International ret: transnational handel og international handelsret

Das vorliegende Jahrbuch umfasst die Leitartikel der EuZ ¿ Zeitschrift für Europarecht aus dem Jahr 2023. Die EuZ berichtet im nunmehr 25. Jahrgang über die jüngsten Entwicklungen im Recht der EU sowie über die Beziehungen der Schweiz zur EU. Im Rahmen wissenschaftlicher Beiträge analysieren renommierte Expertinnen und Experten aktuelle Rechtsfragen in allen wirtschaftsrelevanten Bereichen des EU-Rechts.

Seminar paper from the year 2014 in the subject Business economics - Trade and Distribution, grade: 1,7, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, language: English, abstract: After oil was discovered in the late 19th century, oil prices were primarily determined first by the major petroleum companies and then by the oil-exporting nations, who joined forces in the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). In the 1960s, the market-oriented pricing system was adopted and since then oil prices are primarily formed by supply and demand. Oil prices are characterized by permanent price fluctuations. Especially rapid price rises and longer-term fluctuations are at the focus of many scientific work.Because oil is an indispensable resource for the global economy, the question arises after the economic impacts of such price developments. While oil- exporting countries benefit from strong price rises, oil- importing countries, with emerging countries leading the way, are negatively affected. The interplay of these opposite effects and the global economic situation are crucial for the net effect on global economy.

Seminar paper from the year 2012 in the subject Business economics - Business Management, Corporate Governance, grade: 1,7, University of Applied Sciences Paderborn, language: English, abstract: The goal and purpose of this paper is to describe the necessity and functionality of emission trading. Furthermore, it illustrates the basic procedure of emission trading and explains its general parts, in order to be able to evaluate the efficiency of emission trading and emphasize its critical aspects.Firstly, this paper explains the basic principles of emission trading, initially special terms and definitions. Then chapter two continues to clarify why emission trading exists and why its importance constantly rises. After that, chapter three deals with important boundary conditions. Chapter four contains the functionality of emission trading and its corresponding procedures. The term paper ends up with a brief conclusion, including a little forecast for the near future.

The harmonisation of private commercial law and the application of the various instruments of harmonisation are becoming increasingly complex. New formal or informal means of harmonisation are added to the panorama of harmonisation instruments and new actors, be it at global, regional or national level, are introduced as well. Regional harmonisation sets its footprint both internally and externally. Innovative (or reintroduced) methods and phenomena for the harmonisation of commercial law have been suggested. Still, the most important and dominant means of harmonisation are the traditional multilateral conventions, the flexibility of which have been improved by different types of reservations and review and/or revision clauses. Taken together, the harmonisation process with its various and different means constitutes a circle of law harmonisation, in which circle there is an interaction between, and reciprocal influence of, all the various formal or informal means of harmonisation. This book analyses the process of law harmonisation with the focus on choices, limits and consequences. It takes into account means, methods, role of old and new actors, principles of interpretation and gap-filling, impact of judicial bodies and their lawfinding and possible law-making function. An important issue, which transcends the work, is how to strike the balance between the harmonisation by formal means of legislation and the creative law-making role of jurisprudence and doctrine in order to accommodate the promotion of a dynamic and continued progress in the harmonisation, the necessary degree of predictability and legal certainty, and a clear distinction from the otherwise non-harmonised applicable national law.