Folkeret: humanitære rettigheder

Tredje bind i rækken af Carsten Jensens storsælgende debatbøger. De færreste fødes som flygtninge. Ingen ønsker at dø som flygtning. Alligevel taler vi om flygtninge, som om det var en identitet på linje med dansk, svensk eller tysk. Flygtninge er mennesker, der er blevet tvunget til at bryde med alt, og alligevel har de en bagage med, håb og drømme, ideer om, hvem de er, og hvem de gerne vil være. De er hovedspringere på timetervippen, der håber på vand i bassinet. Tyngdeloven kan man dø af. Derfor må faldet blive en kunstart. Dette er ikke en bog om flygtninge, men om hovedspringere og mennesker på vej.

Ukrainekrigen har medført en dyb splittelse af venstrefløjen. Krigen i Gaza har skabt yderligere splid, der til dels går på tværs af splittelsen fra Ukrainekrigen.Pludseligt slutter fremtrædende venstrefløjsfolk deres fred med NATO, erfarne antimilitarister vil se tanks ved fronten, og unge aktivister demonstrerer for militære sejre. Er der opstået en venstreorienteret krigsbegejstring?I denne tilsyneladende omvendte verden udforsker Peter Wahl motiver, argumentationsmønstre og holdninger.Med udgangspunkt i den tyske debat, argumenterer han for fornuftbaserede, real-politiske analyser, som erstatning for følelsesbaseret moral og dobbeltmoral.Oversat til dansk giver denne lille bog indsigt i debatten om krig og fred, der endnu i Danmark har svære vilkår.

The starting point of this book is the generally shared observation that in violence-torn areas of limited statehood, the civilian population is often subject to deliberate attacks. This violence often escalates to core crimes such as war crimes, crimes against humanity and even genocide. The International Criminal Court (ICC) could potentially deter such crimes. In order to do so, it largely depends on the cooperation of the states on the territory of which alleged core criminals operate. Since such states are often unwilling or unable to cooperate, the book explores whether the ICC could instead seek assistance from international forces such as UN peace support operations, UN-mandated missions, and belligerent occupants.The book covers, on the one hand, the law and practice of the UN Security Council with regard to mandating international forces to arrest and transfer alleged offenders to the ICC or to other international courts. On the other, it addresses to what extent international forces may or must hand alleged offenders over to the ICC, regardless of such mandates. More precisely, the book examines whether the duties to prosecute genocide, torture, enforced disappearance, grave breaches and other war crimes apply extraterritorially and ¿ if so ¿ whether international forces can discharge these duties by transferring suspects to the ICC.At the same time, the book addresses the limitations to such extraterritorial action: firstly, to what extent the prohibition of the use of force and the principle of territorial sovereignty restrict extraterritorial deprivations of liberty and transfer to the ICC. Secondly, it explores the restrictions and permissions that the law of occupation and other norms of international humanitarian law impose on such apprehensions and transfers. Finally, it discusses how international forces can uphold the right to liberty and security as well as the principle of non-refoulementwhen they extraterritorially apprehend ICC suspects. This also reflects the book¿s relevance with regard to the more general debate on the extraterritorial application of human rights.

The proliferation of non-state armed groups and non-international armed conflicts since the end of the Second World War has challenged the legal frameworks which govern conduct in armed conflict. While aspects of international humanitarian law apply to such conflicts, international law can only go part of the way to explaining behaviour by armed groups. This book seeks to refocus discussion on the limits to armed conflict in such settings by examining the norms that underpin international humanitarian law as espoused by these armed groups to give a clearer picture as to the collectively constructed appropriateness of certain behaviours in or limits to warfare. The specific research question is ¿What are the norms of armed conflict as identified by non-state armed groups?¿ Using Winston¿s norm cluster model, this study seeks to examine and map the ideations and behavioural prescriptions that constitute the armed conflict norm cluster as defined by non-state armed groups. To do this,it utilises a qualitative content analysis of documents from non-state armed groups coded to identify the different elements of this norm cluster as well as the frequency, pervasiveness, and connections between these elements. The findings showed that, while international humanitarian law is universal, these norms limiting armed conflict are not, with no norm being seen across all contexts examined. Core norms of international humanitarian law, especially those supported by norm entrepreneurs, were seen to be the focus of sub-clusters and the emergence of new parts of the norm cluster could be observed over time. The findings suggest that further work with the conceptualisation of limits to armed conflict as norms could be useful in improving the embeddedness of norms amongst non-state armed groups and could be useful in reconceptualising limits to armed conflict in cases where broadly accepted norms face growing contestation.

