International økonomi

This volume presents new empirical methods and applications in economics with special interest in advances in empirical macroeconomics, microeconomics, financial economics, international economics, and agricultural economics. Featuring selected contributions from the 2022 International Conference of Applied Economics (ICOAE 2021), this book provides country specific studies with potential applications in economic policy. It is beneficial to researchers, scholars, academics and policy makers in quantitative economic research (in both methods and applications).

Ziel dieses Buches ist es, eine Bestandsaufnahme der von Paolo Urio seit 1997 durchgeführten Forschungsarbeiten über den Aufstieg des modernen China zu machen, wobei der Schwerpunkt auf dem strategischen öffentlichen Management liegt. Der Ausgangspunkt des Buches ist Chinas Wille, den Status einer Weltmacht wiederzuerlangen. Dieses Ziel ist von größter Bedeutung für das Verständnis der seit 1949 umgesetzten politischen Maßnahmen, ihrer Beweggründe, Inhalte und Folgen für die chinesische Gesellschaft und Wirtschaft sowie ihrer zeitlichen Abfolge, d. h. der zugrunde liegenden großen Strategie. Ausgehend von diesen Prämissen schlägt das Buch eine Analyse der Widersprüche vor, die sich in China seit 1949 herausgebildet haben, sowie der positiven und negativen Folgen der staatlichen Maßnahmen, die zur Überwindung dieser Ungleichgewichte ergriffen wurden, d.h. Der Ansehensverlust der Kommunistischen Partei am Ende der Mao-Ära, die Einführung von Marktmechanismen durch Deng und die daraus resultierenden Ungleichgewichte in der chinesischen Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft und Umwelt, die Politik der Wiederherstellung des Gleichgewichts in der Ära Hu Jintao und schließlich die durchsetzungsfähige Machtpolitik von Xi Jinping, sowohl auf nationaler Ebene, z. B. die Bekämpfung der Korruption, als auch auf internationaler Ebene, d. h. Chinas neue Rolle in der Welt, insbesondere als Konkurrent der Vereinigten Staaten.

The annual EURAS Conferences bring together academics from a variety of disciplines and backgrounds, representatives from national and regional standards bodies, and government agencies, and company representatives. They all share an interest in standardisation research and education. The papers presented at EURAS conferences address a broad variety of issues relating to standards and the underlying standardisation process. These include, among many others, standardisation policies, the economics of standardisation, participatory, legal and regulartory issues, as well as the history and the future of standards and standardisatoin.Since 1999, SIIT conferences are bringing together experts from academia, government and industry with an interest in ICT standardisation. It thus serves as a platform to foster the exchange of insights and views on all issues surrounding standards, standardisation and innovation. Contributing academic disciplines include, but are by no means limited to: Business Studies, Computer Science, Economics, Engineering, History, Information Systems, Law, Management Studies and Sociology.The theme of the 2023 joint EURAS & SIIT converence was '(Responsible) Standardisation for Smart Systems'. The injection of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) into more 'traditional' technologies has created a wide range of 'smart' systems. Specifically, 'smartness' is based on a number of enabling technologies, including the internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Big Data and Machine Learning (ML). Taken together, these technologies may help establish a perfect Orwellian surveillance society, a more liveable, greener and more secure environment or something in between. In any case, smart technologies will affect individuals, governments, businesses and society at large alike. As one of the earliest stages in the technology development process standardisation can help ensure that smart systems will not exhibit any undesired and undesirable characteristics. To this end, the standards setting process will have to leave the techno-economic realm and to also take into account e.g. societal, environmental and ethical aspects. To do so, a much broader variety of stakeholders will have to be involved in the process. This, in turn, may imply that the process will need to be adapted.

