Økonomisk vækst

< p="">This book is a machine-generated literature overview that explores the impact of the World Trade Organization (WTO) on international trade and its development. It looks at international trade before and after 1995 when WTO was established. It highlights the journey of the reciprocity-based reforms under WTO that were expected to help the developing and less developed countries (LDCs) more vis-à-vis their developed counterparts, given the existence of systemic and structural bottlenecks in the latter territories. The enabling steps were further expected to promote exports from developing countries and LDCs in line with their comparative advantage patterns, enhance the wage level and in turn, facilitate development of local population. The book showcases how during the first decade after WTO inception, a considerable progress was made for facilitating exports from the lower and lower-middle income countries through crucial provisions like less than full reciprocity (LTFR), Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), support measures under Aid for Trade, zero duty preferences under Special and Differential Treatment (SDT) and so on. However, the pace of WTO reforms has slowed down in the aftermath of the sub-prime crisis in 2008-09 and subsequent focus on formation of regional trade agreements (RTAs). In particular, in the aftermath of Covid-19, a trend towards de-globalization has been noticed, with considerable ramifications for the development of lower-income countries. In this background, there is a need to analyze how the deepening of trade flows and the subsequent de-globalization waves in the global canvas have traversed different paths in different continents and draw the appropriate lessons for the understanding the trade-development interlinkage therein. With insightful observations from the human editors, this machine-generated overview would be of interest to academicians, policy research community, advisory research community, and students ofinternational trade globally.^

< p="">This book is a machine-generated literature overview that explores the interlinkages between communities, both rural and urban, and how they are dependent on natural resources and ecosystem services for livelihoods. With increasing urbanization and changing land use, sourcing food, fuel, and other basic needs from forests and grasslands is turning into a significant challenge, especially in the developing world where they have to balance regional aspirations against the environmental impact and legacy for forthcoming generations. As sources of sustainable livelihoods decline, it affects their ability to overcome poverty. Furthermore, economic impacts on the natural capital can undermine the long-term sustainability of communities, and negatively affect their health and well-being.To ensure economic growth and sustainable livelihoods, it is imperative to rethink how economic growth and agriculture can reduce their impacts on the natural environment. How dowe integrate economic, social, and environmental aspects into our economy? The book will discuss aspects of sustainable consumption, conservation of ecosystems and biodiversity, and making rural communities resilient to the impacts of climate change. By recognizing the economic value of ecosystem services, decision-makers can better understand the benefits and costs of different land uses and resource management practices and make more informed choices that promote sustainable livelihoods and natural capital conservation. The book will be a great resource for policy-makers, students of economics and sustainable development, non-governmental organizations working in this field, and corporate managers who are responsible for allotting budgets towards corporate social responsibility programs.^

This book focuses on the recovery and new normal in a post-Covid scenario, drawing important lessons from the pandemic and proposing new ideas for sustainable development, endogenous dynamism, and inclusive growth. The book presents different ideas and perspectives about the present and the future, reflecting on four main fields of our economic reality: macroeconomics, governments, technology, and society. It discusses important topics for future economic scenarios, beginning with an estimation of the economic consequences of the absence of an equitable distribution of vaccines. Further topics discussed include the government's debts sustainability, the probability of an inflation/deflation or of a stagflation scenario, as well as the impact of US and European economic policies on economic growth.  The book further investigates the economic costs of the pandemic, which have fallen most heavily on those least able to bear them. It examines governments subsidies, which supported people and firms through wage subsidies, unemployment benefits, and other fiscal measures, and discusses the question of whether more investment in health care, education, and other public services will still be needed. In a time of immense change and global challenges, this book is a must-read for scholars, researchers, and students of economics, as well as policy-makers interested in a better understanding of economic growth, energy, environment, migration, development, digital transformation, and demography.

This book discusses the role of the property market cycle in real estate valuation. Challenging traditional property valuation methods that rely on current market conditions and economic trends, this book argues for a re-evaluation of the relationship between property valuation and cycles in property markets. The book is divided into two parts. The first part gathers research on property market cycle analysis and the delicate problems dealing with property market information including the development of the real estate market index, appraisal bias, and the use of time series in plotting the market cycle. The second part proposes several possible modifications to the traditional income approach methodologies, including cyclical capitalization and the hedonic price method. Furthermore, this part also addresses the need for amendments to current s property valuation standards and institutional regulations. Written by an international cross-section of expert voices in market cycles and property valuation, the book is a comprehensive resource for any researcher or upper-level student studying economic volatility.