Looking at refugee protection in Latin America, this landmark edited collection assesses what the region has achieved in recent years. It analyses Latin America's main documents in refugee protection, evaluates the particular aspects of different regimes, and reviews their emergence, development and effect, to develop understanding of refugee protection in the region. Drawing from multidisciplinary texts from both leading academics and practitioners, this comprehensive, innovative and highly topical book adopts an analytical framework to understand and improve Latin America's protection of refugees.

This book offers a distinctive approach to the right not to be subjected to enforced disappearance. Over the last decade, the entry into force of the UN Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance has brought to the forefront of legal discussion the need to effectively address the practice of disappearance. Yet, there are still obstacles to combatting it, which are in part due to a limited understanding of the right¿s underlying concept, content and scope.This book examines the phenomenon and definition of enforced disappearance and sheds new light on the right against disappearance. Presenting a doctrinal appraisal of the norm¿s legal value, it suggests that the right against enforced disappearance holds a customary value, while also arguing that it has since attained a jus cogens status. Lastly, it examines in detail the rights to truth and reparation and how regional and national courts have interpreted these norms. It assesses the UN Convention¿s dynamics and considers whether the lack of a right against disappearance embedded in regional human rights systems affects individuals¿ protection.The book provides an overview of key jurisprudence on disappearances, making it of benefit to both practitioners and theorists of international law.

This volume of the Netherlands Yearbook of International Law (NYIL) addresses the question how the assumption that states have a common obligation to achieve a collective public good can be reconciled with the fact that the 195 states of today's world are highly diverse and increasingly unequal in terms of size, population, politics, economy, culture, climate and historical development.  The idea of common but differentiated responsibilities is on paper the perfect bridge between the factual inequality and formal equality of states. The acknowledgement that states can have common but still different - more or less onerous - obligations is predicated on the moral and legal concept of global solidarity.  This book encompasses general contributions on the function and the content of the related principles, chapters that describe and evaluate how the principles work in a specific area of international law and chapters that address their efficiency and broader ramifications, in terms of compliance, free-rider behaviour and shifting balances of power.  The originality of the book resides in the integration of conceptual, comparative and practical dimensions of the principles of global solidarity and common but differentiated responsibilities. The book is therefore highly recommended reading for both academics with a theoretical interest and those working within international organisations. The Netherlands Yearbook of International Law was first published in 1970. It offers a forum for the publication of scholarly articles in a varying thematic area of public international law.

The book rethinks the means of harmonization of prima facie norm conflicts in light of the multitude of international agreements across regimes. The methodology deployed in this book, which is referred to as complementation or complementary application, represents a novel approach by focusing on commonly shared objectives and a unifying ordre public transnational across fields of public international law that allow for a harmonization beyond traditional treaty interpretation. Fields of public international law, mainly the laws of armed conflict, international environmental law, and human rights law, apply simultaneously to questions regarding the environment and war. Such a coexistence challenges the unity of the international legal order, and it also challenges the means of harmonization across fields of public international law. However, eventually, the co-existence of several fields of public international law can result in a refinement of international law and enhanced legal protection. Diversification can also contribute to clarification or normative intensification in areas of parallel application of various fields and multilayered legal protection, demonstrating a counter-option to fragmentation.

