Erhvervsøkonomi

Energy policies play a pivotal part in helping countries achieve their sustainable development goals. Further, energy is one of the critical raw materials in companies' production processes. Therefore, ensuring a steady energy supply is essential to increasing production; otherwise, countries will inevitably slide into recession. In this context, countries should select their energy policies on the basis of a comprehensive analysis. In order to achieve this goal, many different factors must be considered at the same time.The aim of this book is to determine the right energy policies for the sustainable economic development of countries. In this framework, effective strategies for different types of energy will be presented and vital issues such as determining the right locations for nuclear power plants, providing optimal government incentives to increase clean energy investments, and determining appropriate energy policies to reduce energy dependence will be examined. Thus, country-specific optimal energy policies will be outlined, contributing to the achievement of the UN's sustainable development goals (SDG). 

The book uses distance functions, a generalization of the more familiar production function, as the theoretical and empirical tools to construct Lerner indexes of market power in both the input and output markets. The use of distance functions enables us to explicitly account for the effects of firm inefficiency and price markups in the evaluation of market power. The book focusses on the theory and provides a menu of applications to construct measures of firm efficiency and market power in the financial and public sectors.

This book draws on a neo-institutional theory to characterize service-oriented manufacturing firms in relation to more familiar organizational forms, such as lean and agile. It sheds light on whether being lean is a prerequisite for agile organizations and whether agile organizations are precursors of service-oriented organizations. The book empirically examines the prevalence of such organizations using representative samples of manufacturing firms in an industrialized country. This approach makes it possible to "e;zoom in"e; and determine whether the extent of adoption of digital manufacturing innovations, digital services, and service-oriented business models varies with organizations' size, industry, product complexity, lot size, type of design process, and type of manufacturing process. In turn, it shows which digital manufacturing innovations, lean practices, and services contribute to leanness-related performance capabilities like quality and costs; agility-related capabilities like fast delivery, flexibility and innovation; and service-oriented capabilities like high service performance and digitalization. In addition, it explores the question of whether lean, agile, and service-oriented performance capabilities contribute to financial performance separately or jointly.

This book focuses on the establishment process of the Japanese style of management (JSM). Traditionally, it has been widely believed that the JSM is native to Japan and consists of three pillars: lifetime employment, a seniority-based wage system, and company unions. This book opposes these traditional views on the JSM and argues that it has been shaped by the influence of management theories and ideas of other countries. The JSM has not only adopted the ideas and concepts of other countries, but also has refined, translated, and customized them to make such ideas and concepts acceptable in Japan. The hypothesis presented here is that in the postwar period of rapid growth, the JSM was a hybrid set of management theories and techniques greatly influenced by American ideas about management.This book concentrates on the impact of American management theories and ideas on the JSM. Taking the historical point of view, it clarifies that impact not only for academics but also for business people. The hypothesis propounded here is that some of those theories and ideas have been accepted whereas some of them have been rejected and eventually made irrelevant. The following issues are discussed: scientific management, the human relations school, Barnard's organizational theory, Drucker's management thoughts, strategic management, human resource management, and corporate culture.

This well-established handbook presents integral logistics management as the management of the flow of goods, data and control along the comprehensive life cycle of products and services in both classical and service industries. It offers a well-founded overview for managers, practitioners and advanced users. For the 6th edition, the content has been tightened and the following topics have been extended:the design of integrated offers of intangibles and tangibles goods in industrial product-service systemsthe integrated design of product, distribution, retail, service, and transportation networks for global location planningnew examples of frameworks, standards and indices to practically demonstrate the social and environmental performance in sustainable in supply chains.Other new sections deal with:the benefit of different types of cooperation between the R&D and engineering departments in companies with an "e;engineer-to-order"e; (ETO) production environmentthe suitability of scenario planning for long-term demand forecasting, if influence factors of the surrounding systems play a role in an unknown manner.Furthermore, each section now contains at the beginning its intended learning outcomes (ILO).The material covers most of the key terms in the five APICS CPIM (Certified in Production and Inventory) modules as well as in the ASCM / APICS CSCP (Certified Supply Chain Professional) program.

