Økonomisk vækst

This book provides a crosscutting interdisciplinary account of how the disintegrated, global subsistence economy circa 1800 has transformed into a global complex delivering unprecedented levels of material production and consumption. Applying major findings from economics, history/historiography, and sociology (as well as from anthropology, psychology, politics, and environmental studies), the analysis tracks the ways in which changes in ¿society¿ (including social structures, values, and forces) have changed ¿individuals¿ (including conceptions of race, gender, and identity) and vice versa. These changes have simultaneously homogenised and diversified societies and individuals in distinct but sometimes contradictory ways, opening up many possible worlds from an individual and group perspective. Yet, the scale and pace of change has also led to increasing existential challenges. The narrative consists of 30 chapters organized into 10 subsetsof 3: one chapter on a relevant core idea; one chapter focused on historical narrative and titled after a representative year; and one chapter on a relevant associated crosscutting theme. Major regional and topical discussions are provided, with special attention paid to business and organisational change and developing world scholarship. Small discussion ¿boxes¿ focusing on illustrative cases and details are presented throughout the book. The last chapter contains over-arching conclusions.

"Throughout most of the twentieth century an exceedingly narrow interpretation and application of the utilitarian rationale for intellectual property protection dominated much of Western intellectual property (IP) law and policy.1 This was especially evident in the United States, wherein an economic incentive/commodification approach to IP social utility pervaded IP jurisprudence and scholarly discourse"--

This book explores seven developing countries' use of technology to begin reforming the economy and government. Foregrounding the voices of policymakers and participants, it documents and critically assesses government efforts to kick-start digital transformation, and offers an exposition of the process of policymaking in the 2020s.

This book analyzes education in Japan from the viewpoint of ¿the stagnant current Japanese economy¿. Tomoyuki Tamagawa, a long-time mathematics teacher in junior high school, is now a vice principal. He and Tamotsu Nakamura have written Chapter 1 of this book together because they believe that the loss of vitality in the Japanese economy is due to the problem of human capital formation in school education. Shinji Oi has worked for many years at a Japanese broadcasting station and has extensive experience in human resource development. In Chapter 2, he analyzes the relationship between optimal human capital investment and labor market mobility, based on his recognition of the importance of vocational training, or human capital investment at the firm and the necessity for good allocation of human resources. Tokuji Saita is well versed not only in the realities and practices in the financial industry but also in the financial system as a whole. In Chapter 3, based on his long experience in the financial industry, he analyzes and points out the importance of ¿openness¿ of innovation from a macroeconomic point of view.

Applying a novel theoretical approach, Tamar Groswald Ozery combines law and political economy to deconstruct the role of law in China's market development since 1978. The book examines how economic and administrative powers within China's Party-state system have been legally and politically configured throughout China's growth process. Using a vast range of primary sources, Ozery illuminates how the law acts as a mediating institution that translates and gives shape to the relations between politics and economics. Using the evolution of public firms and corporate governance as a case study, the book illustrates the complex relationships between law, politics, and economic development, and sheds new light on the possible varieties of growth-supporting governance institutions in firms. By studying China's distinct market experience through the lens of law and political economy, the book offers a significant contribution to development studies, comparative corporate governance, and interdisciplinary discussions about China as a growth model.

This textbook provides a comprehensive overview of macroeconomic relationships and explains the most important macroeconomic variables in an easy-to-understand manner. The reader is introduced to important macroeconomic variables such as inflation and aggregate demand in chapters that build on one another. They learn, among other things, how economic crises arise or the role and functioning of money, capital and goods markets. The aim is to provide the reader with economic knowledge that can be applied in business practice. The economics material has been deliberately selected so that business studies content is usefully supplemented. However, detailed explanations and both application-oriented and practice-related examples and exercises make it easy for non-economists to understand the complex economic topics. Well-founded knowledge presented in an immediately comprehensible way! 

