International økonomi

With its per capita income surpassing US$10,000, China has now drawn up ambitious plans to further lift its income to the level of developed countries. Yet various constraints need to be overcome if China is to build on the achievements of the last 40 years and further boost its growth potential.

Kristin Surak offers the first on-the-ground investigation of the global market in citizenship for the rich. She tracks the countries that sell citizenship, the elites who buy it, and the intermediaries who make the market, revealing how citizenship by investment became a popular option that now accounts for over 50,000 naturalizations annually.

This book gathers a selection of peer-reviewed chapters reflecting on the Australia-European Union Free Trade Agreement (AEUFTA). Since 18 June 2018, ten rounds of negotiations for a AEUFTA have been held in a constructive atmosphere, showing a shared commitment to move forward with this ambitious and comprehensive agreement. After a lengthy and arduous process interrupted by the United Kingdom¿s withdrawal from the European Union (EU), the United States¿ hesitations regarding the EU¿s global strategy and the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the negotiations between Australia and the European Union finally appear to be nearing completion. In challenging times, both parties share a commitment to a positive trade agenda, and to the idea that good trade agreements benefit both sides by boosting jobs, growth and investment. This book explores the challenges, achievements and missed opportunities in the AEUFTA negotiation process, and examines current legal and political relations between the EU, its Member States and Australia. Furthermore, it examines in detail a wide and diverse range of negotiated areas, including digital trade, services, intellectual property rules, trade remedies and investment screening, as well as dispute settlement mechanisms. Lastly, it sheds light on the likely nature of future commercial relations between Australia and the EU. Written by a team of respected authors from leading institutions in both Australia and Europe, the book provides a valuable, interdisciplinary analysis of the AEUFTA.

This book presents a scientific view of fighting climate change in the economy of the future, the foundations of which are being set around the world. The authors substantiate the potential of Industry 4.0 in stimulating sustainable development in environmental protection and preservation of natural resources.  This book considers the modern experience of fighting climate change based on possibilities of Industry 4.0 at the national scale in view of developed and developing countries with a special focus on Russia and at the corporate scale by the example of transnational corporations.  It determines the future contribution of Industry 4.0 into development of responsible production and consumption, and compiles the "e;outlines"e; of "e;green"e; economy in Industry 4.0.  It offers recommendations for control of climate change in Industry 4.0, and presents the authors' vision of ecological responsibility in Industry 4.0 for implementing the sustainable development goals.  This book will be of interest to academics and practitioners interested in climate change and development of Industry 4.0, as well contributing to a national economic policy for fighting climate change and corporate strategies of sustainable development in Industry 4.0.

This book aims to contribute to a more accurate understanding of how employees in a developing country perceive, evaluate, and in turn respond to corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities in both the public and private sectors. In addition to the various aspects found in the vast literature on CSR, this thesis seeks to analyze the potential role of CSR in addressing key challenges, such as corruption and emigration, that is highly debated and discussed in developing countries today. To this end, Chapter 1 introduces the reader to this research topic.

The so-called ¿Covid-19 shock will trigger a recession in some countries and a deceleration of global annual growth to below 2.5 percent -- often taken as the recessionary threshold for the world economy. The ongoing spread of the new coronavirus has become one of the biggest threats to the global economy and financial markets. It has become the biggest threat to the global economy. The major bad impacts of the Coronavirus outbreak are the slowdown in economic growth, and manufacturing activity, a contraction in services activity, declining oil prices, a sell-off in stock markets, far fewer flights, and a rise in unemployment.The so-called " Covid-19" shock will lead to stagnation in some countries and a slowdown in global annual growth to less than 2.5 percent- often considered the threshold of stagnation for the global economy. The continued spread of the new coronavirus has become one of the greatest threats to the global economy and financial markets. It has become the greatest threat to the world economy.

Project communication management is a novel concept in planning and Implementation of Projects as it assumes the role of connector tunnel amongst the project partners. Communication Management encompasses identification of internal and external stakeholders, developing a communication processes, developing communication tools and methods and managing the communication for project success. Understanding the project communication management enables development of institutional arrangements and manuals for supporting communication flow for conflict reduction resulting from information asymmetry.

This book posits an alternative narrative to Chinäs rise by focusing on its impact on Asia. Chinäs rapid rise as a multidimensional power is felt in all corners of the world and poses a direct challenge to the supremacy of the United States, which has held the status of a primary superpower ever since the end of the Cold War. For the most part, Asian countries want to avoid being dragged into this great power rivalry, preferring to adopt a more balanced and pragmatic approach. While a recognition of Chinäs greatness does not necessarily place states in a subservient position, the author argues that the most prudent approach for Asian nations is to avoid being caught in the middle of the US-China rivalry, as this allows them to derive benefits from both sides.