This book examines the problem of the innovation divide in the world economy, and convergence in innovation performance between leaders and followers, analysed through the prism of Chinese experiences, and explored from an European Union (EU) perspective. The rationale for research conducted in this book is an observation of a significant change in the geography of world innovation, reflected in the emergence of innovation hubs in developing countries and in the shift of manufacturing activity, including high and medium-high technology industries, to emerging economies, mainly China.The book analyses the factors of Chinese innovation success in recent decades, such as: China's science, technology and innovation policy, increased R&D expenditures, human capital development and the development of clusters and highly specialized industries. It also focuses on the challenges for developed European economies, which are being at risk of losing their knowledge-related sources of competitive advantage. It also offers recommendations for future policy actions. The book's analysis goes beyond a cross-country comparison, taking into account a regional perspective. The reason for this regional dimension is the increasingly recognized importance of proximity in stimulating innovation processes, and an observed strong geographical polarization of innovation activity at specific regions seen in the emergence of clusters, particularly visible in China.The monograph will provide an up-to-date reference for academics and students across a variety of disciplines. It will be of particular interest to researchers in the area of innovation and practitioners doing business in China, as well as policymakers at international, national and regional levels involved in designing and implementing innovation policy.

This book addresses a range of issues relating to the nature and implications of growth of India's services sector, including factors contributing to the rise of services, output measurement and heterogeneity, growth of services exports, and employment in services sectors. From service tax, exchange rate and services exports, policy interest, employment potential and diversity of the sector to challenges in financial inclusion, trajectories of ICT services and contribution of education to GDP, it brings together diverse themes to highlight major concerns in the wake of the prominent role that services have played in placing India among the fast-growing economies in the world in recent years.The services sector in India accounts for more than 60 per cent of the GDP of the country and 28.6 per cent of its employed across government, private or state corporations and non-government organisations. The volume explores whether the services sector (beyond agriculture and industry) holds the promise of fulfilling the benefits from India's demographic dividend for its economic transformation through sustainable growth.With key empirical analyses of household, enterprise and macroeconomic data for India within both formal and informal sectors, this topical book will be useful to scholars and researchers of economics, Indian economy, political economy, development economics, development studies, public policy and South Asian studies and also to development professionals, policy makers and industry specialists.

This book examines both the need for sustainable economics and the financial practices that will underpin it. The link between rising inequality and the threat to social sustainability is highlighted to create the Economic Scale of Global Boundaries model, which realigns GDP to include quantifiable environmental and social economic gains and losses. The model is applied at both the national and company level to show its practical application for policy and everyday business practice. The impacts of inequality, declining economic growth and the impending deadlines of the Sustainable Development Goals are also discussed in detail.This book aims to highlight how principles of the circular economy and ESG can be utilized to help meet net zero targets. It will be relevant to students, researchers, organizations, and policymakers interested in environmental economics and sustainability and is written to provoke predictive thinking on the global changes ahead.

This book is a timely examination of congressional oversight in the United States, serving as a definitive guide for scholars and political, legal, and media observers seeking to navigate contemporary conflicts between Congress and the White House. Author Daniel Epstein has spent his professional career as a lawyer serving all sides of the regulatory process: he ran investigations for Congress, defended the White House from congressional oversight, and represented individuals, nonprofit news organizations, and entrepreneurs in federal court to fight for regulatory transparency and fairness. Epstein uses historical and observational data to argue that the modern federal bureaucracy did not begin as a regulatory state but as an investigative state. The contemporary picture of Congress having empowered the bureaucracy to set policy through rules is a relatively recent development in the political development of administrative law. The book¿s novel econometric models and historical analyses force a shift in how legal scholars and judges understand delegation, congressional oversight, and agency investigations.

This book comprises chapters authored by experts who are professors and researchers in internationally recognized universities and research institutions. The book presents the results of research and descriptions of real-world systems, services, and technologies. Reading this book, researchers, professional practitioners, and graduate students will gain a clear vision on the state of the art of the research and real-world practice on system dependability and analytics.The book is published in honor of Professor Ravishankar K. Iyer, the George and Ann Fisher Distinguished Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), Urbana, Illinois. Professor Iyer is ACM Fellow, IEEE Fellow, AAAS Fellow, and served as Interim Vice Chancellor of UIUC for research during 2008-2011. The book contains chapters written by many of his former students.

This book gathers peer-reviewed research papers based on selected contributions to the 13th Logistics Management Conference (LM 2023), held on 13.-15.09.2023, in Dresden, Germany. They report on cutting-edge methods and strategies for supply chain management, digitalisation, sustainable development, discussing their application in both manufacturing and service industries.