Social entrepreneurship is one of the most controversial actualities of the modern economy. On the one hand, social entrepreneurship makes up for "e;market failures"e; and prevents the deficit of socially essential goods and services in the marketplace, acting as their supplier. On the other hand, the survival of social entrepreneurship in an aggressive market environment is a challenging task, the fulfilment of which may distort the original essence of social entrepreneurship.Comprising a collection of research presented at the International Scientific Conference Advanced Issues on Social Entrepreneurship, this contributed volume offers a global economic analysis of social entrepreneurship.  Whilst social entrepreneurship is indispensable to the modern economy, the current controversial model of its organization means it cannot fully accomplish its mission.  This book offers potential solutions to this problem with the global and national strategies of economic growth and social progress. It includes a focus on emerging markets, in which the role of social entrepreneurship is especially high.  This book is aimed at scholars and students who are interested in social entrepreneurship and corporate economics,  and practitioners involved in this field.  It will also be of interest to policy makers in the development and implementation of a national economic policy for support for social entrepreneurship in emerging markets.

This book analyzes the use of the mobile Internet against the background of gender bias and Covid-19, currently two of the most important and pressing problems of the Global South. The book argues that the degree of benefits from this new technology depends heavily on the way it is actually used and that most new technologies are developed for the conditions prevailing in rich countries, where they tend to be quite easily adopted and used. In the Global South, by contrast, a paucity of digital skills and other factors make the potentially valuable benefits from the Internet much more difficult to derive. Using empirical data recently provided by the Groupe Speciale Mobile Association (GSMA), the book examines the existence and extent of the digital divide between males and females in mobile Internet use, which constitutes a new form of divide. It sheds light on the acute difficulty for first-time mobile Internet users in the Global South, and especially Sub-Saharan Africa, to learn the digital skills that are needed to use the said technology effectively, with a special focus on how these users acquire the required knowledge, without having undergone the process of learning by doing. The book further discusses the determinants of digital skills in the Global South, as well as major factors underlying the extent to which different users actually benefit from the mobile Internet, such as gender, location, age, and education. Finally, it investigates how womens' use of the Internet has been altered by the pandemic in the Global South.This book will appeal to students, researchers, and scholars of development economics and development studies, as well as policy-makers interested in a better understanding of the impact of gender bias and Covid-19 on mobile internet use in the Global South.

This book offers an analysis of the causes, development, and likely consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic for global neoliberalism. The analysis will draw upon the author¿s previous work on neoliberalism, and on its twin crises: the economic crisis (the Global Financial Crisis (GFC), ongoing since 2007) and, subsequently, the crisis of political democracy that has been associated with the rise of ¿spectacular¿ authoritarian leaders in several countries. The approach is grounded on Marxist political economy.The book argues that the Covid-19 pandemic emerges out of this context of deep inequalities and crises in the economy and in politics, and it is likely to reinforce the exclusionary tendencies of neoliberalism, with detrimental implications both for economic prosperity and for democracy. In turn, the pandemic has revealed the limitations of neoliberalism like never before, with implications for the legitimacy of capitalism itself, and opening unprecedented spaces for theleft.This book will be of interest to academics in economics, international relations, political science, political economy, sociology and development studies.

This book looks into the relationship between financial development, economic growth, and the possibility of a potential capital flight in the transmission process. It also examines the important role that financial institutions, financial markets, and country-level institutional factors play in economic growth and their impact on capital flight in emerging economies.By presenting new theoretical insights and empirical country studies as well as econometric approaches, the authors focus on the relationship between financial development and economic growth with capital flight in the era of financial crisis.  Therefore, this book is a must-read for researchers, scholars, and policy-makers, interested in a better understanding of economic growth and financial development of emerging economies alike.

