Muskelsygdomme og knoglesygdomme

Skeletal muscles are organs found in the vertebrate muscular system that are usually connected to skeleton bones through tendons. It is the most abundant tissue in the human body and it is longer than other muscle tissues. It also has a strong innate ability to repair tissue damage occurred through an accident or degenerative illnesses, like muscular dystrophy, and regenerate new muscle fibers. Satellite cells and myogenic progenitors located between the muscle fiber membrane and the basal lamina are primarily responsible for regeneration. Skeletal muscles have the ability to regenerate and repair themselves following a trauma in a sophisticated and well-organized manner. This process requires the existence of varied cell populations, the up and down regulation of different gene expressions, along with the involvement of numerous growth agents. The topics in this book on the regeneration of skeletal muscles are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective in this area of orthopedics.

Biomechanics refers to the study of the motion, structure and function of the mechanical components of biological systems. This can span various levels, from whole organisms to cell organelles, organs and cells by utilizing the methods of mechanics. Sports biomechanics involves quantitative study and analysis of sports activities and professional players. It includes a thorough analysis of sport movements to reduce the risk of injury and enhance athletic performance. The laws of mechanics are used in biomechanics for gaining a better understanding of the athletic performance through computer simulation, mathematical modeling and measurement. Biomechanics facilitates sports players to work on various areas, such as enhancing running technique to improve efficiency or speed, enhancing vehicle aerodynamics and enhancing swimming technique to maximize propulsion. This book contains some path-breaking studies in sports biomechanics. It aims to shed light on the researches focused on optimizing human performance through the application of the principles of sports biomechanics. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Bone diseases refer to a group of diseases or injuries that affect human bones, which lead to abnormalities of the human skeletal system. Abnormal stress on bone, metabolic bone diseases, deficient blood supply to bone, bone tumor, infectious diseases of bone and fractures are a few major types of bone diseases. Lack of physical activity has a profound impact on the bone tissue because of lower level of mechanical stimulus that aids in bone formation. Metabolic bone diseases are a result of inadequate supply of amino acids for the production of collagen, calcium and phosphate. There are several therapeutic and corrective measures to treat bone diseases. One such measure is anthroplasty that helps in restoration of normal joint motion in rheumatoid arthritis of the elbow or hip. Bone transplantation targets stimulation of bone formation that provides structural support until a defect gets bridged by new bone. This book includes contributions of experts and scientists which will provide innovative insights on the translational research and its clinical applications in the treatment of bone diseases. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language, and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

Arthritis is a condition involving joint inflammation. It may impact a single joint or a number of joints. The stiffness and pain in joints are the primary signs of arthritis and these symptoms get worse with age. Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis are the two of its most prevalent forms. Various factors contributing to arthritis include overuse of a joint, weakened muscles and autoimmune diseases. There are various risk factors of arthritis such as age, prior joint damage, family history, obesity, etc. The treatment options for this disease differ according to its type. The primary objective of arthritis treatments is to alleviate symptoms and enhance the quality of life. Occupational therapy, regular exercise, mobility assistance devices like walkers or canes, medications, dietary supplements, physical therapy and other treatments are typically used to treat arthritis. This book contains some path-breaking studies on arthritis. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment of this disease.

A fracture refers to a break in a bone, which can happen due to injuries, falls or car accidents. The common symptoms of a fracture are intense pain, deformity, swelling, bruising, or tenderness around the injury, difficulty in moving a limb, inability to move the affected part, and numbness. There are various types of fractures including avulsion fracture, comminuted fracture, fracture dislocation, hairline fracture, oblique fracture, and pathological fracture. The diagnosis involves physical examination and diagnostic tests like bone scan, X-ray, MRI and CT scan. The treatment of fractures involves covering the fractures with a hard protection such as a cast or splint. In some cases, the method of traction is used for aligning the bone that promotes the healing process. This method involves the use of pulleys and weights to stretch the muscles and tendons around the broken bone. Surgery is also a treatment option for severe cases of fractures. This book outlines the clinical assessment and treatment of fractures in detail. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. Researchers and students in this field will be assisted by this book.