Lecture Notes in International Trade Theory covers classical international trade models (including the Ricardian, Ricardo Viner, and Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson models). The course is designed for M.Sc. and first year PhD students. It relies on both graphical and analytic methods, requiring only intermediate microeconomics and a solid grounding in calculus. The material emphasizes "second-best" settings, where markets are imperfect. The goal is to equip students with a good enough understanding of open-economy general equilibrium relations that they understand how distortions ripple across different markets, e.g. commodity and factor markets. The Author applies these ideas to environmental and natural resource problems, including pollution "leakage" (where pollution reductions in one country are offset by trading partners' increased pollution) and imperfect property rights. Other applications include the general equilibrium effects of commodity and trade taxes, international transfers (the "transfer problem"), minimum wage constraints, and immiserizing growth. The Author assumes that students have some experience in formulating and answering comparative statics questions in an optimization setting. Building on these skills, and developing the idea of stability in an equilibrium setting (the Marshall Lerner condition), students learn how to formulate and answer comparative static questions in trade models.

This book offers a unique insight into the world of standard-setting organizations (SSOs)' IPR policies and the role they play in balancing the interests of innovators and implementers, vis-à-vis the development of standards. Since the beginning of the 21st century, there have been quite a few questions asked of the SSOs as to the legality of their IPR policies and the enforceability of disclosure and licensing obligations enshrined therein. That, coupled with disagreements over the appropriate royalty rate and royalty base, has resulted in extensive litigation between innovators and implementers, especially across the Atlantic. The Book, in keeping the USA and EU as the two primary jurisdictions, offers a comprehensive analysis of the disclosure and licensing obligations under SSO IPR policies, with strong theoretical foundations justifying their imposition. More specifically, it offers a bird's eye view of the various facets of disclosure and licensing, ranging from non-disclosure and transparency on one hand, to the determination of FRAND on the other. While much has been said about the benefits arising out of collaborative standard-setting, disputes involving SEP licensing have not been limited to the courts, and have attracted a significant amount of scrutiny by competition/antitrust agencies. The Book provides an elaborate account of the anti-competitive concerns surrounding standard-setting, and further documents the role of courts and competition agencies in ensuring good faith licensing negotiations between the SEP holders and implementers. Despite largely focusing on SEP licensing disputes in the USA and EU, the Book also offers a dedicated chapter on standard-setting in the Indian context. The readers are presented with an in-depth discussion on the contrasting approaches adopted by the courts and the Competition Commission of India (CCI), in addressing disputes involving SEPs. The said discussion is supplemented by a careful analysis of the SEP licensing guidelines to have emerged out of other implementer-oriented economies like China and Japan. By doing so, the Book offers readers the opportunity to study and compare the SEP licensing framework in developed, as well as developing economies. SSO IPR policies play an integral role in the development of standards, and with technologies such as the Internet of Things and 5G knocking on the doors, the Book makes for a valuable study on the nuances of standard-setting through the lens of SSOs, and will find takers among a wide reader base of students, researchers, academics, law practitioners, corporates, and policy makers.

The publication offers cutting-edge practice and research-based reflections on both the models and tools of development of contemporary managers and relevant future trends. The readers are presented with insights covering topics ranging from philosophical ideas, through physiological markers.

This book addresses key issues in corporate finance and explores them from financial development and financial stability perspectives in emerging markets. Emerging economies are susceptible to rapidly changing financial sectors and products as well as financial upheavals. In this light, the growing interdependence of states and capital markets, and the risk of crises have an impact on the financing of firms. The chapters in this book highlight how companies and policies in emerging markets are affected and deal with the current post-crisis world. By combining academic and industry insights, the critical issues in corporate finance, financial development, and the preparedness of emerging markets are explored.

