Makroøkonomi

Andrew McFarland Davis's work on old Chinese paper money is a fascinating exploration of Chinese culture and finance. Presented to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1915, this book offers a unique perspective on Chinese history and currency.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

This book offers a deeper understanding of digitisation and innovative technologies in the financial sector. It focuses on a digital version of sovereignly created money that is accessible to the broad public. This central bank digital currency (CBDC) raises several questions. Will CBDC lead to public surveillance of the citizens? What is digital money in the legal sense? And what is the difference to already existing forms of digital money? This book addresses main questions associated with central bank digital currency by providing background information as well as in-depth analyses.The book introduces a basic understanding of innovative technologies such as the distributed ledger technology. It shows how a system of money can be created and what roles each participant has. Taking an economic point of view, the book demonstrates the monetary policy in the euro area and examines how a digital version of public money could affect the transmission mechanism as well as the financial stability. Could CBDC lead to a "digital bank run"? Could it replace the established financial intermediaries such as banks? What would that mean to the economy?Mainly, the book focuses on the legal issues of CBDC. Which is the competent institution for establishing digital public money? Will digital money change the way of how we handle financial data? Also, the book examines the legal usability of CBDC in the economy. How can digital money based on innovative technologies be transferred in accordance with the law? Can a debtor of a monetary claim flee into the digital currency?This book addresses the public and private sector participants as well as the legislators on how to handle CBDC. Most important, the book addresses everyone interested in digitisation and innovative financial technology who wants to gain a deeper understanding of the next big evolvement of money.

This edition provides a mix of research perspectives to examine the economic and non-economic outcomes of global developments in financial regulation, monetary and fiscal measures, or sustainable development, with a tailored focus on specifics in emerging and transitioning countries. The volume combines a mix of approaches to investigate relevant newly emerged topics (e.g., economics of emissions, corporate social responsibility reporting) as well as traditional issues requiring new approaches (e.g., exchange rate mechanisms, investment strategies, the impact of corporate reporting on economic fundamentals). Such a comprehensive view of contemporary economic phenomena makes the volume attractive not only to academia, but also to regulators and policymakers, when deliberating on the potential outcomes of competing regulatory mechanisms.

Dangerous Ideas is a short (124 pages) study in the history of modern macroeconomics. At its core is John Maynard Keynes' The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, arguably the twentieth century's most influential economics text. Keynes' book was a response to the perceived failure of contemporary economic theory - the 'classical' orthodoxy - to explain adequately the high and persistent unemployment that characterised the interwar developed economies. In turn, his General Theory invited, from sympathisers and critics alike, responses that have determined the development of competing macroeconomic ideas up to the present time, and their application to economic policymaking - ideas both powerful and 'dangerous for good or evil.' The contemporary history of the United Kingdom economy provides a context for theoretical developments.

The book uses distance functions, a generalization of the more familiar production function, as the theoretical and empirical tools to construct Lerner indexes of market power in both the input and output markets. The use of distance functions enables us to explicitly account for the effects of firm inefficiency and price markups in the evaluation of market power. The book focusses on the theory and provides a menu of applications to construct measures of firm efficiency and market power in the financial and public sectors.

"In How Economics Explains the World, Harvard-trained economist Andrew Leigh presents a new way to understand the human story. From the dawn of agriculture to AI, here is story of how ingenuity, greed, and desire for betterment have, to an astonishing degree, determined our past, present, and future."--

»Law and Economics in all his facets«: The Festschrift pays tribute to Klaus Mathis' invaluable contribution at the interface of law and economics and constitutes a coherent reference work for the economic analysis of law. Fundamental thoughts on efficiency, justice and interdisciplinarity are followed by contributions in five areas of application of a law and economics perspective: corporate responsibility, environment, digitalization, economic and social policy, and consumer and insurance protection

This short book was written by serial entrepreneur Ryan Duques right after the debut of SavingsClique.com, which he and his business partner founded, conceived, developed, and launched during a 37-day period in early 2011. Duques shares a glimpse inside the mind of an entrepreneur and how one's business and personal lives meld into one during the launch of a company. Duques's book explores how decisions were made, how mistakes were corrected, and, ultimately, how the business was launched. Expect to learn a few new business development techniques and how to connect with other entrepreneurs during this quick read.