This multidisciplinary volume examines the meaning of global conflict and cooperation by international actors that can be caused by dis- or misinformation to people and discusses how to build diplomacy for peace and regional cooperation. The book further identifies boundaries of the relationships among the various governments of the world, transatlantic alliances, international organizations, non-governmental organizations, transnational corporations, and the overall interdependence of nations in the making of the modern world. Topics discussed in this volume include diplomacy, international relations theory, Eurasia politics, European Union, Brexit, Taliban taking over of Kabul government, and the ongoing Afghanistan conflict, terrorism, ISIS and Al Qaeda, international law, international organizations, interstate and intrastate war, threats and challenges, global civil society, religion, and culture. The volume advances contemporary theories and concepts to explain these issues concerning peoples and cultures in the complex world we live in.The book is a must-read for students, researchers, and scholars of international relations, political science, political history, political geography, economics, and law in general, as well as diplomacy, political communication, and security studies in particular.

This is the first book to focus on international efforts to address Syrian chemical weapons issues in an international law context. It provides an overview of the process of control over Syrian compliance/non-compliance with international obligations, including the keys to success in eliminating Syriäs stockpiles and reasons for difficulties in handling multiple uses of toxic chemicals as weapons in domestic armed conflicts. It also addresses collective and unilateral sanctions against Syria outside of international institutional frameworks, and their implications for subsequent cases. Supported by extensive analyses of developments within the OPCW Executive Council and the UN Security Council, this book is recommended for readers seeking insight about chemical weapons issues and dynamism of international law.

This edited volume critically examines the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) as a guiding norm in international politics. After NATO¿s intervention in Libya, against the backdrop of civil wars in Syria and Yemen, and because of the cynical support for R2P by states such as Saudi Arabia, this norm is the subject of heavy criticism. It seems that the R2P is just political rhetoric, an instrument exploited by the powerful states. Hence, the R2P is being challenged. At the same time, however, institutional settings, normative discourses and contestation practices are making it more robust. New understandings of responsibility and the politics of protection are creating new normative spaces, patterns of legitimacy, and norm entrepreneurs, thereby reinforcing the R2P. This book¿s goals are to discuss the R2P¿s roots, institutional framework, and evolution; to reveal its shortcomings and pitfalls; and to explore how it is exploited by certain states. Further, it elaborates on the R2P¿s strength as a norm. Accordingly, the contributions presented here discuss various ways in which the R2P is being challenged or confirmed, or both at once. As the authors demonstrate, these developments concern not only diplomatic communication and political practices within international institutions, but also to normative discourses. Furthermore, the book includes chapters that reevaluate the R2P from a normative standpoint, e.g. by proposing cosmopolitan standards as a guide for states¿ external behavior. Other contributors reassess the historical evidence from U.N. negotiations on the R2P principle, and the productive or restrictive role of institutions. Discussing new issues relating to the R2P such as global and regional power shifts or foreign policy, as well as the phenomenon of authoritarian interventionism under the R2P umbrella, this book will appeal to all IR scholars and students interested in humanitarianism, norms, and power. By analyzing the status quo of the R2P, it enriches and broadens the debate on what the R2P currently is, and what it ought to be.

Invasionen af Ukraine rejser endnu engang spørgsmålet om, hvad det vil sige at være sikker. Kan ’sikkerhed’ løsrives fra klasser, magtrelationer, ulighed, udbytning og de klimaforandringer, der på diabolsk facon opsummerer hele den kapitalistiske verdensorden, der nu er i opbrud? Den vestlige kapitalistiske verdensordens opretholdelse først og fremmest af NATO, men NATO-landene har i årenes løb givet sig selv mandat til at udvide operationsområdet, både kvantitativt- geografisk (Afrika, Mellemøsten, Det indiske Ocean, Stillehavet) og nu også kvalitativt i form af klimaforandringerne og de folkevandringer, de vil give anledning til – ofrene bliver til sikkerhedsproblemer.Der hersker på den europæiske venstrefløj efter Ruslands invasion af Ukraine endog meget modstridende opfattelser af den sikkerhedspolitiske udvikling i Europa efter Murens fald og dermed også af Ukraine-krigens karakter. Redaktionen af denne bog er ingen undtagelse, men vi forsøger at redegøre for det, vi opfatter som to hovedsynspunkter under overskrifterne ’Ukraine har ret til selvbestemmelse og til at forsvare sig’ og ’Stop krigen omgående’.Fordi bogen forsøger at give et i videste forstand ’dansk’ perspektiv, så har Rigsfællesskabet naturligvis en fremtrædende plads for alle tre rigsdele har strategisk betydning, og hvor især Grønlands betydning har ændret sig.Invasionen af Ukraine har stillet venstrefløjen overfor spørgsmål, den ikke kan undgå at svare på: Hvordan ser det venstreorienterede og socialistiske bud på en troværdig sikkerhedspolitik ud? Denne bog kan ikke give færdige svar, men kan forhåbentligt med sine bud på en sikkerhedspolitik, sine faktuelle oplysninger og sin dokumentation kvalificere den nødvendige debat og eftertanke på venstrefløjen.