Die derzeitige Wirtschaftslage in Europa ist fragil. Spätestens seit dem Kriegsausbruch in der Ukraine und der damit verbundenen Energiekrise in Europa trüben sich die Wachstumserwartungen. Durch die wirtschaftliche Verflechtung zwischen Staaten und Banken ist es in diesen unbeständigen Zeiten wichtig, über Instrumente zu verfügen, um schnell auf veröffentliche Geschäftszahlen von Kreditinstituten reagieren zu können und eigenständig die Bonität von Banken einzuschätzen, da die Anpassung eines externen Ratings oftmals mit einer zeitlichen Verzögerung einhergeht. Daher wird auf Basis von drei Datensätzen mittels maschinellen Lernens versucht, die Determinanten von Emittentenratings von europäischen Banken zu erklären. Unter der Verwendung von Entscheidungsbäumen und logistischen Regressionsmodellen sollen die wesentlichen Einflüsse der binären Klassifikation in die Segmente Investmentgrade und Non-Investmentgrade sowie die ordinale Ratingklasse analysiert werden.

Volume 12 of the EYIEL focuses on "e;The Future of Dispute Settlement in International Economic Law"e;. While new forms of dispute settlement are emerging, others are in deep crisis. The volume starts off with reflections on Dispute Settlement and the World Trade Organisation, most prominently the crisis of the Appellate Body, but also addressing international intellectual property law and the African Continental Free Trade Area. This is followed by a section on Dispute Settlement and Investment Protection/International Investment Law, which includes articles on the summary dismissal of claims, the margin of appreciation doctrine, the use of conciliation to settle sovereign debt disputes, and contract-based arbitration in light of Achmea and Hagia Sophia at ICSID. Further contributions consider the emerging role of commercial courts, the dejudicialization of international economic law, dispute settlement in the UK-EU Withdrawal Agreement, reference mechanisms in dispute resolution clauses, and UNCLOS. 

This book aims to explore the development model of Great Bay Area (GBA) of China as economic engine under the context of open policy. Based on comprehensive research, both theoretically and practically, on the leading free ports in the world and the regional development of well-known bay areas, it analyzes the challenges and opportunities of GBA synergetic free ports. A series of initiatives on the development of GBA synergetic free ports are proposed, including the synergy of space, industry, finance, technological innovation, institution, social governance, and personnel. Also, it ends with a system dynamic model to simulate the regional impact on GBA synergetic free ports, which indicates that economic development, trade, government finance, and population agglomeration would be improved significantly, in the GBA synergetic free ports scenario.

Texts presented at the 2017 'Congráes annuel de la Fâedâeration canadienne des sciences sociales et humaines' held at Ryerson University in Toronto.

This book offers a comprehensive and multidisciplinary global overview of populism and human rights in the light of globalization. It examines why the dominant (neo)liberal paradigm of the last decades resulted in major economic and social inequalities which resulted in the surge of national populism, led by the election success of right-wing parties, movements, and leaders across the world. It discusses, among other topics, the success of Brexit in Britain and the election success of Donald Trump and Marine Le Pen and explains why there is a need for a dialogue on human rights and globalization in this era of populism.Further contributions analyze various important topics of the field, including cross-culturalism, globalization, human rights, challenges and threats, diversity, curbing global corruption, sustainable development, populism, the decline of free speech, the new nationalism, internationalization, global regime of human rights, leadership theory, global management competencies, gender, quality management, individualism-collectivism, and examples of new initiatives in global organizations. This makes the book a valuable and useful resource for students, researchers, and scholars of international relations, political science, sociology, political psychology, law, diplomatic studies, Communication and media studies, economics, education and management, as well as practitioners and policy-makers interested in a better understanding of globalization, populism, and human rights.

Sandra E. Bonura tells the overlooked yet genuine rags-to-riches story of Claus Spreckels and his pioneering role in developing the sugar industry in the United States and the kingdom of Hawai‘i.

This volume brings together contributions from the academic community, policymakers, and practitioners to delve into the profound challenges facing the international system in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. With a focus on the Global South, it offers a comprehensive analysis of the political economy of development in this region, considering the economic, social, and geopolitical factors at play. The book addresses the multifaceted challenges that developing countries encounter in terms of economic growth, poverty reduction, and social development in a post-pandemic world. It examines the impact of the pandemic on these countries and explores innovative strategies for promoting economic recovery and sustainable development.It is an invaluable resource for anyone interested in understanding the political economy of development in the Global South post covid-19 pandemic. It provides a comprehensive overview of the challenges facing developing countries and offers valuable insights into the potential solutions that can be implemented to foster economic recovery and development. Its interdisciplinary approach and diverse perspectives make it a valuable resource for anyone interested in the dynamics of development in the Global South.

