Folkeret: økonomi og handel

These are the WTO's authorized and paginated reports in English. They are an essential addition to the library of all practising trade lawyers and a useful tool for students and academics worldwide working in the field of international economic or trade law. The form of citation for this volume recommended by the WTO is DSR 2019: I-III.

These are the WTO's authorized and paginated reports in English. They are an essential addition to the library of all practising trade lawyers and a useful tool for students and academics worldwide working in the field of international economic or trade law. The form of citation for this volume recommended by the WTO is DSR 2019: I-III.

These are the WTO's authorized and paginated reports in English. They are an essential addition to the library of all practising trade lawyers and a useful tool for students and academics worldwide working in the field of international economic or trade law. The form of citation for this volume recommended by the WTO is DSR 2019: I-III.

"This book addresses the international legal issues surrounding the adoption of secondary sanctions. These controversial measures aim to regulate economic or financial transactions between third states and a target state. The volume takes on board recent evolutions in case-law and practice, such as the drafting of the EU Anti-Coercion Instrument"--

This book assesses the EU legal framework applicable to dairy products obtained through precision fermentation. It maps the authorisation and labelling requirements for these products to be placed on the EU market. It compares these provisions to those governing the food markets in the USA and Singapore, which are considered to be more innovation-friendly. At the time of writing, the precision-fermented dairy sector is still in the developmental phase, with only a few precision-fermented dairy alternatives available on the market, none of which are present in the EU. Regulatory uncertainty has been cited as significant obstacle for food business operators seeking to introduce alternative protein products in the EU. The book confirms these reports, as the current EU regulatory framework presents several legal uncertainties that are challenging for food business operators to overcome. Broadly speaking, there are two authorisation frameworks applicable to dairy products obtained through precision fermentation in the EU. The choice between these frameworks depends on the presence of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) or residues thereof in the final product. If such GMOs or residues are present, the pre-market authorisation procedure is governed by the Genetically Modified Food and Feed Regulation (GMFR). If the final product does not contain any GMOs or residues, it falls under the scope of the Novel Food Regulation (NFR), and the pre-market authorisation procedure is governed accordingly. Both of these authorisation pathways entail high regulatory requirements, which can pose challenges for the development of the precision fermentation sector. Despite the difficulty in accurately classifying products, it is crucial for food business operators to comprehend the applicable legal framework early in the product development process, given that the authorisation paths differ in their standards. In addition to pre-market authorisation requirements, companies must address labelling issues. Food labelling shall provide a basis for consumers to make informed choices in relation to the foods they consume. The primary objective of EU food labelling law is to prevent consumer deception , making it crucial for dairy products and their animal-free alternatives, to adhere to a stringent naming law as stipulated in the Common Market Organisation and specific accompanying legislation. Moreover, it is imperative to consider regulations regarding the use of health and nutrition claims, as well as labels such as ¿vegan¿ or ¿organic¿, etc. Furthermore, the labelling of novel foods and genetically modified foods may necessitate mandatory information specified in the authorisation process. The book serves as a comprehensive guideline for food business operators involved in the production of precision-fermented dairy alternatives, aiding them in navigating the intricate European regulatory landscape.

Die Globalisierung und die damit einhergehende Vernetzung der Märkte führt zu einem steigenden Wettbewerbsdruck für Unternehmen. Mit diesem Globalisierungseffekt geht ein Anstieg des juristischen Regelungsbedarfs einher, so dass die Unternehmen vor der Herausforderung stehen, die rechtlichen Blickwinkel sowohl in ihren strategischen als auch in ihren operativen Entscheidungen mit einzubeziehen. Gerade kleine und mittelständische Unternehmen haben strukturell bedingt meist keine eigene Rechtsabteilung oder juristisches Fachpersonal, auf die sie bei der Bearbeitung solcher Themen zurückgreifen können. Somit stehen Sie vor der Wahl, sich stetig rechtlich beraten zu lassen oder tragen das Risiko von Fehlern und möglichen Bußgeldern, was zu einer Verschlechterung der Wirtschaftlichkeit führen kann. Die Unternehmen übertragen damit den steigenden wirtschaftlichen Druck auch auf den juristischen Sektor, der seine Dienstleistungen immer schneller und kostengünstiger anbieten muss. Gerade der juristische Bereich ist durch die Ressource Mensch geprägt, deren Kapazitäten endlich sind. Dr. Cathleen Hesselbarth zeigt, dass Legal-Tech-Anwendungen eine sinnvolle Ergänzung darstellen können, um den Zwiespalt zwischen begrenzten Ressourcen und immer schneller benötigten Informationen zu verringern und schafft gleichzeitig eine fachübergreifende Verbindung zwischen Wirtschaft und Recht.