This book aims to determine UNESCO's capability to facilitate heritage protection measures pre-conflict, emergency response measures during conflict and reconstruction efforts post-conflict. The book employs document analysis to ascertain UNESCO's legal obligations when it comes to facilitating cultural heritage protection in its Member States' territories in the condition of armed conflict, while drawing comparisons with the reality of the organisation's presence and involvement in Yemen, Syria and Iraq. This study maps shifts in UNESCO's level of communication with each country's respective government and civil authorities; allocation of financial, human and material resources; and implementation of heritage safeguarding and reconstruction initiatives. Both quantitative and qualitative data shows UNESCO to exhibit great inequity in engagement, at times, closing communications entirely with Syria, due to the political standpoints of other UNESCO Member States. This politicalgridlock is often shown to result in the organisation overstating its ability to safeguard or restore heritage, with promises not being followed up with action. Since 2015, UNESCO has expressed a stronger intent to be a key player in heritage protection during armed conflict, however as long as cultural heritage protection is not considered a humanitarian concern, UNESCO will not be able to circumvent much of the political and bureaucratic barriers facing intergovernmental organisations during conflict, which prevent emergency action from being implemented. In order to ensure heritage safeguarding is permitted during periods of significant unrest, regardless of political discord, it is crucial that UNESCO promote a people-centred approach to its cultural heritage protection initiatives. This book evidences that focusing on livelihoods and meaningful and practical connections between populations and their local heritage to be UNESCO's optimal methodological approach forjustifying cultural heritage protection as a humanitarian necessity. The book's readership includes academics, researchers, and practitioners in the fields of political science, law and heritage studies.

Said Al-Wahid har altid sit pas på sig, selv når han skal i supermarkedet. På vej hjem fra en oplæsning får han besked om, at hans mor ligger for døden, og derfor rejser han for første gang i årevis tilbage til sit hjemland, Irak.Jo tættere Said kommer på sin familie i Bagdad, jo dybere stikker hans erindringer. De bevæger sig tilbage til årene før hans ankomst til Tyskland, til de måneder, han tilbragte på flugt gennem Afrika og mod Europa, og helt tilbage til øjeblikke fra hans barndom i Irak.Men hvilke erindringer gør os til dem, vi er? Hvilke minder mangler, hvilke er forvrængede, og hvilke er det pure opspind? Said ved det ikke længere, og måske er det årsagen til, han overhovedet er i live.Erindringsforfalskeren er en bevægende og poetisk roman, som rummer et helt liv. Bogen er skrevet af Abbas Khider, der blev født i Bagdad i 1973. Som 19-årig blev han fængslet på grund af sine politiske aktiviteter. Efter sin løsladelse flygtede han fra Irak og opholdt sig efterfølgende i flere forskellige lande, inden han i år 2000 bosatte sig i Tyskland, hvor han har studeret litteratur og filosofi. Hans romaner har modtaget adskillige priser og opnået stor international anerkendelse. Med udgivelsen af Erindringsforfalskeren er det første gang, man kan læse Khider i dansk oversættelse.