Bones are living tissues that make up the skeletal structure of a body. They are made up of the collagen protein and calcium phosphate. Bone regeneration is a complex, well-organized physiological process of bone creation that may be seen during routine fracture healing, and continues to be remodeled throughout adulthood. It is dependent on three major phenomena, namely, osteoinduction, osteoconduction and osseointegration. Osteoinduction is a process that induces the formation of new bone from osteocompetent cells or cartilage. Osteoconduction is a process through which a bone grows onto a surface or into a structure. Osseointegration refers to the direct structural and functional connection that is established between a living bone and the surface of a load-carrying implant. The novel techniques in bone regeneration include distraction osteogenesis, bone transport, use of bone-grafting methods, Masquelet technique and the use of biomaterials for bone regeneration. This book unfolds the innovative research and studies related to bone regeneration. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers engaged in this field of study.

A condition that affects the human skeletal system, making bones weaker and vulnerable to fractures is termed as a bone disease. There are several types of bone diseases including osteoporosis, metabolic bone diseases, fracture, stress fracture, bone cancer and scoliosis. Osteoporosis is one of most common bone conditions that cause a loss of bone due to weakened bones. Metabolic bone diseases lead to abnormal bone mass or structure caused by deficiency of a mineral or vitamin. Scoliosis is an abnormal condition in which there is side to side curvature of the spine that results in S- or C-shaped curvature when seen from behind. A number of factors such as age, occupation, environmental factors and genetics play a significant role in bone diseases. The risk of osteoporosis increases in people having low sun exposure and deficiency of vitamin D. The symptoms of these diseases include joint stiffness (arthritis), decreased range of motion, fatigue, and whole body symptoms (rheumatoid arthritis), etc. Physical activity can prove beneficial in the treatment and management of bone diseases. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to bone diseases have been included in this book. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Biomechanics of the musculoskeletal system is a subfield of biomechanics that examines the behavior of isolated tissues and structures. It is also concerned with the study of their interactions to produce motion functions and stability. The human musculoskeletal system is the organ system that allows humans to move by utilizing their muscular and skeletal systems. It gives support, mobility, shape and stability to the body. The musculoskeletal system is composed of muscles, tendons, joints, cartilage, ligaments, bones of the skeleton, and other connective tissue. These tissues are helpful in supporting and connecting organs and tissues together. The three primary functions of the musculoskeletal system are to protect vital organs, support the body and provide motion. This book unravels the recent studies on the biomechanics of the human musculoskeletal system. It elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to this area of study. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Biomechanics refers to the study of motion, structure and function of mechanical aspects of biological systems, at the cellular level or the level of organism as a whole. The movement in organisms is regulated by motor control, which comprises directed movement and reflexes. The integration of multimodal sensory information from proprioception and the external environment is needed to control the movement. The nervous system generates necessary signals for the muscles to carry out a specific task. Motor control is significant in organisms for interacting with external world, to carry out required activities, as well as for stability, posture and balance. In humans, all the movements require motor neurons to trigger action potentials, which cause the contractions of required muscles. The coordination of muscles is triggered by the impulses sent by motor cortex towards the motor units. This results in production of movements by a subset of muscles contracting in precise pattern temporarily for generating force at the right time. This book contains some path-breaking studies on biomechanics and motor control. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.