Das Geldsystem ist das unverzichtbare fehlende Glied in der Nachhaltigkeitsdebatte und die Frage, ob das derzeitige Finanzsystem diese neuen Anforderungen erfüllen kann. Bislang wurden die UN-Nachhaltigkeitsziele (SDGs) hauptsächlich entweder durch den privaten Sektor, durch herkömmliche Steuern und Gebühren des öffentlichen Sektors oder durch philanthropisches Engagement finanziert. Wenn man davon ausgeht, dass in den verbleibenden 10 bis 15 Jahren jährlich 4 bis 5 Billionen Dollar benötigt werden, um unsere Zukunft zu finanzieren, sind diese konventionellen Finanzierungsquellen sowohl in Bezug auf den Umfang als auch auf die Geschwindigkeit der Finanzierung unzureichend. Darüber hinaus zwingt die inhärente Instabilität unseres Finanzsystems die Weltgemeinschaft dazu, sich in erster Linie auf die Reparatur und Stabilisierung des bestehenden Systems zu konzentrieren.Die Entwicklung von Kryptowährungen unter Verwendung von Distributed-Ledger-Technologien (hauptsächlich Blockchain) hat führende Zentralbanken dazu veranlasst, die mögliche Anwendung dieses Ansatzes zur unabhängigen Schaffung von Kaufkraft zu untersuchen. In diesem Sinne bietet dieses Buch einen neuen Ansatz, nämlich die Einführung einer parallelen elektronischen Währung, die speziell für die Finanzierung globaler Gemeinschaftsgüter und die Bereitstellung der für die Verwirklichung der SDGs erforderlichen Ressourcen konzipiert ist. Darüber hinaus würde dieser Mechanismus eine stabilisierende Wirkung auf das bestehende Währungssystem haben.In dem Buch wird argumentiert, dass eine Möglichkeit, dies zu erreichen, darin besteht, den Zentralbanken ein modifiziertes geldpolitisches Mandat zu erteilen, um dem System mit einem Top-down-Ansatz neue Liquidität zuzuführen. Alternativ könnte die Liquidität durch Unternehmens- oder Gemeindeinitiativen mit Krypto- oder Gemeindewährungen in einem Bottom-up-Ansatz kommen. Der Autor vertritt die Ansicht, dass durch die Ausgabe einer Blockchain-fähigen elektronischen Parallelwährung, die für SDG-bezogene Projekte bestimmt ist, und durch die Nutzung anderer Kanäle für den Geldfluss anstelle der herkömmlichen Kanäle die Zukunft auf andere Weise finanziert werden könnte. Langfristig würde die Abkehr von unserer derzeitigen monetären Monokultur und die Einführung eines monetären Ökosystems die internationalen Finanzmärkte stabilisieren, die monetären Regulierungsbemühungen verstärken, negative externe Effekte reduzieren, ein soziales Pareto-Optimum schaffen und die Demokratien stabilisieren. In diesem Buch wird, ähnlich wie in Fritjof Capras Das Tao der Physik, ein Tao der Finanzen vorgestellt - ein unkonventioneller Ansatz zur Finanzierung globaler Gemeinschaftsgüter.

Ian Drummond presents a comprehensive review of the explosive growth of Ontario's economy from 1867 to 1939.

This textbook introduces readers to essential tools, techniques and methods for intertemporal and strategic modeling in economics. It presents a variety of analytical models covering both dynamic processes and strategic interaction. Students will learn the basic mechanisms associated with the intertemporal approach, on the one hand, and game theory, i.e., the strategic approach, on the other. In addition, a wide range of applications are explored, including growth models, labor markets, international trade, and individual decision-making. Intended for upper undergraduate and graduate students in economics and related fields with a background in mathematics and calculus, this textbook provides a comprehensive introduction to economic modeling and its applications. By avoiding excessive formalism and exploring straightforward examples and applications, it is optimally suited for graduate courses in economics and finance.

This pioneering work debunks the neoliberal origin myth of how capitalism came into the world.