This volume examines the relationship between trade liberalization policies and income inequality in developing countries. Using survey data for 54 developing countries, the book explores the potential trade-off between the gains from trade and the distribution of those gains and provides a quantification of the inequality-adjusted welfare gains from trade. The book begins with an introduction to the model and its methodology. Chapter 2 sets up the model and derives the formulas for the welfare e¿ects of trade policy. Chapter 3 uses the tari¿ data and the survey data to estimate those welfare e¿ects in 54 countries. Chapter 4 discusses the gains from trade and their distribution. Chapter 5 evaluates and quanti¿es the trade-ö between income gains and inequality costs of trade. Chapter 6 presents robustness tests and results from alternative models of the impacts of trade. The last chapter reviews the Household Impacts of Trade database and dashboard, which provides datafor replication and a platform that allows researchers to simulate agricultural tari¿ policy shocks. Providing a comprehensive empirical analysis of the effects of trade policy on inequality in developing countries, this volume will be of interest to researchers and students of economic inequality, development, and international trade as well as policymakers interested in the inequality and poverty consequences of trade policy.

The creation of the computer might have intrigued many brilliant minds to work on understanding its foundation of establishment. It has inspired for more ideas and solutions to be adapted to many aspects of life and industrial needs. The aim of producing this book is to initiate the spirit of gathering previous writings by the author on the topic of contemporary computing. This is to be referred to the changes and shifts that have happened over the years in the perspectives of research and technological studies that have been done. The book started its topic theme by choosing the area of cloud computing as the opening deliberation. The second part of this book deliberates on big data. When technology discovers methods to store data by using the Cloud and pervasive computing, the new era of big data makes its wave. The third part of this book is about Machine Learning. This section highlights the transformation of computing essentials, and its generic data repository policies to suit the next method of computing automation. The fourth part of this book is discussing on digital technology.

This book examines interactions and discusses intersectionality between public international law and private international law. With contributions from scholars from USA, Canada, Australia, India and EU, this book brings out truly international perspectives on the topic. The contributions are arranged in four themes-Public international law and private international law: historical and theoretical considerations of the boundary; Harmonisation of private international law by public international law instruments: evaluation of process, problems, and effectiveness; Case studies of intersectionality between public international law and private international law; Future trends in the relationship between public international law and private international law. The ultimate aim of this book is to analyse whether these two legal disciplines become convergent or they are still divergent as usual. With wide coverage spanning across these four themes, the book has takeaways for a wide readership. For scholars and researchers in the fields of public international law and private international law, this book sparks further thoughts and debates in both disciplines and highlight areas for continuing research. For practitioners, this book offers fresh insights and perspectives on contemporaneous issues of significance. This book is also be a great resource for students at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels taking subjects such as public international law or private international law or some related disciplines such as international sale of goods, international trade law or international investment law to advance their knowledge and understanding of the disciplines.

Contemporary trade policy is increasingly framed in geo-strategic terms. But how much of that rhetoric is reflected in actual policy choices by the EU or its trading partners? This book provides a first systematic study of the broader international context in which EU trade agreements are conceived, negotiated, and designed. Building on a refined conceptualisation of geo-economics, the book develops a cogent framework that combines insights from scholarship on the design of free trade agreements with ideas from foreign policy analysis. Empirically, the analysis focuses on the relations between the EU and the Asia-Pacific. Following the United States¿ pivot to Asia and the EU¿s Global Europe strategy, Chinäs backyard has become the main arena in which global powers¿ geo-economic strategies overlap. Building on a series of case-studies, combining the perspectives from the EU and its trading partners, the book shows that the rhetoric of geo-economic competition is yet to catch up with the actual negotiation and design of free trade agreements. This volume will be of great interest to scholars, students and practitioners who want to gain a holistic understanding of contemporary trade negotiations.

In letzter Zeit hat die Öffentlichkeit Bedenken hinsichtlich der Auswirkungen multinationaler Unternehmen aus Schwellenländern geäußert. Die Expansion chinesischer multinationaler Unternehmen nach Europa und die Belt and Road Initiative ist ein prominentes Beispiel, das Hoffnung geweckt hat, aber auch das Bewusstsein für die langfristigen Auswirkungen geschärft hat. Auf der Grundlage einer systematischen Analyse von Internationalisierungstheorien, der Rolle ausländischer Direktinvestitionen und multinationaler Unternehmen in Verbindung mit eingehender empirischer Forschung anhand von Fallstudien in der Türkei, Russland, Lateinamerika, Asien und Europa befasst sich dieser aktuelle Sammelband mit den Chancen und Bedenken im Zusammenhang mit diesem neuen Trend. Darüber hinaus liefert er neue Erkenntnisse, die für Wissenschaftler, politische Entscheidungsträger, regionale Wirtschaftsagenturen und Studenten sowie für die breite Öffentlichkeit von großer Bedeutung sind. Durch die Konzentration auf die (potenziellen) Auswirkungen der Expansion multinationaler Unternehmen aus Schwellenländern auf Europa und die Einbeziehung einer langfristigen Perspektive bietet das Buch eine neue Sichtweise auf ein äußerst kontroverses Thema.