This book offers a comparative perspective on the technological, economic, and political aspects of Internet development in the post-Soviet countries. In doing so, international experts analyze similarities and differences in various countries throughout the chapters.The volume consists of two parts. The chapters of the first part examine the post-Soviet area as a whole. The second part includes specific case studies on the development of the Internet, either in individual countries or in groups of countries. Countries analyzed are Estonia, Ukraine, Russia as well as three Central Asian countries: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. Topics covered in the volume include, but are not limited to measurement, dynamics, and structure of each national Internet audience; the history of the Internet in the post-Soviet countries; development of infrastructure; Internet regulation and institutional aspects; online markets such as telecommunications, online advertising, e-commerce, and digital content; social and cultural aspects; as well as the transformation of the national media systems. This book is a must-read for students, researchers, and scholars of political science and economics, as well as policymakers and practitioners interested in a better understanding of Internet development in the post-Soviet area.

This book presents a selection of the best papers given at the XXIV International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Industrial Management. The conference is promoted by ADINGOR (Asociacion para el Desarrollo de la Ingenieria de Organizacion) and organized by the Universidad Politecnica de Madrid and the Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. It took place at the Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (Leganes, Spain) in July 2020.Ensuring Sustainability embodies the latest advances in research and cutting-edge analyses of real case studies in industrial engineering and operations management from diverse international contexts. It also identifies business applications for the latest findings and innovations in operations management and the decision sciences.

This book offers a selection of the best papers presented at the annual international scientific conference ¿Digital Transformation in Industry: Trends, Management, Strategies,¿ which was held by the Institute of Economics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Ekaterinburg, Russia) on October 28, 2022.The book focuses on concepts for initiating digitalization processes and identifying successful digital transformation strategies in all sectors of industry. Key topics include the sustainability of digital transformation in uncertain dynamics; conditions of uncertainty and barriers; industrial logistics in the new reality; best practices for implementing digital solutions to ensure sustainable, barrier-free and flexible supply chains; the achievement of sustainability in the process of digital transition; the adaptation of enterprises to the ESG concept through digital solutions; assessing the impact of industrial digital transformation on society and the environment; and clarifying how ESG aspects affect the economy. The experiences of various countries, regions and types of enterprise implementing IT and other technological innovations are also included, making the book a valuable asset for researchers and managers alike.

Organisation, innovation og supply chain management er en praksisorienteret lærebog, der giver læseren en forståelse for, hvordan værdiskabelsen i virksomheder kan optimeres ved at arbejde systematisk med organisationen og den samlede forsyningskæde. Læseren bliver i stand til at arbejde med virksomhedens forretningsmodel, organiseringen af virksomhedens ressourcer samt optimering af logistik, supply chain samarbejde og distributionskanaler.Teorier og modeller er gjort praktisk anvendelige, så læseren bliver i stand til at anvende indholdet i hverdagen efter endt studie, og dermed gøre en forskel for små og mellemstore virksomheder.Gennem bogens to første kapitler bliver læseren i stand til at arbejde innovativt med virksomhedens forretningsmodel. I kapitel 3 bliver læseren ført gennem disciplinen projektstyring, og i kapitel 4 arbejdes der med organisationens menneskelige ressourcer. Der er fokus på motivation, teamsamarbejde og ledelse. I kapitel 5 og 6 arbejdes der med værdiskabelsen gennem organisationens struktur og virksomhedskulturen. Kapitel 7 giver læseren et indblik i sig selv gennem arbejdet med det personlige lederskab. Målet er at gøre læseren i stand til at lede sig selv, før læseren skal lede andre.Kapitel 8 og 9 fokuserer på optimering af værdiskabelsen gennem effektivisering af logistik og supply chain samarbejdet mellem virksomheder. I kapitel 10 er der fokus på arbejdsdelingen og samarbejdet i forsyningskæden, og læseren introduceres til indkøbets centrale rolle i supply chain arbejdet. I bogens tre sidste kapitler arbejdes der med design af den effektive distributionskanal og optimering af fysiske og online butikker, samt samspillet mellem kanaler i form af omnichannel retail. Distributionskanalen behandles således i hele spændet fra det strategiske niveau, hvor kanalen designes med udgangspunkt i virksomhedens målgruppe, til det operationelle niveau, hvor der arbejdes med optimering i den enkelte salgskanal ud mod slutkunden.Valg og vægtning af emner i bogen afspejler læringsmålene i den nyeste studieordning (efterår 2019) på uddannelsen til Markedsføringsøkonom i faget Organisation og Supply Chain Management på 1. og 2. semester. Bogen kan ligeledes anvendes på andre erhvervsrettede uddannelser hvor fokus er på optimering af organisationen og forsyningskæden både up- og downstream.Supplerende materialePå bogens hjemmeside er der undervisningsmateriale til bogens kapitler. Til hvert kapitel er der udarbejdet vejledende svar på kapitlets diskussionsspørgsmål, øvelser der sigter mod at læseren forstår kapitlets centrale teorier og modeller samt en større case der bringer teorier og modeller i praktisk anvendelse. Til alle cases er der udarbejdet vejledende løsninger.