This book addresses contemporary and modern topics around business growth and economic development in Southeastern Europe. It covers a wide range of business issues focusing on the adoption of new technologies, finance of SMEs, place marketing, value co-creation, contribution to economic growth, and internationalization. Moverover, it sheds new light on the micro- and macroeconomic developments and monetary policy issues in the Eastern European and Balkan countries. This book is a useful tool for scholars in economics and finance interested in the further economic development of the Balkans and Eastern European countries as well as to professionals in the business, financial and insurance sectors.

What made it possible for the human species to conquer the world, build a global digital economy, and still want more? What drives technological progress and economic growth in the long run and on a global scale? And how will technological progress, economic growth, and the overall prosperity of human civilization unfold in the future? This book sheds new light on these big questions by incorporating findings from physics, anthropology, psychology, history, philosophy, and computer science in a brand-new theory of economic growth. Looking back across the millennia, it identifies five major technological revolutions which have transformed humankind's capacity to process energy and information-the cognitive, agricultural, scientific, industrial, and digital revolutions-and characterizes the new avenues of economic development which they have opened while also exponentially accelerating growth.

Why do some states thrive, grow their economies and uplift their people, while others, facing similar challenges, slide into low growth, social dysfunction and failure? After decades of work on the ground in Africa, Latin America, Asia, Europe and the Middle East, bestselling author Greg Mills seeks to provide answers in Rich State, Poor State. On each continent he traverses, Mills interrogates the how and why. How did Botswana go from being one of the least-developed and poorest nations at independence to enjoying the highest rate of per capita growth of any country in the world? Why has South Africa failed to attain similar heights? How did the Baltic states achieve reforms that have positioned them among the best-performing economies in Europe? How did Vietnam overcome a traumatic past in favor of a rapid and positive development transformation? Why is Mexico the only large developing economy that competes with China in manufacturing?Drawing from interviews with current and former presidents, prime ministers and key government officials across the globe, as well as research from leading institutions to enrich his fieldwork, Mills contrasts the successes and the failures, and in so doing, seeks to determine a path for the next generation of leaders. Insightful and inspiring, Rich State, Poor State shows that with better choices, the right policies and the will to implement them, it is entirely possible to travel the road from poverty to prosperity.

This book opens up a critical dimension of energy transition taking in account multidimensional challenges on economic, social and environmental fields. The book discusses the trends in the field of energy transition and evolving practices adopted by public authorities and companies for betterment of environment and society. The editors (4) identify directions and challenges involved in the energy transition. The novelty of this book is the multidisciplinary approach, being presented the economic, social and environmental challenges involved in the energy transition. The energy transition is accompanied by a complex process of changing attitudes and behaviors of energy consumers and producers. The consequences are profound not only economically and environmentally but also socially, renewable energy being a solution for energy poverty reduction and development of rural communities. Therefore, certain social and environmental problems generated by energy poverty are solved by using renewable energy. Moreover, the complexity of the phenomenon is presented not only in terms of the analysis of the main sources of renewable energy but also the ethical aspects involved in the use of sources such as biofuels. In the case of this source, the main problem is whether the use of certain agricultural products for the production of biofuels threatens food security, especially in rural areas.All categories of stakeholders must show responsibility and get involved in this complex process which requires a remarkable technical and financial effort. The energy transition can offer innovative solutions through which the impact of economic activity on the environment is minimized, and in this way, industrial ecology achieves its objectives to support sustainable development. The demands imposed by industrial ecology must shape not only the behavior of oil and gas companies but also of entities involved in the production and consumption of renewable energy. Given the negative externalities generated, companies in the fossil fuel sector have become increasingly socially responsible, their social and environmental performance (non-financial) being presented in detail in the annual sustainability reports to inform stakeholders. Therefore, this book is an important read not only for scholars, but also for those who are interested in ensuring an environmentally sustainable future taking in account energy transition challenges.