Arthritis refers to joint inflammation which can impact a single joint or a number of joints. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), metabolic arthritis, osteoarthritis and infectious arthritis are some of the different types of arthritis. It has various signs and symptoms such as stiffness, pain, swelling, redness, etc. The factors that contribute to the development of arthritis are aberrant metabolism, infections, injuries, immune system malfunction and genetic makeup. Some of the imaging techniques that are used to diagnose arthritis include computerized tomography (CT), ultrasound, X-rays and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Its treatment involves non-pharmacologic therapies, weight loss, surgery, drugs, occupational or physical therapy, etc. Physical activity improves mental health and movement, and reduces pain in people with arthritis. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are beneficial in reducing inflammation and relieving pain. Furthermore, putting ice packs on aching muscles can reduce inflammation and pain following intense activity among patients. The book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of arthritis and the recent researches on this medical condition. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to the management of inflammation and pain. Researchers and students engaged in the study and management of this medical condition will be assisted by this book.

Arthritis is a disorder characterized by pain and swelling in one or more joints. It has various signs and symptoms, including stiffness, discomfort, reduced range of motion in joints, etc. Arthritis is commonly classified in six different types, namely, infectious arthritis, osteoarthritis, juvenile arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and gout. Its risk factors are previous joint injury, family history, obesity, age and gender. Physical examination, arthrocentesis, as well as imaging techniques, such as ultrasound, MRI and X-ray, are all used to diagnose arthritis. The goal of treatment is to reduce joint deterioration, control pain, and maintain or improve quality of life. There are several ways to treat arthritis, which includes a combination of occupational therapy, regular exercise, a nutrient-rich diet, physical therapy, etc. Lotions containing menthol or capsaicin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), analgesics and other medications are also used to treat arthritis. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the clinical assessment and interventions for arthritis. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by it.

Joint replacement is a surgical procedure concerned with the replacement of a damaged joint with an artificial joint. The artificial joints used in orthopedic surgeries are composed of metals, ceramics or plastics. There are various types of joint replacement surgeries, namely, hip replacement, shoulder replacement and knee replacement. Electrocardiogram, chest-X rays, CT scan and MRI are some commonly used pre-operative evaluation tests. A joint replacement surgery helps to relieve the symptoms like joint pain, joint stiffness and inflammation. There are some risks and complications associated with joint replacement, including heart attack, stroke, urinary tract infection, venous thromboembolism and pneumonia. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to joint replacement. It strives to provide a fair idea about this medical procedure and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances related to this medical procedure.

Orthopedics is the branch of surgery concerned with the treatment of conditions involving the skeletal system and its interconnecting parts. The musculoskeletal system comprises parts including bones, muscles, joints, tendons, and ligaments. Orthopedics is focused on treating several complications and conditions, such as bone fractures, back pain, neck pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, congenital conditions, and joint pain from arthritis. Arthroscopic surgery is a common type of minimally invasive orthopedic surgery. It is used to diagnose and treat problems in the knee joint. The surgery for knee replacement is broadly categorized into two types, namely, total knee replacement and partial knee replacement. Total knee replacement is used to remove and replace the entire damaged knee joint with metal components. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of orthopedics. It will also provide interesting topics for research which interested readers can take up. Researchers and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

A biomaterial is a substance that has been created to take on a shape that can be employed either alone or as a component of a complex system. The biomaterials in orthopedics have progressed from temporary bone-fixing implants to durable implant materials and bioabsorbable implants. They are typically used in one of three surgical specialty categories, which include upper extremity, lower extremity or spine. Furthermore, each of these specialties is subdivided into three main categories, namely, reconstruction, pediatric and trauma. Technological and scientific advances in orthopedic surgery have led to the development of more sophisticated and advanced orthopedic biomaterials that have contributed in improving the quality of life for patients. This book elucidates new techniques related to the usage of orthopedic biomaterials. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about the recent studies on these biomaterials. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