¿This book provides an updated overview of the recent progress in the theoretical study of third-degree price discrimination. It is a marketing tactic and is said to be present if the unit price is different across different groups of buyers. Its welfare evaluation is often difficult because it entails two countervailing effects: on one hand, it exploits surplus from consumers who have high willingness-to-pay, but on the other hand, it generates gains from trade from consumers who otherwise would not purchase the good. Recognizing this difficulty, we provide new insights on evaluation of third-degree price discrimination in consideration of network effects and vertical product differentiation. Our analysis is particularly useful for the industries related to information and communication technologies (ICT) because these two elements characterize them. Furthermore, we also study the welfare effects of third-degree price discrimination under imperfect competition other than monopoly.At first, it seems that it may complicate the analysis under monopoly. However, we argue that the main thrusts of analysis under monopoly carry over to the case of oligopoly. We also take into account behavioral aspects and their implications for studying third-degree price discrimination. Overall, this book is designed to provide implications for contemporary management and policy issues by advancing theoretical issues in industrial organization.

This book covers advanced reliability and maintainability knowledge as applied to recent engineering problems. It highlights research in the fields of reliability measures of binary and complex engineering systems, cost analysis, simulations, optimizations, risk factors, and sensitivity analysis. The book scrutinizes various advanced tools and techniques, methodology, and concepts to solve the various engineering problems related to reliability and maintainability of the industrial system at minimum cost and maximum profit. It consists of 15 chapters and offers a platform to researchers, academicians, professionals and scientists to enhance their knowledge and understanding the concept of reliability in engineering.

This book presents contributions of intelligent management theories and models for a more effective management of sustainable business practices in competitive, profitable and socially responsible organizations. It communicates the latest developments and thinking on the sustainability and intelligent management subjects worldwide, increasing the knowledge and effectiveness of all those involved in these areas whether in the profit or non-profit sectors or in the public or private sectors.

This book reports on cutting-edge legal, ethical, social and economic issues relating to robotics and automation, human-machine interaction and artificial intelligence, in different application areas. It discusses important problems such as robotic taxation, social inequality, protection of neuro-human and children rights, among others. It describes current advances and challenges in robotic regulation and governance, as well as findings relating to sustainability of robotic industries, thus filling an important gap in the robotic and AI literature. Chapters consists of revised and extended contributions to the workshop session "e;Debate on legal, ethical & socio-economic aspects of interactive robotics"e; of INBOTS 2021, held virtually on May 18-20, 2021.

This book begins by analysing the various corporate governance mechanisms explored in the extant literature and determining their effectiveness in enhancing the firm value using multivariate analysis. The findings are of global relevance as the corporate governance regulations of most countries focus on independent directors as the mainstay of good governance. The empirical evidence from the first objective of this study corroborates the claim that independent directors do not strengthen the firms¿ governance quality. The book is one of the few works to have analysed the possible reasons behind the ineffectiveness of the independent directors. Also, in view of the famous concept of the bundle of governance mechanisms, it might be possible that the independent directors strengthen the firms¿ governance quality indirectly by strengthening other governance mechanisms. This aspect too has little precedence. This study adopts a novel moderation and mediation approach to analyse the monitoring behaviour of independent directors in relation to other governance mechanisms. The work is a must read for corporate players as well as researchers and scholars studying this discipline.

This edited book includes original essays by prominent researchers and practitioners in the field of postal and delivery economics, originally presented at the 30th Conference on Postal and Delivery Economics held in Rimini, Italy, May 25¿27, 2022. The central foci of the book are the role of digital platforms in the postal sector and the impact of vertically integrated firms in delivery markets. Other important topics include the regulation of parcels and their environmental footprint, in light of the innovations affecting the so-called last mile, and the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the postal sector, on both the global and local levels. Chapters also discuss traditional topics for postal and delivery sectors, including postal costs, the funding of Universal Service Obligation (USO) and the related role of Universal Service Providers. This book is a useful tool not only for graduate students and professors interested in postal and regulatory economics but also for postal administrations, consulting firms, and federal government departments.