This book is a practical guide for advocates interested in the representation of victims before the International Criminal Court (ICC). It has been developed by experts responsible for the advocacy training of the International Criminal Court's List of Counsel members. Written in a readily accessible style, this guide provides a firm grounding in relevant legal doctrine, essential advocacy techniques and valuable multidisciplinary perspectives. Drawing upon global expertise from legal practitioners, specialist advocacy trainers and multi-disciplinary writers, this book addresses both practical considerations and key challenges faced by ICC victim advocates. These include issues such as gender, child victims, victims of sexual violence, special need victims and victims who are themselves implicated in international crimes. Through its practical focus on advocacy techniques, hypothetical case studies, checklists, interviews from the field and lists of further resources, this manual equips readers with the knowledge and skills necessary to engage in sophisticated ICC victim advocacy. This book will also appeal to those interested in the workings of International Criminal Law and in victim advocacy and victimology more broadly.

This edited book examines the role of interpreting in conflict situations, bringing together studies from different international and intercultural contexts, with contributions from military personnel, humanitarian interpreters and activists as well as academics. The authors use case studies to compare relevant notions of interpreting in conflict-related scenarios such as: the positionality of the interpreter, the ethical, emotional and security implications of their work, the specific training needed to carry out work for military and humanitarian organizations, and the relations of power created between the different stakeholders. The book will be of interest to students and scholars of translation and interpreting, conflict and peace studies, as well as conflict resolution and management.

Emigrierte jüdische Juristen, Historiker, Archivare und Aktivisten und ihre individuellen Zugänge zum humanitären Völkerrecht.Emigrierte jüdisch-europäische Juristen waren im 20. Jahrhundert wichtige Träger eines rechtlichen Internationalismus und interkultureller Konzepte im Völkerrechtsdenken, die teilweise in die Nachkriegsdiskurse einflossen, vielfach aber auch vergessen oder anden Rand gedrängt wurden. Der interdisziplinäre Band konzentriert sich auf eine Reihe internationaler Juristen, Historiker, Archivare und Aktivisten und deren individuelle Zugänge zum humanitären Völkerrecht. Mit Hilfe eines biografischen Zugangs werden subjektive Erfahrungen wie akademische Sozialisation, ideologische und religiöse Überzeugungen, soziale Marginalisierung, politische bzw. rassistische Verfolgung und erzwungene Auswanderung in den Blick genommen. Zudem wird danach gefragt, inwiefern sich solche Erfahrungen in Vorstellungen von Universalismus und Partikularismus, Kosmopolitismus und Souveränität, nationaler Selbstbestimmung, Staatsbürgerschaft und Staatenlosigkeit, kollektiven Minderheitenrechten und individuellen Menschenrechten niederschlugen.Der Band erscheint vollständig in englischer Sprache.Jewish émigré lawyers, historians, archivists and activists and their individual approaches to International Humanitarian Law.Jewish-European émigré lawyers in the twentieth century were important agents of legal internationalism and served as carriers of intercultural concepts of international legal thought; concepts, which fed into postwar discourses, but were also often forgotten or marginalized. This interdisciplinary volume focusses on a range of international lawyers, historians, archivists and activists and their individual approaches towards International Humanitarian Law. It uses a biographical lens to analyze the impact of subjective experiences like academic socialization, ideological and religious viewpoints (Weltanschauung), social marginalization, political and racial persecution, and forced emigration. Moreover, it investigates the extent to which the emigrants' experiences shaped typical notions of twentieth century politics and law, such as universalism and particularism, cosmopolitanism and sovereignty, national self-determination, citizenship and statelessness, collective minority rights, and individual human rights.

”Bogen lykkes med at forene dokumentarisme og kunst” Danwatch ”Graversen blevet en stærkere og stærkere stemme i flygtninge- og migrationsdebatten” POV InternationalMorialejren på Lesbos var Europas største flygtningelejr, indtil den i 2020 brændte ned til grunden. Gennem fem år har dokumentarist Michael Graversen besøgt lejren, og med bogen ønsker han at sætte et mindesmærke over det største humane svigt i Europa siden Anden Verdenskrig.Moria in memoriam er fortalt i ord og billeder af Michael Graversen med inddragelse af beretninger fra beboere og frivillige NGO'er, han gennem årene har mødt i lejren.