Epidemiologi og medicinsk statistik

This book is a comprehensive and practical introduction of clinical epidemiology for students and practitioners. It covers both the basic principles and concepts of clinical epidemiology as well as its applications in various medical disciplines.It covers how to design, conduct, and interpret clinical studies using methods such as bias analysis, confounding control, causality assessment, diagnosis evaluation, prognosis prediction treatment comparison, and meta-analysis in this book. It also introduces how to apply these skills to real-world scenarios through case studies and examples that provide a fresh perspective on familiar topics. This book is a useful textbook for graduate and undergraduate students in medical schools, including MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery) student.

This book is a compact clinical introduction to Lyme borreliosis for physicians of all specialties who care for patients with suspected B. burgdorferi infection, whether in hospital or general practice. The book provides a great deal of practice-oriented information on symptomatology, diagnosis, treatment, and prophylaxis with a special emphasis on the situation in Europe. At the same time, it describes contemporary scientific knowledge in as much detail as is required in order to understand the pathogenetic relationships and their relevance to medical care. The authors are members of an interdisciplinary expert group of epidemiologists, biologists, microbiologists, and clinicians who have been working in the area of tick-borne diseases for many years. The personal experience of each of the authors, accumulated through their daily work with patients in special clinics or by confrontation with complicated questions in basic research, epidemiology, and laboratory diagnostics of Lyme borreliosis, represents an important mainstay of the book. Written from the perspective of clinical management and practical problem-solving, this topical monograph will assist clinicians in meeting diagnostic challenges and providing appropriate medical aid to patients with Lyme borreliosis.

"Crisis has a way of laying bare our truest selves: who we trust, which principles and impulses we heed, whose lives we deem expendable. As it ravaged millions of lives, the COVID-19 pandemic revealed and accentuated the dividing lines that had already, for decades, splintered American public life. Against the backdrop of the 2020 presidential election, misinformation regimes, and the transformation of the facemask into a flagrant political symbol, ... sociologist Eric Klinenberg takes careful inventory of how the U.S. and other nations handled the extraordinary challenges of that seminal year. Any autopsy searches for causes, and in this book, Klinenberg uses seven people's ... reflections to examine how communities across the globe reckoned with the profound tragedy and loss of 2020--and how they built networks of solidarity in an attempt to survive"--

Covid-19 has hit the world unprepared, as the deadliest pandemic of the century. Governments and authorities, as leaders and decision makers fighting against the virus, enormously tap on the power of AI and its data analytics models for urgent decision supports at the greatest efforts, ever seen from human history. This book showcases a collection of important data analytics models that were used during the epidemic, and discusses and compares their efficacy and limitations.Readers who from both healthcare industries and academia can gain unique insights on how data analytics models were designed and applied on epidemic data. Taking Covid-19 as a case study, readers especially those who are working in similar fields, would be better prepared in case a new wave of virus epidemic may arise again in the near future.

The disability-adjusted life year (DALY) is a generic measure of health effect that can be used in cost-effectiveness analysis as an alternative to the quality-adjusted life year (QALY). Infectious diseases are one of the major to cause significant losses of DALY and QALY. Human infectious diseases are disorders that are triggered by the micro-organisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, or parasites. The majority of such diseases are contagious and create a public health menace. There are several reasons why infectious diseases are deadly diseases, and one of the primary reasons is the drug resistance developed over time. Drug resistance-associated mutations are linked to increasing drug efflux, modifications of the drugs, or their targets. Every year, new drugs are being approved by FDA to treat infectious diseases. Nonetheless, the infectious diseases will undoubtedly persist as permanent and main threats to humanity for now and in the future.A total of four books are covered under the series of Infectious drug diseases.- Malarial drug delivery systems- Tubercular drug delivery systems- Viral drug delivery systems- Infectious disease drug delivery systemsInfectious diseases are the world¿s greatest killers that present one of the most significant health and security challenges. Humans have lived with emerging and re-emerging pathogens since before the documented history of civilization. The only determining fact today is - If the situation is ¿worse¿ or ¿better¿ than in past. The answer is probably ¿worse¿, may be due significant increase in human population, increased cross-continent mobility, imbalanced (stressed) life style, irregular food habits leading to compromised innate immunity and over or under practiced hygiene routine. When the incidence of such a disease in people increases over 20 years or threatens to increase, it is called an ¿emerging¿ disease, and a growing number have made watch lists andheadlines in nearly every country -like highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Ebola virus, food- and waterborne illnesses, and a range of antimicrobial-resistant bacterial diseases TB. This book addresses current and new therapy developments in treating such infectious diseases, updates on finding new drugs, identification of innovative diagnostic methods, understanding of disease research models and clinical trials performances of new treatment modalities.Audiences from a broad range of groups, from researchers, academicians, and public health bodies to regulatory experts, can benefit from the compiled information to learn more about patient needs and current research advances in the field of infectious diseases and related research.