Med fokus på succesfulde millionvirksomheder, som ikke i forvejen er de mest kendte og velbeskrevne i den bredere offentlighed, har Gert Rune talt med ejere og nøglemedarbejdere hos virksomheder, der har vækstet de sidste ti år, og forsøgt at finde frem til formlen for deres succes.I vidt forskellige brancher drejer det sig om iværksættere med en helt særlig passion for deres produkt. De elsker konkurrence, kæmper for at vinde og nægter at give op. Det er ledere og medarbejdere som er risikovillige, omstillingsparate og har fokus på innovation, kundebehov og medarbejderpleje. De får implementeret og eksekveret deres handleplaner med kreative løsninger, tænkt anderledes længere end de fleste, og de giver deres kunder mere, end de forventer.Ledere og ejerledere i SMV’er har brug for rollemodeller, for daglig ledelse i en SMV er langt fra de bonede gulve i de store virksomheder, og Gert Runes vision med bogen er at levere indsigt og inspiration, der kan skabe vækst, velfærd og arbejdspladser i SMV-Danmark.Bogen er skrevet af Gert Rune i samarbejde med forfatter Dennis Drejer, der blandt mange titler har lagt pen til Jæger – i krig med eliten om Thomas Rathsack og Jeg dør kun en gang om Dennis Knudsen. Gert Rune er iværksætter, konsulent og foredragsholder og har en passion for at motivere sine medmennesker til at nå deres mål. Med sin baggrund som bankmand, Mærsk-ansat og virksomhedsejer har han draget landet rundt og været på besøg hos diverse branchevindere blandt virksomheder (SMV), som har formået at vækste. Gert Rune har de seneste 12 år holdt mere end 700 foredrag og workshops i over 200 virksomheder. Han er den første etbenede dansker, der gennemførte en ironman – den fortælling er udgivet i selvbiografien Fra knoglekræft til ironman.

This monograph addresses the methodological and empirical issues relevant for the development of sustainable agriculture, with a particular focus on Eastern Europe. It relates economic growth to the other dimensions of sustainability by applying integrated methods. The book comprises five chapters dedicated to the theoretical approaches towards sustainable rural development, productivity analysis, structural change analysis and environmental footprint. The book focuses on the transformations of the agricultural sector while taking into account economic, environmental, and social dynamics. The importance of agricultural transformations to the livelihood of the rural population and food security are highlighted. Further, advanced methodologies and frameworks are presented to fathom the underlying trends in different facets of agricultural production. The authors present statistical methods used for the analysis of agricultural sustainability along with applications for agriculture in the European Union. Additionally, they discuss the measures of efficiency, methodological approaches and empirical models. Finally, the book applies econometric and optimization techniques, which are useful for the estimation of the production functions and other representations of technology in the case of the European Union member states. Therefore, the book is a must-read for researchers and students of agricultural and production economics, as well as policy-makers and academia in general.

Many of us wish we could design inventions and make decisions that were optimal and sustainable, but we do not know how to begin the approach. This book offers a guide to dramatically improve the quality of innovation and solution-making through the respectful use of existing and abundant, but often-ignored, resources. Sustainable innovation is about creative combination of ideas, materials, methods, and people, courage to derive value from opposition and diversity, integrative intelligence, virtuous planning, minimal consumption of resources, and definition of alternative plans. Using the method successfully requires that we are truly interested in the common good of humankind, that we care about our environment, and that we take time to think carefully about consequences before we act, invent, or make decisions. It is a call for a much-needed collaboration between people of different backgrounds, skills, and opinions with the intent to preserve individual and local integrity and adopt a win-win mindset. Try it, and partake in its positive and long-lasting effects!Key Features- Description of sustainable innovation and the untapped innovation potential- Sustainable innovation requirements- Sustainable innovation attitudes- Step-by-step guide to sustainable innovation- Application to 21st century challenges- A global win-win scenarioTable of Contents: Innovation Attitudes / Inspiration from the Natural and Behavioral Sciences / Untapped Sustainable Innovation Potential / Step-by-Step Guide to Sustainable Innovation / Notes on the Application to 21st century challenges/ Personal Step-by-Step Work Section / Looking to the Future