Globalization and regionalism are two theories in International Relations which are now abuzz. These two terms have impacted the East African Community as a regional integration unit within the African continent. Originally, the EAC only had three member nations and they encountered political turbulence, which disrupted its cohesion in the 1960s and 1970s. The Mediation Agreement gave it a lifeline. Upon its revival, globalization and regionalism implicitly and explicitly became the guiding factors which guided and still guide the ¿new¿ EAC. It now has an expanded membership of seven neighboring nations. The EAC is one of the fastest growing sub-regional economic integration units in Africa and in the world. The analysis extrapolates how globalization and regionalism have impacted the globe and corroborates some factors with what is happening in the EAC sub- region in recent times.

After a synthesis of the main advances in microfinance, the thesis offers an overview of microfinance institutions (MFIs) in developing countries between 2000 and 2009. A study of the sub-Saharan African market is also proposed. It serves as a prelude to the econometric analysis of the determinants of the financial and social performance of MFIs in this region, as well as to the examination of the trade-offs between the two objectives. The model is also estimated with data from Latin America in order to test, among other things, its spatial robustness. The results show that despite strong growth, MFIs remain fragile due to payment delays and low profitability. Moreover, there is no universal microfinance model without regional specificities. The commercialization of the sector is questioned because even if it does not necessarily lead to a deviation from the social mission, it does not improve financial performance. Finally, the sector's wealth comes from its segmentation, while its weakness is due to its lack of organization, with competition resulting in an increase in risks.

This volume presents the Pulitzer Prize coverage ofimportant economical and financial occurrences since theFirst World War. There are, among others, articles about theGerman post-war Reparations Problems, the Great Depression,the Russian Five Year Plan, Canada's upcoming Economy, TheFinancial Crisis of post-Communist Russia, the debacle ofthe American Bank crashes, China's economical successes, andthe Panama Papers exposing the hidden infrastructure andglobal scale of offshore tax havens.Heinz-Dietrich Fischer, EdD, PhD, isProfessor Emeritus at the Ruhr-University of Bochum,Germany.

This book aims to theoretically and empirically enrich the GVC accounting framework with statistical physics and complex network theory from the perspective of econophysics, thus adding up to the existing theories. Besides, it also aims at capturing the essences of network models such as topological complexity, hierarchy, transmissibility, interaction, and causality and reflecting the objective interrelations among economies or between economies and economic systems on the GVC, so as to reveal the inherent evolution of the cross-regional and even global economic systems.

Multinational enterprises have become a main engine of the global economy, technical advancement, and product innovation, playing a pivotal role in the world economy and the global technological revolution. However, MNEs are also often embroiled in financial fraud and corporate scandal which show that MNEs should improve their corporate governance. Meanwhile, as COVID- 19 runs rampant across the world, populism and deglobalisation have resurged, and protectionism and unilateralism are exerting negative impacts on the world economy. Achieving sustainable development in this context is a test of a company's management and governance abilities. How should they be governed? This book will be a useful tool for university research-led teaching and fundamental research in corporate governance theories of MNEs in general, as well as using Chinese case studies as evidence to support our theoretical arguments.

Are you ready to build a profitable online business? This comprehensive e-commerce educational book is the ultimate guide to finding and sourcing products, setting up your store, and marketing to customers. From identifying a profitable niche to managing and growing your business, you'll find everything you need to know to succeed in the e-commerce world.Inside, you'll discover proven strategies and tactics for finding and sourcing products, negotiating with suppliers, setting up a store that converts, and marketing to customers. You'll also learn how to manage and grow your business, including fulfilling orders, handling customer service, and expanding your product line. Here is a preview of what is covered:how to instantly start your own dropshipping business how to open your own store in a matter of minutes how to identify the most lucrative niche markets learn how to choose the best products that fetch a good price how to access hundreds of products without investing in inventoryThis book covers the topic of dropshipping and will teach you everything you need to know about building a successful dropshipping business. You will learn how the dropshipping order fulfillment process works, how to find the perfect niche and products for your dropshipping store and how to find suppliers for your dropshipping business. You will also learn how to set up your store and everything you need to run and scale your dropshipping business.

The current coronavirus pandemic fundamentally reshapes existing debates and processes in international development. The unprecedented (and rapidly evolving) crisis is generating a number of substantial challenges for developing economies. Governments in low-income nations often find it extremely hard to cope with the increased demand for health services, make prompt decisions and put them into action, protect vulnerable segments of society and offer immediate relief to affected economic sectors. This book provides a series of reflective chapters that demonstrate how several areas of international development have been severely affected by the Covid-19 outbreak. It provides an in-depth critical discussion on how the current pandemic influences several development outcomes (in the domains of poverty/inequality, health, education, migration, formal/informal employment, (de)globalisation, the extractive sector, climate change, water and the global financial system). Each chapter draws policy recommendations on relevant interventions that can alleviate the identified negative repercussions of the Covid-19 pandemic, especially for the most vulnerable communities in the Global South.

In 120 Thesen entwickelt das Buch einen konzeptionellen Rahmen mit einer Typologie post-kommunistischer Regime und einer detaillierten Darstellung von idealtypischen Akteuren und den politischen, wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Phänomenen in diesen Regimen. Befreit von den impliziten Annahmen der Mainstream-Demokratisierungstheorie liefert die neue Terminologie ein leicht verwendbares Instrumentarium eindeutiger Ausdrucksmittel, um über den Postkommunismus zu sprechen.