This book focuses on the recovery and new normal in a post-Covid scenario, drawing important lessons from the pandemic and proposing new ideas for sustainable development, endogenous dynamism, and inclusive growth. The book presents different ideas and perspectives about the present and the future, reflecting on four main fields of our economic reality: macroeconomics, governments, technology, and society. It discusses important topics for future economic scenarios, beginning with an estimation of the economic consequences of the absence of an equitable distribution of vaccines. Further topics discussed include the government's debts sustainability, the probability of an inflation/deflation or of a stagflation scenario, as well as the impact of US and European economic policies on economic growth.  The book further investigates the economic costs of the pandemic, which have fallen most heavily on those least able to bear them. It examines governments subsidies, which supported people and firms through wage subsidies, unemployment benefits, and other fiscal measures, and discusses the question of whether more investment in health care, education, and other public services will still be needed. In a time of immense change and global challenges, this book is a must-read for scholars, researchers, and students of economics, as well as policy-makers interested in a better understanding of economic growth, energy, environment, migration, development, digital transformation, and demography.

Business Statistics of the United States is a comprehensive and practical collection of data from as early as 1913 that reflects the nation's economic performance.

The objective of this book is to answer the calls from front-line managers, entrepreneurs, and scholarly researchers to reconstruct the theories of economics and business. Their request is for new theories to be more relevant to real life than the now-prevalent ones. To provide that answer, the book proposes to develop elementary postulates at the level of the four natural endowments of a business firm or an individual: self-awareness, imagination, conscience, and free will. Then, conclusions based on these postulates can be established through logical reasoning. On this realistic footing, the book employs the concepts, methodology, and logical reasoning of systems science to answer a full list of theoretically and practically important questions. Those queries involve such topics as rationality, the meanings of optima and choices of optimization methods, the relationship between micro- and macro-phenomena, consumption preferences, and utility representations. The target audience of the book includes graduate students and scholarly researchers, particularly those who look for opportunities to develop new territories in the world of economic and business knowledge. The book also aims at front-line decision-making managers and entrepreneurs who seek sounder theories than the commonly available ones on which to base their critical decisions. By competently employing the systemic intuition¿yoyo model, graduate students, scholarly researchers, decision-making managers, and entrepreneurs can attain new conclusions. In addition, they will gain insightful understanding of market signals without unnecessarily expending other resources of limited availability.

"The book deepens our understanding of the complex inter-relations between traditional and digital assets. The first of its kind to present a comprehensive review of studies on valuation and pricing of digital assets in general, it introduces new models of portfolio strategies with digital assets"--

Discover everything you need to know about Economics. What is Economics? Why do consumers borrow and save? How do economic systems work? Money and investing can be daunting. This book covers all of the key aspects of economic theory and history.How Economics Works brings you the facts visually explained.With this simple Economics book, you can find: An introduction to complex concepts and new ideas for beginnersA systematic layout of text and graphics to make the topic of Economics more approachableDifferent materials, diagrams, and theories to supplement studiesA practical, no-nonsense approach assisting you with understanding the fundamentals of EconomicsFind chapters that outline fundamentals, microeconomics, macroeconomics, trade, and finance.At DK, we are fascinated by How Stuff Works. So why stop here?How Economics Works is part of DK's widely successful How Stuff Works series. Discover the inner workings of the mind with How the Brain Works, succeed in all things Science with How Science Works and discover the cosmos like you've never known before with How Space Works. Whatever topic sparks your interest, there's so much more to unpack!

Angesichts seiner fast 1,4 Milliarden Einwohner, seiner wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung und geopolitischen Attraktivität hat Indien das Potenzial, eine führende Weltmacht zu werden. Ein Großteil dieses Potenzials ist Wirklichkeit. Indien ist heute vor China die am schnellsten wachsende Volkswirtschaft der Welt. Aber Indien kämpft nicht nur mit seiner Zukunft, sondern auch mit Herausforderungen der Gegenwart, wie der Armut und ernsthafter Umweltbedenken. Unter der Annahme, dass China morgen aufhört zu wachsen, und dass Indien jährlich um 7 bis 8 Prozent wächst und sein Einkommen alle zehn Jahre verdoppelt, würde Indien China immer noch nicht vor 2050 einholen. Ohne wirtschaftliche und technologische Schlagkraft werden Indiens Ambitionen, bald eine Großmacht zu werden, genau das bleiben: Ambitionen.Das Buch besteht aus deutsch- und englischsprachigen Beiträgen und umfasst Themen wie das soziale und kulturelle Fundament Indiens, die Ökonomie Indiens, das Finanzwesen und die indische Politik vor dem Hintergrund regional und globaler Strukturen oder Indiens strukturelle Herausforderungen, wie z.B. die Frage der Nachhaltigkeit sowie der Urbanisierung und Digitalisierung.