The ability to analyze and interpret enormous amounts of data has become a prerequisite for success in allied healthcare and the health sciences. Now in its 11th edition, Biostatistics: A Foundation for Analysis in the Health Sciences continues to offer in-depth guidance toward biostatistical concepts, techniques, and practical applications in the modern healthcare setting. Comprehensive in scope yet detailed in coverage, this text helps students understand-and appropriately use-probability distributions, sampling distributions, estimation, hypothesis testing, variance analysis, regression, correlation analysis, and other statistical tools fundamental to the science and practice of medicine.  Clearly-defined pedagogical tools help students stay up-to-date on new material, and an emphasis on statistical software allows faster, more accurate calculation while putting the focus on the underlying concepts rather than the math. Students develop highly relevant skills in inferential and differential statistical techniques, equipping them with the ability to organize, summarize, and interpret large bodies of data. Suitable for both graduate and advanced undergraduate coursework, this text retains the rigor required for use as a professional reference.

The ¿Integrated Science of Global Epidemics¿ is the new proposed volume of Integrated Science Book series, aiming to publish the results of the most updated ideas and reviews on Global Epidemics. The whole world is suffering from complex problems, border less problems and global solution should be developed. The Integrated Science of Global Epidemics aims to highlight the combination of different disciplines, including formal sciences, physical-chemical sciences and engineering, biological sciences, medical sciences, and social sciences, to deal with complex problems such as global epidemics. This contributed volume could be used as guidelines for the entire scientific community and policy makers to successfully face these global threats.Chapter 27 is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

Die Beiträge der Wissenschaft in der Corona-Krise waren vielfältig. Sie reichten von der Impfstoffentwicklung über Aerosolforschung bis hin zu Modellierungen. Es gab viele Erfolgsmeldungen. Virologen wurden zu Medienstars. Wissenschaft, Politik und Medien sprachen zeitweise mit einer Stimme ¿ ein Siegeszug der Wissenschaftskommunikation? Es gab aber auch überzogene Versprechungen, dünnhäutige Reaktionen bei Kritik und Einseitigkeit in der Politikberatung ¿ ein kommunikatives Desaster für Wissenschaft, Politik und Medien?Dieses Sachbuch möchte die Diskussion zur Corona-Kommunikation in Wissenschaft, Politik und Medien anregen. Es basiert auf Fallstudien, die aus verschiedenen Perspektiven beleuchtet werden, ordnet Beispiele entlang der Kriterien etablierter Wissenschaftsorganisationen ein und formuliert Fragen an die künftige Wissenschaft und ihre Kommunikation.Ist dies eine Studie, Materialsammlung oder Streitschrift? Alles. Aber hauptsächlich ein Plädoyer: Gegen unantastbare Wahrheiten, Meinungshomogenisierung und Ausgrenzung. Für Transparenz, Pluralität und Dialog in Wissenschaft und Kommunikation.

Red light therapy is a natural and 100% safe treatment that works by emitting special wavelengths that stimulate the mitochondria in cells to produce ATP, which is essential to build collagen. Once the light is absorbed by the skin, it produces light energy which is then converted to cell energy that is responsible for growing fiber cells, tissue & collagen. It increases skin elasticity and helps to naturally rejuvenate. This natural treatment is backed by several scientific studies and has been proven to be effective to treat certain skin conditions and improve overall health. Here are just a few things you will get out of this book: What is Red Light Therapy and whether or not you should use itAll possible benefits of Red Light TherapyInstructions on how to use red light therapy at YOUR OWN HOME10 reasons why you should use Red Light TherapyMost common mistakes while using Red Light TherapyKey Preparation before and during the therapy you need to know aboutMany Many more...In the same way that many people are shifting towards non-invasive, holistic treatments for illness, animal owners are increasingly open to alternative therapies for their beloved pets.Red light therapy works on animals in much the same way that it works on humans. Nearly all forms of life benefit from red and near-infrared light exposure when it is administered in a sustained manner over time.