This pioneering work focuses on the crucial role that the cooperation of Japan, a major stakeholder in production networks in North America, is playing in supporting Mexico's domestic suppliers of the automotive industry. The importance of Japanese cooperation is analyzed with an examination of the transfer of knowledge and technology crucial for reshaping the automotive industry. Additionally, particular interest is given to the challenges posed to Mexico's automotive industry by the United States¿MexicöCanada Agreement (USMCA), the Covid-19 disruptions, and the transition to electric vehicle (EV) manufacturing. The book demonstrates the importance of cooperation in economic partnership agreements such as the one between Japan and Mexico to strengthen the role of investment in complex regional integration networks and to face new challenges. Academics and policymakers will find a framework to guide research and decision-making regarding the transformation of automotivemanufacturing and production networks in Mexico's automotive industry. Specifically, the new conditions facing small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and the important part that Japanese cooperation will play in the industry's evolution.

This textbook deals with the progressive global dissolution of political, economic, and social boundaries, which has significant implications for labor markets, the international division of labor, social security, and income distribution. Politically, it is eroding the sovereign ability of nation-states to shape their own affairs; socially, it conjures up the specter of an increasingly global culture of unity. Against the background of the empirical effects of globalization processes in a number of areas, the book discusses to what extent these fears are justified, whether they cannot also be explained by other developments, and whether the benefits of globalization justify the costs and risks resulting from it.

This book focuses on a question that has attracted substantial attention in recent years, is globalisation leading to more inequality, notably in advanced economies?The consensus view is largely yes fx supported by leading international organisations such as the OECD and IMF.In this book, the author challenges the robustness of these claims. The purpose is straightforward. First, a too simple reading on the effects of globalisation may lead to the wrong policy answers such as erecting barriers to trade, even when it clearly benefits consumers. As importantly, it may also distract attention from addressing the clear and observable challenges many countries are facing: notably economic activities being increasingly concentrated in the most prosperous areas and educational systems failing to provide the work force with the skills to succeed in the labour market. Arguably, these very domestic policy failures are key contributors to the emerging economic and political tensions in many OECD countries, with global trade playing a real minor role. The book also draws some policy conclusions. Notably what should international economic regulation focus on, notably in the domain of trade related policies, and what can largely be delivered at local level, even well below the national level.

Public-Private partnership facilitates the injection of private capital and expertise for prompt delivery of Infrastructure Projects in both developed and developing economies. It shutters the negative perception of private investors on risks in Infrastructure Projects. PPP involves a shared responsibility between the public and private investors to deliver Infrastructure Projects on a shared responsibility through appropriate allocation of resources, risks and rewards within a legally binding contract. This may involve the financing, design, construction, renovation, management or maintenance of the Infrastructure assets.

This handbook provides a reference resource to showcase insightful and nuanced perspectives on Africäs agriculture, industry, services, and manufacturing sectors; factors affecting the sectors¿ competitiveness; and the sectors¿ contribution to employment, economic growth, and sustainable development. It also addresses the potential benefits that the sectors could harness from the planned Continental Free Trade Area (CFTA), and in particular how CFTA could increase the efficiency and competitiveness of these sectors.This book provides evidence-based holistic analyses of the past and current state of Africäs economic sectors, with a strong emphasis on tangible and specific policy recommendations for the purpose of enhancing future economic growth, employment, and sustainable development of the continent. It also assesses the impact of the first-ever Continental Free Trade Area in Africa, and its potential implications for Africäs integration into regional and global economy and competitiveness relative to other fast developing economies (such as those in Asia). This handbook gives an in-depth analysis of fundamental domestic factors that have relevance on the sectors¿ expansion and growth and their contributions to employment, economic growth, and sustainable development in Africa with differential effects across the continent.