This book assesses the main interrelationships between economic growth processes, life cycle sustainability assessment approaches, and new technologies in the framework of digital transition. In other words, it aims to highlight how sustainability assessment methodologies and artificial intelligence can better support different actors for more sustainable economic growth. Readers of the book would benefit from diverse perspectives on the contributions of evaluation methodologies and digital technologies to more sustainable economic growth. This is important especially for students, policymakers and public institutions. Economic growth is analysed using the concepts of sigma and beta convergence from neoclassical theory and the Verdoorn law of Keynesian development. For sustainability assessments, the book considers methodologies associated with social life cycle assessment and life cycle cost analysis. In the context of digital technologies, special emphasis is given to machine anddeep learning approaches.

Sustainability sheds a whole new light on economic value creation. Sustainable value creation means looking critically at both revenues and costs. Not everything that makes money is of value. Not everything for which no bill is sent is 'free'. This book explains how this is the case and what it means to incorporate sustainability into a company¿s strategy and manage activities based on sustainable principles. At the same time, it keeps an eye on the broader societal context in which companies operate, such climate change policies, the SDGs and ESG finance. Since the launch of the concept of sustainable development, many policies at various institutional levels have focused on reducing environmental damage and social ills. This book reflects this broader context. However, despite many serious efforts, it cannot be denied that these policies do not stand up against continued economic growth and a growing global population. This is why this book also stresses that more radical approaches are needed for a successful transformation towards a sustainable society. Businesses should not be content to wait and see what lies ahead. They need to proactively take ownership of the change process that is needed.The book has eight chapters that discuss the various aspects of sustainable value creation from different points of view, including sustainable management and chain management as well as sustainable accounting and reporting. It gives a concise but well-underpinned picture of what sustainable business means today.

In uncertain times, the focus on advanced economies overshadows the often-overlooked contributions of African economies. However, it is crucial not to underestimate Africa's paramount importance in the global economy. With a diverse economy shaped by historical, social, and cultural changes, Africa offers a rich and compelling narrative.Presenting ten exciting chapters delving into the socio-cultural aspects of African contexts and their profound impact on regional, national, and international business, Contextualising African Studies lays the foundation for a comprehensive exploration of Africa's business landscape. Examining contemporary issues, the authors shed new light on the intricate relationship between businesses, societies, and economics across various African societies. From researchers seeking fresh insights to business practitioners and policymakers, this edited text is a vital resource detailing the intricate workings of business and economics in Africa.The New Frontiers in African Business and Society series pioneers innovative reflections on the intricate interplay between business and society in Africa's emerging economy. Distinguished scholars contribute their expertise, offering crucial answers to the continent's challenges while uncovering new avenues of research and forging pathways forward.

This book aims to explore the development model of Great Bay Area (GBA) of China as economic engine under the context of open policy. Based on comprehensive research, both theoretically and practically, on the leading free ports in the world and the regional development of well-known bay areas, it analyzes the challenges and opportunities of GBA synergetic free ports. A series of initiatives on the development of GBA synergetic free ports are proposed, including the synergy of space, industry, finance, technological innovation, institution, social governance, and personnel. Also, it ends with a system dynamic model to simulate the regional impact on GBA synergetic free ports, which indicates that economic development, trade, government finance, and population agglomeration would be improved significantly, in the GBA synergetic free ports scenario.

This book provides an analytical and computational approach to solving and simulating the Mahalanobis model and the papers surrounding it. The book comes up, perhaps for the first time, with a holistic examination of an important growth model that emerged out of India in the 1950s. It contains detailed derivations of the Mahalanobis model and the several critiques and extensions surrounding it with an organized synthesis of the main results. Computationally, the book simulates the model and its many variants, thus making it accessible to a wider audience. Advanced undergraduates and beginning graduate students in the fields of Economics, Mathematics, and Statistics will gain immensely from understanding both the mathematical aspects as well as the computational aspects of the Mahalanobis model. In the absence of a single 'go-to' source on all aspects of the model -- analytical and computational -- this book is a definitive volume on the Mahalanobis model that has allthe derivations of all the papers surrounding the model, its dissents and critiques, and extensions as in the wage goods model suggested by Vakil and Brahmananda.

Trying to explain the sources of Poland's economic success and decouple it from simple stylized facts on economic convergence anchored in the neoclassical growth models, the chapters show how the Polish economy rapidly moved away from the communist economic system, which had ended up in an economic collapse.