The Covid pandemic has led us into an upheaval that has made us question the certainties underlying what it means to be a human being in our age; the ability to control medical and social facts through evidence. For the first-time western and developed countries have had to confront what many populations from the developing world (Africa. Latin America, etc) face on a daily basis with HIV and Ebola, etc. The Interconnectedness of Globalization has been the real disseminating catalyst of COVID 19, and many scientists wonder if this virus is the result of the Anthropocene age, with its indisputable lack of respect for the natural ecosystems.  The virus has demonstrated that our frailty is only skin deep, and it has not only brought death, despair, but it has broken our interdependency as human beings, by imposing self- isolation as well as creating new ways of connections so that safety cannot imply loneliness. In this book, the coping strategies that originate from the multiple languages of care such as narrative, literature, science, philosophy, art, digital science are shown not only as reflective tools to promote health but also wellbeing amongst carers, patients, students, and citizens of our planet Earth. These strategies should be supported by the decision makers since they are low-cost investments necessary to make the health care system work. They however require a change of cultural paradigm. This book is a useful toolkit for patients, citizens and care services physicians who want to learn more on how to live better with this new world.  

This book reviews and discusses future opportunities and tools for emerging challenges in HIV/ADS control. Although significant progress has been made in the prevention, control, and care of HIV/AIDS, challenges continue to emerge. Over six sections, the book discusses a myriad of subjects, including obstacles to treatment, risk factors, demographics, testing, comorbidities, mental health, and much more.

Even though knowledge about the impact of the pandemic on mental health is still very limited in all countries and is largely based on experiences only partially comparable to the current epidemic, such as those of the SARS or Ebola epidemics, it is likely that the need for intervention will increase significantly in the coming months and years. Scientific research in neuroscience is a growing field. It offers a novel perspective on the relationship between mind and brain and provides novel scenarios for understanding the long wave of the current pandemic. Furthermore, the pandemic has also led to the possibility of implementing remote monitoring and management interventions. This volume uses multidisciplinary approaches to physiological and cognitive mechanisms, medical treatment, psychosocial interventions, and self-management to help illustrate the complex association among the COVID-19 pandemic, neurological manifestations, mental health, and society.

The disability-adjusted life year (DALY) is a generic measure of health effect that can be used in cost-effectiveness analysis as an alternative to the quality-adjusted life year (QALY). Infectious diseases are one of the major to cause significant losses of DALY and QALY. Human infectious diseases are disorders that are triggered by the micro-organisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, or parasites. The majority of such diseases are contagious and create a public health menace. There are several reasons why infectious diseases are deadly diseases, and one of the primary reasons is the drug resistance developed over time. Drug resistance-associated mutations are linked to increasing drug efflux, modifications of the drugs, or their targets. Every year, new drugs are being approved by FDA to treat infectious diseases. Nonetheless, the infectious diseases will undoubtedly persist as permanent and main threats to humanity for now and in the future, primarily due to increased longevity that almost always comes at a cost of impaired immunity.A total of four books are covered under the series of Infectious drug diseases.- Malarial drug delivery systems- Tubercular drug delivery systems- Viral drug delivery systems- Infectious disease drug delivery systemsThe third volume of series is focused on viral drug delivery systems. Typically, virus attaches to the cells (referred as host cell) and releases its DNA or RNA inside the cell. In second stage, virus¿s genetic material takes control of the cell and forces it to replicate the virus leading to onset of disease symptoms. DNA class of viruses include Herpes, Papilloma and Adeno viruses. RNA class of viruses include retroviruses, such as HIV immunodeficiency virus and SARS COV ¿ 2 / Corona virus. This book addresses recent developments in viral drug delivery systems. It covers many different aspects of viral infections, ways to treat them using modern drug delivery systems like nano particulate carriers. The choice of viral delivery systems mainly depends upon the type of virus, duration of life cycle, presence of drug resistance, cellular and mucosal interaction of virus, accordingly gene or non-gene drug delivery systems are selected. Besides that, this book also reports global dynamics of viral diseases, future predictions of infection rate, current treatment options, details of drug carriers like nanoemulsions, polymeric nanoparticles, role of biofunctionalization, and phyto-molecules in treatment of viral infections particularly herpes, Covid-19, Ebola, HIV/AIDS, influenza and viral hepatitis.Audiences from a broad range of groups, from researchers, academicians, and public health bodies to regulatory experts, can benefit from the compiled information to learn more about patient needs and current research advances in the field of viral drug delivery research.