This book thoroughly reviews Chinäs participation in the WTO dispute settlement system with a focus on the interaction between Chinäs distinctive institutional characters and international legal regime and an aim of not only revealing the Chinese phenomenon but also identifying the Chinese mode and the rationale that lies behind Chinäs mode change. It further analyzes two fundamental issues China is confronted with. One is the distinctive member status issue of China due to the concurrence of its multiple member status as member state, accessing member state and developing member state. The other is the issue of invoking and applying the special rules of The Protocol on the Accession of China in the WTO dispute settlement. In-depth examination of assorted cases that involve China and representative individual cases thereof, is also provided. Upon the insight into Chinese phenomenon and Chinese issues in the WTO dispute settlement, the book tries to respond to the imminentneed of reforming the WTO dispute settlement regime by providing directions that accord with the regular pattern of evolution of international economic law system and pragmatic suggestions that stem from Chinäs strategic position.This book serves for academics, policymakers, and business practitioners by providing useful insights into the legal, regulatory, and economic issues raised by distinctive character of China in WTO dispute settlement.

"With a diverse range of expert contributors, this collection traces how customary international law is practised in international investment law and arbitration. It considers how custom should be interpreted and how its rules and principles should be understood and applied by investor-state arbitral tribunals. Available as Open Access"--

Dieses Open-Access-Buch behandelt die globale Mindeststeuer für Großkonzerne, auf die sich im Herbst 2021 137 Staaten verständigt haben, die als Mitglieder im Inclusive Framework (IF) on BEPS von G20/OECD an der Reform des internationalen Steuerrechts arbeiten. Das Buch untersucht, ob die Bundesrepublik Deutschland als an der Einigung beteiligtes Mitglied des IF die neuen Regeln, wie sie aus der Einigung vom 8. Oktober 2021 und den Modellregeln vom 20. Dezember 2021 hervorgegangen sind, implementieren kann. Abgestellt wird hierbei auf eine zum Zeitpunkt der Einreichung dieser Arbeit noch diskutierte rein nationale Umsetzung ohne unionsrechtliche Harmonisierungsvorgaben. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden die Regelungen auf ihre Vereinbarkeit mit den Vorgaben des Grundgesetzes, des EU-Rechts und der nach völkerrechtlichen Rechtssätzen verbindlichen Doppelbesteuerungsabkommen überprüft. Unter Berücksichtigung der bislang zu diesen Fragen erschienen Literaturstimmen setzt sich der Autor mit den konkreten Empfehlungen der Modellregeln auseinander und bringt seine eigenen Überlegungen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der deutschen Perspektive ein.

This book is the final study report of the key project of the National Social Science Foundation of China, ¿China and the Reconstruction and Innovation of International Rules in the New Era of Global Value Chain¿. On the basis of a comprehensive analysis of the complex situation of international rule reconstruction and innovation in the new era of the global value chain, this book makes an in-depth and systematic analysis on six types of international rules, namely official export credit rules, international competition rules, cross-border e-commerce and digital trade rules, ISDS, multilateral agreement on investment and international regulatory cooperation. It also introduces the theories and practices of China's engagement in the new round of reconstruction and innovation of international rules.