Climate change is the defining challenge of our time. While political leadership and scientific expertise are key, law has a major role to play in fashioning responses. Volume 13 of the EYIEL assesses central aspects of the legal regimes governing "Climate Change and Liability". Covering traditional trade and investment topics as well EU instruments regulating private actors, contributions reflect the diverse links between international economic law and climate change. Through a mix of foundational inquiries and coverage of current issues (such as climate change litigation), the volume offers a rich and nuanced account of international economic law in an era of "Climate Change and Liability".

The world's two largest economies, the United States and China, are locked in a trade war, complicating policy choices internationally. These choices are sharper for the countries of East and Southeast Asia than they are elsewhere, because the multilateral rules-based economic order on which East Asian economic integration and cooperation is built is under threat. Economic policy has never been separate from security considerations. For decades, the national security risks inherent in economic exchange have been mitigated under a US-led system that allowed the strengthening of economic ties, including between China and the rest of the world. But economics and security are increasingly entangled in a way that is damaging to both, creating a dangerous trade-off. Now, as global uncertainties grow, the risks of international exchange--rather than its benefits--are beginning to dominate the calculus for some policymakers. Against this backdrop, how can Southeast Asian countries and US allies in Asia balance their security interests and their economic interests? And how can these countries, individually and collectively, broaden their policy options and deepen economic integration? This volume investigates the domestic and international dimensions of these questions.

This textbook aims to provide a complehensive and understadable analytical framework of international finance in terms of theory and practice. The book covers three main areas - The International Financial Environment, Determinants of Exchange Rate and Exchange Rate Policy, and Foreign Exchange Derivatives.This book is suitable for every level of learner. Anyone who is curious about international finance topics from college students to their professors can all find something useful from within the rich and varied content presented here. It has been written in an engaging and refreshing way to reward effort over sometimes complex concepts. It stresses learning by example. To explore a theory or method, an example is worked out first, and the (mathematical) principles are explained later. Exercise and solution keys are provided at the end of each chapter to facilitate both self learning and the teaching process.

This book advances the debate on socio-economic development and multinational corporations (MNCs). It provides an actor-centered perspective and develops the framework called 'Conflating Capitalisms' that allows for a better understanding of both MNC-induced institutional change in the host country and the subsequent impact on local development.The book uses the empirical case of Western MNCs in Latin America. It applies a sequential mixed-method design, including a large-scale elite survey on corporate behavior and in-depth, semi-structured interviews with local decision-makers on the institutionalization of German dual vocational training (DVT) in Brazil.The book presents strong evidence for both behavioral contradiction in the host country - with MNCs showing alien-to-the-system behavior - and subsequent actor-induced institutional change, with varied developmental impact. Additionally, the book offers novel insights into MNCs' handling of missing complementary institutions and the institutionalization process of coordinated practices in Latin America.This book appeals to scholars, students, and practitioners who are interested in advancing the field of development and MNCs.

You see, i've come to realize that success leaves a trail, and the entrepreneurs that go on to build successful online businesses simply follow the trails left by others who came before them. It's that simple.Regardless of whether you have the knowledge, skills, or not, if you have the discipline to follow a set of rules and principles, you will dramatically increase your chance of being successful in any business venture. The topics featured in this book include:The correct budget you need for start dropshipping business, without losing a pennyHow to find the best niches and the winning products to list on your shopify and online storeHow to set up a payment system and stay away from being scammedThe order fulfillment process in the details. If you won't follow these steps, the entire business will collapseHow to maintain the best supplier relations for the best dealsThe different sales channels for your dropshipping store and how to leverage themIn addition to providing you with the opportunity to make a dime, dropshipping allows you to reap from what the internet can be provide you in terms of marketing tools and online outreach. After reading this book, concepts regarding how to start a dropshipping business through platforms such as shopify and amazon, as well as concepts pertaining to online marketing in general, will feel wholly familiar. Do yourself a favor and download this book right now.