This textbook offers a comprehensive theory of medical decision making under uncertainty, combining informative test theory with the expected utility hypothesis. The book shows how the parameters of Bayes' theorem can be combined with a value function of health states to arrive at informed test and treatment decisions. The authors distinguish between risk neutral, risk averse and prudent decision makers and demonstrate the effects of risk preferences on physicians' decisions. They analyze individual tests, multiple tests and endogenous tests where the test result is determined by the decision maker. Finally, the topic is examined in the context of health economics by introducing a trade-off between enjoying health and consuming other goods, so that the extent of treatment and thus the potential improvement in the patient's health become endogenous.

This book tackles the difficult challenge of uncovering the pathogenic cause, epidemiological mechanics and broader historical impacts of an extremely deadly third-century ancient Roman pandemic. The core of this research is embodied in a novel systems synthesis methodology that allows for ground-breaking historical-scientific problem-solving. Through precise historical and scientific problem-solving, analysis and modelling, the authors piece together a holistic puzzle portrait of an ancient plague that is fully consistent, in turn, with both the surviving ancient evidence and the latest in cutting edge twenty-first-century modern medical and molecular phylogenetic science. Demonstrating the broader relevance of the crisis-beset world of the third-century Roman Empire in providing guiding and cautionary historical lessons for the present, this innovative book provides fascinating insights for students and scholars across a range of disciplines.

This book outlines essential elements of the evaluation of health surveillance within the One Health concept. It provides an introduction to basic theoretical notions of evaluation and vividly discusses related challenges. Expert authors cover the entire spectrum of available, innovative methods, from those for system process evaluations to methods for the economic evaluation of the surveillance strategies. Each chapter provides a detailed description of the methodology required and the tools available as illustrated by practical examples of animal health or One Health surveillance evaluations in both developed and developing countries.Targeting not only scientists, including epidemiologists, but also technical advisers of decision-makers, the present work is suitable for the evaluation of any type of health surveillance system - animal, human or combined - regardless of the socio-economic context. The volume is richly equipped with practical tools and examples, which enables the reader to apply the methods described. Increasing importance of health surveillance, and threats from disease outbreaks such as the coronavirus pandemic, underline the practical relevance of this work, which will fill an important gap in the literature.

Tuberculosis have been documented since antiquity and the search of the microbes that cause this disease started more than three hundred years ago. Nevertheless, tuberculosis remains an important global health issue, with millions of people affected per year in addition to millions that remain undiagnosed and untreated. Patients with tuberculosis face the full range of recurrence, reinfection, and resistance due to diagnostic, prophylactic, and therapeutic procedures that are not as effective as they should be. In addition, variability in susceptibility to tuberculosis pose a complex problem with numerous interrelated variables. This volume is devoted to the understanding of Tuberculosis focusing on its heterogeneity, its transmission, manifestations, related conditions, diagnosis, treatments, drug resistance and prevention.

Over the last thirty years or so, there have been tremendous advancements in the area of geospatial health; however, somehow, two aspects have not received as much attention as they should have received. These are a) limitations of different spatial analytical tools and b) progress in making geospatial environmental exposure data available for advanced health science research and for medical practice. This edited volume addresses those two less explored areas of geospatial health with augmented discussions on the theories, methodologies and limitations of contemporary geospatial technologies in a wide range of applications related to human well-being and health. In 20 chapters, readers are presented with an up-to-date assessment of geospatial technologies with an emphasis on understanding general geospatial principles and methodologies that are often overlooked in the research literature. As a result, this book will be of interest to both newcomers and experts in geospatial analysis and will appeal to students and researchers engaged in studying human well-being and health. Chapters are presenting new concepts, new analytical methods and contemporary applications within the framework of geospatial applications in human well-being and health. The topics addressed by the various chapter authors include analytical approaches, newer areas of geospatial health application, introduction to unique resources, geospatial modeling, and environmental pollution assessments for air, water and soil.Although geospatial experts are expected to be the primary readers, this book is designed in such a way so that the public health professionals, environmental health scientists and clinicians also find it useful with or without any familiarity with geospatial analysis.