Die umstrittene Geldpolitik der Europäischen Zentralbank (EZB) hat den Europäischen Verfassungsgerichtsverbund vor eine Zerreißprobe gestellt. Wer kontrolliert die EZB, die unabhängigste Notenbank der Welt? Die verschiedenen gerichtlichen Verfahren gegen unkonventionelle geldpolitische Maßnahmen der EZB nimmt Sara Elisa Dietz zum Anlass, sich umfassend mit den unionsrechtlichen Grundsätzen europäischer Geldpolitik auseinanderzusetzen. Die Unabhängigkeit der EZB ist Dreh- und Angelpunkt für die Frage, wie weit eine rechtliche Einhegung und gerichtliche Kontrolle gehen darf und muss. Dabei spielen die makroökonomischen Wirkungsweisen des Zentralbankhandelns eine entscheidende Rolle. Die Autorin verbindet daher den juristischen mit dem ökonomischen Diskurs, um für die Praxis handhabbare und den makroökonomischen Gegebenheiten Rechnung tragende rechtliche Maßstäbe zu entwickeln.

Les cycles rythment aussi bien nos vies personnelles que l¿évolution de l¿économie, des marchés financiers, de la démographie, de nos sociétés. Pourtant, leur philosophie, leur symbolisme et leur portée scientifique restent ignorés du monde contemporain, toujours plus attaché à la lecture matérialiste de l¿économie et de notre monde en général. Néanmoins, le fait de comprendre les cycles permet de prévoir et d¿anticiper le cours des évènements qui se répètent inlassablement dans un ordre immuable. Aussi, il est important de mesurer l¿effet des cycles sur les marchés et les sociétés.Ce livre singulier parcourt un nombre de connaissances considérables sur la question des cycles. Les auteurs les plus illustres nous rappellent l¿importance du temps, qüil s¿agisse de textes anciens ou de Nikolaï Kondratiev, Clément Juglar, Joseph Schumpeter, etc. Les connaissances les plus anciennes comme les plus récentes y sont présentées. Là où les fractales et les mathématiques établissent le véritable rôle du temps sur les marchés, l¿enseignement traditionnel des cycles nous renvoie à la finalité des dynamiques économiques et sociales. La combinaison d¿une approche mathématique et d¿une approche plus intuitive de la question des cycles ouvre de nouvelles perspectives sur les marchés financiers. Thomas Andrieu, 20 ans, qui a préfacé en 2023 de grands économistes comme Kitchin ou Kondratiev, publie ici son cinquième ouvrage. De 2021, prémices de l¿effondrement à Révolution Cryptos, il est en France l¿auteur le plus prolifique de sa génération dans le domaine de l¿économie.

This book helps and promotes the use of machine learning tools and techniques in econometrics and explains how machine learning can enhance and expand the econometrics toolbox in theory and in practice. Throughout the volume, the authors raise and answer six questions: 1) What are the similarities between existing econometric and machine learning techniques? 2) To what extent can machine learning techniques assist econometric investigation? Specifically, how robust or stable is the prediction from machine learning algorithms given the ever-changing nature of human behavior? 3) Can machine learning techniques assist in testing statistical hypotheses and identifying causal relationships in 'big data? 4) How can existing econometric techniques be extended by incorporating machine learning concepts? 5) How can new econometric tools and approaches be elaborated on based on machine learning techniques? 6) Is it possible to develop machine learning techniques further and make them even more readily applicable in econometrics?As the data structures in economic and financial data become more complex and models become more sophisticated, the book takes a multidisciplinary approach in developing both disciplines of machine learning and econometrics in conjunction, rather than in isolation. This volume is a must-read for scholars, researchers, students, policy-makers, and practitioners, who are using econometrics in theory or in practice.