This book examines the reduction of natural resource revenue dependency in resource-rich countries. Such countries experience lower economic growth due to factors of high volatility in commodity prices, reduction in accountability, undermining of the competitiveness of other economic sectors, and weak power of institutions. The analysis is based on an identified gap in the literature regarding how private sector development and public sector development affect the degree of dependency on resource revenue in natural resource-rich countries.This book studies the interaction between private and public sector development with dependency on natural resources, specifically exploring whether the two diversified factors lead to a decrease in the degree of dependency, which is important for economic growth and to overcome the "resource curse". Economic diversification is viewed as a long-term solution to the high economic dependency from natural resources. Private sector development and public sector reforms may lead to this diversification.The analysis of the book helps to shed light on private sector development, public services sector privatization, and a taxation system to diversify sources of income, with the objective to reduce dependency on natural resources extraction.This book is an invaluable read for public policymakers, the public and private sectors, law makers, and scholars of developmental studies.

This book provides an engaging introduction to economics through a literary lens. Drawing on writers such as James Joyce, George Eliot, Edith Wharton, Jane Austen, Charlotte Bronte, and Elizabeth Gaskell, each chapter is framed around a quote from a classic text of English literature that helps tease out a key economic concept and demonstrate its broader relevance. While rigorous, the book is virtually free of technical language and aims to give a concise overview of all the main topics in contemporary economics ¿ from supply and demand, pricing, labour markets, externalities, and game theory, to environmental and behavioural economics, fiscal policy and business cycles, modern approaches to macroeconomics and economic growth.Interweaving literary examples with easy-to-follow explanations and reflective tasks, the book takes an interdisciplinary approach to economics and literature that requires no prior knowledge in either camp, but which illuminates patterns of real-world behaviour observed by novelists and economists alike. This concise and accessible book will be a valuable tool for students embarking on introductory economics courses, economics modules in business studies, and interdisciplinary courses more broadly, as well as the general reader interested in building their knowledge of economics.

This book discusses the feasible breakthrough of emerging economy enterprises in participating the international division of labor led by developed countries and gradually standing at the top end(s) of the value chain based on a deep understanding of the practice and upgrading opportunities of Chinese enterprises. On the basis of re-understanding the theory of global value chains, this book puts forward and expounds the concept of restructuring the global value chain. This book analyzes the background,motivations, paths and effects of enterprises in emerging economies to reconstruct the global value chain and develops a theoretical system to explore the deep-seated logic behind enterprise upgrading. This book concludes that the transformation and upgrading of Chinese enterprises are the most critical initiatives in seeking a new balance in the world economy. This book involves dozens of manufacturing enterprise cases in Chinese mainland and Taiwan. It is of great value to the research and policy study of enterprise upgrading and the participation in global competition.

This book discusses the Indian economic crisis and brings out what went wrong and the correction necessary for getting the economy back to high growth trajectory, leading to economic transformation. To do so, the book covers trends in performance of Indian economy since the Global Financial Crisis to the COVID-19 effect, bringing out factors that have determined the same.The book questions the approach to macroeconomic policy of both the RBI and the government and brings out what it takes for macroeconomic policy to be supportive of high growth. It contains revealing contrasts with East Asia and China, although India has the same potential to grow with an expansion of manufacturing. Overall, it argues that macroeconomic policies (as much as structural, industrial, and trade policies) have been deficient and even good initiatives on the industrial policy and trade flounder for the lack of a strategic approach to macroeconomics. The book highlights the special opportunities present in an emerging economy with vast under and utilised labour and the macroeconomic policy initiatives that can take advantage of this key feature.It covers the macroeconomic data on growth using multiple indicators, then the external shocks and the internal policy measures/responses; besides, GVA/GDP, credit, exports, external transactions, interest and policy rates, yields, exchange rates,  money, capital flows, indices of industrial sector, price indices and inflation, government expenditures, tax rates, fiscal deficits, market uncertainty measures to present a holistic picture of the economy and the shocks and policy actions that have followed. The book uses an innovative method of presentation and the consistency of the trends/stances of both monetary and fiscal policy using these large number of variables. It discusses the debate on overestimation of GDP/GVA growth estimates over the years from 2011-12 to about 2016-17 comprehensively. There is special coverage of GST with a comparison with China. Coverage also includes performance since the COVID-19 crisis again using a large number of indicators and an explanation for the same in terms of the limitations of the government's initiatives to counteract.The book is a quick and ready reference of what has happened in macroeconomic terms to those interested in the relevant facts. It is of interest to international economists, policy analysts, and investors whose need to understand that the Indian economy in macroeconomic terms and in terms of the stances and penchant of the government and the RBI is of value.