This volume investigates mediated lives and media narratives during the COVID-19 pandemic, with a focus on Asia. It shows how the pandemic has created an unprecedented situation in this globalized world marked by many disruptions in the social, economic, political and cultural lives of individuals and communities - creating a 'new normal'.

The book seeks to explore the documented history of pandemics and various epidemics which have the potential of turning into pandemics with the warming climate, pollution, and environmental destruction

This book explores the extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic is poised to be a permanent fixture in the modern world which in contemporary times will be thought of in terms of before and after the pandemic. It looks at how the pandemic has brought to the fore the question of the appropriate ethics, politics, and spirituality and highlights the present condition of humanity and the need to rethink alternative planetary futures. It argues that the pandemic has existential and epistemic implications for human life on planet Earth, and a post-COVID-19 future requires a fundamental transformation of the present economic, political, and social conditions.Drawing on empirical case studies on the COVID-19 pandemic from Africa and beyond, contributions in this book challenge the reader to rethink alternative planetary futures. It will be a useful resource for students, scholars, and researchers of African studies, citizenship studies, global development, global politics, human geography, migration studies, development studies, international studies, international relations, and political science.

This book is intended for anyone who is considering a career in statistics or a related field, or those at any point in their career with sufficient work time remaining such that investing in additional learning could be beneficial. As such, the book would be suitable for anyone pursing an MS or PhD in statistics or those already working in statistics. The book focuses on the non-statistical aspects of being a statistician that are crucial for success. These factors include 1) productivity and prioritization, 2) innovation and creativity, 3) communication, 4) critical thinking and decisions under uncertainty, 5) influence and leadership, 6) working relationships, and 7) career planning and continued learning. Each of these chapters includes sections on foundational principles and a section on putting those principles into practice. Connections between these individual skills are emphasized such that the reader can appreciate how the skills build upon each other leading to a whole that is greater than the sum of its parts. By including the individual perspectives from other experts on the fundamental principles and their application, readers will have a well-rounded view on how to build upon and fully leverage their technical skills in statistics. The primary audience for the book is large and diverse. It will be useful for self-study by virtually any statistician, but could also be used as a text in a graduate program that includes a course on careers and career development.Key Features:Takes principles proven to be useful in other settings and applies them to statisticians and statistical settings.FocusedConciseAccessible to all levels, from grad students to mid-later career statisticians.

The book is an overview of a vital Orthopedics topic, avascular necrosis (AVN) of the hip. It encompasses all the aspects of this disease in terms of etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, staging, and treatment. It covers the recent advances and evidence-based approaches to diagnosis and management, with easy to understand tables and pictures. This book is a comprehensive guide with chapters on presentation and examination of such a case with knowledge about frequently asked questions. Included multiple-choice questions on the topic will further aid in revision and recapitulation. This book is a helpful tool for Senior Residents, faculty members in teaching institutions as well as practicing Orthopedic surgeons all across the globe. Knowing how to examine, diagnose and manage a case of AVN hip is a must for any Orthopedic surgeon, and they have to be aware of all recent advances without fail. This book is on a topic which is a ¿must keep¿ clinical case in all Orthopedic exit exams; encapsulated with every nuance of the disease, it will be beneficial across all the career stages of Orthopedic surgeons.

Memoir of disease detective.When Mark White quit his job as head bubonic plague epidemiologist at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and fell in love with a beautiful Filipina, he had no idea they'd find themselves traveling the world training teams to fight epidemics and natural disasters, including Ebola virus, cholera, typhoid, malaria, AIDS, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions. They supervised evacuees from a giant volcanic eruption and earthquakes.Along the way, they lived through six military coups, a murder plot, and a near-fatal electrocution.Eventually, Mark returned to CDC to become Director of the Division of International Health.