lineages, and foundational movements associated with the Balintawak Arnis.

Dopo il primo volume sui cannoni italiani, in questa seconda parte tratteremo e completeremo lo studio e l'analisi dei pezzi d'artiglieria ereditati dal primo conflitto mondiale, sia di produzione nazionale che fonti di preda bellica (tipicamente austro-ungarica) a seguito della vittoria nel 1915-18.Il criterio usato sarà ancora quello già utilizzato del calibro a crescere, quindi dai pezzi leggeri in poi. Con il terzo volume che completerà il nostro lavoro sulle artiglierie italiane dei primi cinquanta anni del Novecento tratteremo prevalentemente i mezzi di concezione più moderna, ideati dalla seconda metà degli anni '30. Da questo volume invece parleremo espressamente anche delle bombarde in uso in quegli anni, mentre trattrici e trattori saranno distribuiti in vario modo nei tre volumi in ordine preferibilmente cronologico.

One high-altitude nuclear detonation will create a massive electromagnetic pulse that can bring down the U.S. national power grid and keep it down for many months, perhaps a year or longer. Americans would instantly find themselves without running water, food, refrigeration, lights, phones, functioning toilets and sewage systems, air conditioning and heating, transportation (no gasoline), and without access to their bank accounts or medical services. A nuclear high-altitude electromagnetic pulse will damage and destroy the modern electronic devices required to run U.S. critical national infrastructure; it will also disable the Emergency Power Systems and active Emergency Core Cooling Systems at dozens of U.S. nuclear power plants, causing the meltdown of their nuclear reactors. All legislative efforts to protect the grid and critical national infrastructure from electromagnetic pulse have been blocked by the electric and nuclear utilities, as well as by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

Deadly Ingenuity: A History of Unusual Weapons from Around the World and Across Time does something new in the study of weaponry and martial arts. It traverses the centuries and continents while focusing exclusively on fighting tools that are not the usual suspects. It also brings to light some historical weapons and fighting techniques that have never before been surveyed. The diverse panoply of objects takes the reader from islands (Hawaii, Okinawa, New Zealand), to plains (Argentina, the American Southwest) and from jungles (Borneo, Brazil) to cities (New York City, London, Seoul, Tokyo, Venice). Nor are those complete lists. Sources include but are not limited to Chinese and Japanese martial arts texts, Irish mythology, Victorian crime blotters, naval history, Greek classics, Roman historians, the memoirs of English knights and 21st century headlines. Robert Escobar's first weapons book was praised by an American History professor, an award winning author, an archeologist, a legendary weapons author and others. He worked feverishly to ensure this work is a worthy follow-up.