To address the complexity of today's global challenges requires new ways of thinking. The idea that technology is always the best, maybe only, approach worth taking needs to be reconsidered. Sustainable approaches must also draw from non technological areas. To that end, this book introduces the idea of just technology by rephrasing the idea of just war in order to include concepts of sustainability in future engineering design. The book begins by defining justice and relating these definitions to technology. This is followed by illustrating several notions of sustainability and the awareness that needs to be focused on societal challenges due to the finite resources available in the natural world. Four questions are enumerated to be addressed in order to qualify as a just use of technology: (1) Is the harm being inflicted by the problem on the community, the environment, or humanity, in general lasting, serious, and certain? (2) Have all alternative solutions been investigated first, including non-technology-based solutions? Technology is the last choice, not the first! (3) Do we have confidence in the successful implementation of this technological solution? and (4) Is the potential harm from the technological solution potentially worse than the issue being addressed? Have all unintended consequences been considered that could arise from the technological solution? The book ends with a description for implementing these questions into the traditional engineering design process. Examples are included for reflection and help to understand how the design process proceeds.

Produced water contributes to the largest volume waste stream associated with oil and gas (O&G) exploration and production (E&P) operations. It is usually a complex mixture of inorganics and organics that is formed underground and brought to the surface during O&G production. Traditionally, produced water has been considered as a waste to the O&G industry. The conventional management strategies include disposal (typically by injection into depleted wells or permitted disposal wells), recycle (direct reuse within the E&P operation), and reuse (treatment and reuse offsite for food crop irrigation, livestock watering or industrial use). The O&G industry is going through a paradigm shift, where scarcity of water, economics of water management, declining oil costs, and increasing focus on environmental and ecological stewardship are shifting the focus toward integrated water management in E&P operations. Water is no longer a problem to be delegated to a third-party disposal or treatment vendor, but is becoming a cornerstone of O&G production. In this review, we summarize produced water characteristics, regulations and management options, produced water treatment fundamentals, and a detailed discussion of process equipment and advantages/disadvantages of currently available treatment processes. These results in peer-reviewed publications could provide a guide for the selection of appropriate technologies based on the desired application. Major research efforts in the future could focus on the optimization of current technologies and use of combined treatment processes of produced water in order to comply with reuse and discharge limits, under more stringent environmental regulations.

Over the past half century, reverse osmosis (RO) has grown from a nascent niche technology into the most versatile and effective desalination and advanced water treatment technology available. However, there remain certain challenges for improving the cost-effectiveness and sustainability of RO desalination plants in various applications. In low-pressure RO applications, both capital (CAPEX) and operating (OPEX) costs are largely influenced by product water recovery, which is typically limited by mineral scale formation. In seawater applications, recovery tends to be limited by the salinity limits on brine discharge and cost is dominated by energy demand. The combination of water scarcity and sustainability imperatives, in many locations, is driving system designs towards minimal and zero liquid discharge (M/ZLD) for inland brackish water, municipal and industrial wastewaters, and even seawater desalination. Herein, we review the basic principles of RO processes, the state-of-the-art for RO membranes, modules and system designs as well as methods for concentrating and treating brines to achieve MLD/ZLD, resource recovery and renewable energy powered desalination systems. Throughout, we provide examples of installations employing conventional and some novel approaches towards high recovery RO in a range of applications from brackish groundwater desalination to oil and gas produced water treatment and seawater desalination.

Economic Inequality and Poverty examines how methods for measuring inequality and poverty have evolved. Kakwani and Son draw on household surveys to demonstate a framework based on economic variables that can be applied to draw up evidence-based policies.