Das Jahr 2024 kann zu einem Jahr der Entscheidung werden. Die Bundesregierung plant den sog. Pandemievertrag der WHO zu unterschreiben und damit noch nie dagewesene Verpflichtungen einzugehen! Noch ist dieser Vertrag, der nach Willen der Ampelregierung völkerrechtlich bindend werden soll, allerdings lediglich ein Entwurf.Deshalb lohnt sich der Blick auf die inoffizielle, manuell durchgeführte Übersetzung. Bevor es zu spät ist!Das neue Kunstwort der "Infodemie" kann die Meinungsfreiheit zeitweise abschaffen.Der bereits seit Monaten von der umstrittenen WHO fein geschliffene Entwurf (in einer der gültigen Vertragssprachen, Englisch) offenbart inzwischen seinen wahren Kern: Bereits die veröffentlichte Fassung ohne Zusatzprotokolle oder -vereinbarungen enthält Regelungen, die ganz eindeutig dem Grundgesetz widersprechen. (Stand vom 30. Oktober 2023)Wer sich für die Veränderung der Demokratie und der Strukturen interessiert, die die Freiheit in Zukunft verändern werden, der wird Schritt für Schritt durch den Vertragstext aufwachen. Beim Vertragstext habe ich nichts hinzugefügt. Sofern ich als Übersetzer Anmerkungen habe werden diese in eckigen Klammern dargestellt.Wäre dies ein echter Auftrag eines Unternehmens oder einer Behörde, so würde ich gegenüber meinem Auftraggeber auf dem Dienstweg allerdings sofort die Alarmglocken läuten lassen. Dann wären "Interne Revision", die Unternehmensfunktion "Risiko & Compliance" oder der für die Sicherheit zuständige Beamte meine unmittelbaren Ansprechpartner. Ich würde sozusagen "Orange Alert" geben. Da Sie aber als hoffentlich geneigte Leserinnen und Leser meine Auftraggeber sind und ich das Buch für Sie anfertige... geht der Alarm direkt an Sie. Im Vertrag finden sich Wortschöpfungen und Verfahren zur Einschränkungen der Freiheit wie der Begriff der"Infodemie". Und die Verpflichtung von Herstellern bestimmte Anteile der Produktion zwangsweise an die WHO abzutreten und die Übernahme vieler nationale Funktionen der Gewerbeaufsicht und des Verbraucherschutzes. Zudem werden neue, dauerhafte Strukturen etabliert, die nicht nur im seltenen (?) Pandemiefall gelten werden. Es ist der zweitschlechteste Vertragstext, den ich bisher gesehen habe. Mit Nachteilen für den Staat als Ganzes, für Pharmahersteller, Angehörige von Gesundheitsberufen, Patienten....

This book gathers contributions from a broad range of jurisdictions, written by practitioners and academics alike, and offers an unparalleled comparative view of key issues in competition law, intellectual property and unfair competition law, with a specific focus on the use of personal data. The first part focuses on the role of competition law in shaping the digital economy. It discusses the use of personal data, the market power of platforms, the assessment of free services, and more broadly the responsibility of dominant companies in the smooth functioning of the digital economy. In turn, the second part sheds light on how the conduct of influencers, native advertising and the use of AI for marketing purposes can be controlled by the law, focusing on the use of personal data and the impact of behavioral advertising on consumers. In this regard, the book brings together the current legal responses across a number of European and other countries, all summarized and elaborated on in the form of two international reports.The LIDC is a long-standing international association that focuses on the interface between competition law and intellectual property law, including unfair competition issues.

This book critically analyses the availability of environmental counterclaims in investment arbitration presented by the respondent host state against the claimant investor. It starts from the premise that the conflicting relation between investment law and environmental protection cannot always be avoided. Yet, the instrument of environmental counterclaims in investment arbitration might alleviate such relation. Throughout its chapters, this book addresses the questions about the societal and practical relevance of seeking redress for environmental damage in investment arbitration, the functioning of such instrument both in contract-based and treaty-based investment arbitration, the suitability of arbitral tribunals to rule upon environmental issues, and the kind of environmental damages that could be redressed. Most importantly, by deconstructing the requirements of jurisdiction, connection between main claim and counterclaim, and cause of action, this book provides the tools for there-conceptualisation of the instrument of counterclaims with the hope of harnessing its utility to achieve appropriate redress for environmental damages caused by foreign investors.

The book provides an analysis of the emergence, evolution, and transformation of transnational securities regulation and of the influences from and the interactions between global regulatory powers in the field. Combining insights from law and political science, the work employs a two-tier complementary "e;on-the-books"e; and "e;in-action"e; approach. The more classical "e;on-the-books"e; approach draws on scholarship in United States and European Union securities regulation; transnational regulation and global administrative law; regime complexity; global governance studies; and the regulatory production of the International Organisation of Securities Commissions (IOSCO). The law in-action approach leverages the author's experience as Compliance senior professional in a multinational financial institution as well as research interviews with senior IOSCO staff.The author's findings enable the reader to develop an original understanding of IOSCO, its standards, and its unique place in the transnational regulatory arena. They also challenge the doxa that the US are the only driving regulatory power in the securities area when in fact, other regulatory powers are emerging - for the time being, the EU. The balance has shifted and regulatory compromises are achieved at different points in the rule making process.

This book deals with banking integrations, which are now becoming crucial not only because of the increased number of economic integrations, but also in view of the qualitative improvement of such banking integrations. It compares the European Union (EU), as the most successful union, which was able to move from a common financial market to the prime example of banking integration; the Banking Union; and the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) as a relatively young one but with several of the prerequisites for becoming an influential union, and which was established by five countries - the Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Armenia, and the Kyrgyz Republic - in 2015. The key research question is whether the single market in banking services or a banking union is an achievable goal or merely a utopia. In this regard, the book reveals the bottlenecks and obstacles that the EU and EAEU policymakers faced during the difficult process of establishing a single market and banking union. However, along with the problems of banking integration, it identifies many peculiarities of the harmonization of banking legislation among the EU Member States. Recognizing and acknowledging these peculiarities can be very beneficial for young unions and help to guide their integration processes. In particular, the book concludes that evolutionary (not revolutionary) harmonization is required in order for the EAEU to become a full-fledged union.

This book offers a deeper understanding of digitisation and innovative technologies in the financial sector. It focuses on a digital version of sovereignly created money that is accessible to the broad public. This central bank digital currency (CBDC) raises several questions. Will CBDC lead to public surveillance of the citizens? What is digital money in the legal sense? And what is the difference to already existing forms of digital money? This book addresses main questions associated with central bank digital currency by providing background information as well as in-depth analyses.The book introduces a basic understanding of innovative technologies such as the distributed ledger technology. It shows how a system of money can be created and what roles each participant has. Taking an economic point of view, the book demonstrates the monetary policy in the euro area and examines how a digital version of public money could affect the transmission mechanism as well as the financial stability. Could CBDC lead to a "digital bank run"? Could it replace the established financial intermediaries such as banks? What would that mean to the economy?Mainly, the book focuses on the legal issues of CBDC. Which is the competent institution for establishing digital public money? Will digital money change the way of how we handle financial data? Also, the book examines the legal usability of CBDC in the economy. How can digital money based on innovative technologies be transferred in accordance with the law? Can a debtor of a monetary claim flee into the digital currency?This book addresses the public and private sector participants as well as the legislators on how to handle CBDC. Most important, the book addresses everyone interested in digitisation and innovative financial technology who wants to gain a deeper understanding of the next big evolvement of money.

This open access book examines regulating an environment that has no jurisdiction, is fully anonymous and infinitely vast? Welcome to the Metaverse, an online virtual reality that is expected to add billions to the global economy. The Metaverse offers a new type of virtual economy with practically endless business opportunities. The question is how to prevent these opportunities from being abused to commit money laundering and finance terrorism (MLFT).This book explores the current European Union legislation designed to prevent MLFT in connection with the Metaverse. It analyses the legislation in relation to the three traditional stages of MLFT: placement, layering and integration. Furthermore, some additional risks specific to the Metaverse are discussed, such as Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) and the high level of anonymity. The book concludes that the current legislation is not suitable for facing the new challenges of the Metaverse. In turn, the book putsforward a novel approach to regulating and enforcing MLFT legislation: using a system of smart assets equipped with AI to prevent and detect MLFT. In addition, it makes recommendations on how to improve the legal framework with regard to the new challenges arising from the Metaverse. Particular attention is given to creating a legal framework that incorporates the use of smart assets and the Internet of Things, in order to provide a safe environment for potential users and society.With a solid background in financial law and technology, the author successfully creates a novel system of regulation and enforcement that is based on the use of automatic enforcement, whilst keeping sufficient legal safeguards in place for potential Metaverse users.This book will be of interest to anyone interested in the Metaverse. Whether you want to regulate it or open your own virtual business, it¿s a must-read!

The global energy economy is undergoing a profound transformation, yielding several pivotal objectives. Foremost among these is mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and toxic pollutants. Another essential goal involves promoting more sustainable economies, thereby curbing material consumption and reducing our reliance on resource extraction. Further priorities include fostering energy security and economic resilience by reducing dependence on external energy sources. All these aims overlap in one common policy: accelerating the renewable energy capacity deployment. Complementing this paradigm shift is the complete electrification of economic activities and households, resulting in the need to incentivize green electricity generation.In this context, this book undertakes a comprehensive exploration of the regulatory framework underpinning the advancement of green electricity. After reviewing the political and economic dimensions, it offers an exhaustive analysis of ongoing developments in four legal domains: The WTO, EU, Germany, and Turkey.Furthermore, the book presents a legal analysis of the intricate interplay between the WTO and EU law coupled with the German and Turkish models. It focuses on the most topical and relevant issues, including the effect of the ongoing energy crisis on state aid for green electricity in the EU; WTO case law on local content requirement components of the promotion schemes; the intricate legal, economic, and political challenges that accompany Germany¿s Energiewende and its phasing out of coal and nuclear energy; and Turkey¿s regulatory endeavors to bolster its energy self-sufficiency strategy.Following a thorough examination encompassing theoretical, regulatory, and comparative aspects, the book moves beyond the applicable legal framework to make concrete proposals on the future design of green electricity promotion in Germany and Turkey so as to facilitate a rapid but socially equitable energytransition by incentivizing economic efficiency.

This book explains how government procurement became part of the international trading regime. At the core of the system are pledges by governments to allow each other's suppliers to sell to them on an equal footing with their domestic firms. These agreements show how the participants overcame domestic pressures to reserve contracts for their local suppliers. They demonstrate how governments dealt with the competing forces of protectionism and liberalization. The International Procurement System takes the reader on a journey from the development of plurilateral agreements in the World Trade Organization, through bilateral agreements involving the United States, the European Union, and Japan. It looks at what they gained and what they gave up in incorporating procurement into the global trading system.At the center of this story is the United States, an early and strong champion of opening procurement to foreign participation. Yet it has been challenged by pressures to comply with a myriad of domestic laws mandating favoritism for US products. Beginning with the 'America First' policies of the Trump administration and accelerating under President Biden, the US has been pivoting away from its support of liberalization. With waning US leadership, the European Union and other trading parties are demonstrating the benefits of continued expansion of access to procurement, which represents 10 to 15% of a typical country's Gross Domestic Product.After detailing the 40-year development of government procurement's role in global trade, Jean Heilman Grier addresses the challenges and tensions of the international system. China remains outside the system despite its vast procurement market. The US protectionist turn is prompting similar responses by other countries. The EU is adopting trade defense measures to protect its own interests. The International Procurement System concludes that the primary procurement agreement may be destined to remain a club of mostly developed countries.

»Law and Economics in all his facets«: The Festschrift pays tribute to Klaus Mathis' invaluable contribution at the interface of law and economics and constitutes a coherent reference work for the economic analysis of law. Fundamental thoughts on efficiency, justice and interdisciplinarity are followed by contributions in five areas of application of a law and economics perspective: corporate responsibility, environment, digitalization, economic and social policy, and consumer and insurance protection

< p="">This book is a machine-generated literature overview that explores the impact of the World Trade Organization (WTO) on international trade and its development. It looks at international trade before and after 1995 when WTO was established. It highlights the journey of the reciprocity-based reforms under WTO that were expected to help the developing and less developed countries (LDCs) more vis-à-vis their developed counterparts, given the existence of systemic and structural bottlenecks in the latter territories. The enabling steps were further expected to promote exports from developing countries and LDCs in line with their comparative advantage patterns, enhance the wage level and in turn, facilitate development of local population. The book showcases how during the first decade after WTO inception, a considerable progress was made for facilitating exports from the lower and lower-middle income countries through crucial provisions like less than full reciprocity (LTFR), Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), support measures under Aid for Trade, zero duty preferences under Special and Differential Treatment (SDT) and so on. However, the pace of WTO reforms has slowed down in the aftermath of the sub-prime crisis in 2008-09 and subsequent focus on formation of regional trade agreements (RTAs). In particular, in the aftermath of Covid-19, a trend towards de-globalization has been noticed, with considerable ramifications for the development of lower-income countries. In this background, there is a need to analyze how the deepening of trade flows and the subsequent de-globalization waves in the global canvas have traversed different paths in different continents and draw the appropriate lessons for the understanding the trade-development interlinkage therein. With insightful observations from the human editors, this machine-generated overview would be of interest to academicians, policy research community, advisory research community, and students ofinternational trade globally.^

Gelare Matin untersucht das neugefasste Modellgesetze über Mediation im Vergleich einerseits zu dem vorausgehenden Modellgesetz von 2002, andererseits zu der Singapore Convention. Weitere vergleichende Bezüge werden zum UNCITRAL-Modellgesetz über die Internationale Handelsschiedsgerichtsbarkeit von 1985/2006 sowie zum New Yorker Übereinkommmen über die Anerkennung und Vollstreckung ausländischer Schiedssprüche von 1958 gezogen.