Orthogeriatrics refers to a subspecialty that was created in response to social, clinical and financial requirements for managing patients with fragility fractures. It is a multidisciplinary and integrated approach for the treatment of fracture patients who require surgical intervention. In patients who are unable to walk, hip fracture surgery can be seen as a palliative process with the aim of pain control. The evidence base for hip fracture care is strongest in orthogeriatrics. A mutual understanding, regard and trust of the roles among orthopedic surgery and geriatric medicine are necessary for the delivery of effective orthogeriatric care. It increases the standard of patient care and achieves a suitable level of clinical optimization throughout the perioperative period. It also reduces the length of hospital stays as well as hospital mortality, while achieving significant cost savings in the management of this medical condition. This book covers in detail some existent theories and innovative concepts revolving around the surgical procedures related to orthogeriatrics. Medical professionals and students actively engaged in this field will find it full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Musculoskeletal health refers to a condition of being healthy without any musculoskeletal conditions. These conditions can include numerous diseases, such as sarcopenia, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis, etc. Musculoskeletal health is considered good when the bones, muscles and joints work well together without any pain. People who have good musculoskeletal health are able to perform their desired activities easily and without pain. The consumption of a varied and balanced diet rich in nutrients is helpful in maintaining musculoskeletal health. In the absence of important nutrients the chance of developing bone, joint or muscle disease increases, which can result in symptoms like restricted movement, joint deformity, swelling, pain and stiffness. Nutrition can modulate the immune system, help in suppressing inflammation and pain, and provide specialized nutrients required for maintenance, growth and repair. This book traces the progress of research on musculoskeletal health. It aims to shed light on the role of nutrition for improving musculoskeletal health. Researchers and students engaged in this area of study will be assisted by this book.

In this issue of Hand Clinics, guest editors Drs. Jerry I. Huang and Erin A. Miller bring their considerable expertise to the topic of Malunions and Nonunions in the Forearm, Wrist, and Hand. Top experts in the field provide up-to-date guidance on these complex fractures, keeping you current with the most effective techniques and management strategies for optimal outcomes and safe restoration of proper function.Contains 14 relevant, practice-oriented topics including principles and evaluation of bony unions; forearm nonunions: from Masquelet to free vascularized bone grafting; distal radius nonunions; a rare entity?; the role of 3D guides in management of forearm and wrist malunions; and more.Provides in-depth clinical reviews on malunions and nonunions in the forearm, wrist, and hand, offering actionable insights for clinical practice.Presents the latest information on this timely, focused topic under the leadership of experienced editors in the field. Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create clinically significant, topic-based reviews.

Osteoporosis is a disease without any symptoms until you suddenly break a bone. If you break a hip, you are quite likely to be dead within a year. Start now to take your bone health seriously! Read this book to educate yourself about osteoporosis and learn how to strengthen your bones for life. Osteoporosis is usually preventable. Osteoporosis prevention is far easier than reversal. Loss of bone is a big problem in both hormone-deficient women and men. Eventually it limits mobility and can be fatal. When the problem gets bad enough, traditional physicians prescribe bisphosphonates, like Boniva, which have side effects, like scarring in the esophagus and the creation of abnormal, fragile bone. Pharmaceutical drugs used to treat osteoporosis may build bone, but it is of poor quality and results in an increase in bone fractures in the third or fourth year of use. At the top of the list for those at risk for bone loss are sex hormone-deficient men and women. Of all the things you can do to prevent osteoporosis, one stands out. That is hormone optimization. The loss in hormones at menopause is the reason why 80% of the people who develop osteoporosis are women. When a man's testosterone levels drop, his bone density drops too. If optimal hormones are not achieved, the chances of success in the treatment of osteoporosis are greatly minimized. In addition to sex-hormone deficiencies, other hormonal imbalances can lead to bone loss, too.Frailty is a big driver of mortality. Frailty syndrome occurs when an elderly person loses muscle mass, bone mass, proper functioning of the immune system, and develops neurological problems and anemia. Don't let sarcopenia and frailty syndrome catch you unaware. If the bone scan should show osteoporosis, then we need to evaluate for possible causes of frailty syndrome. Read "Strong Bones for Life: A Comprehensive Guide to Understanding and Managing Osteoporosis." Get valuable tips on testing, fall prevention strategies, how to manage daily life with osteoporosis, cope with pain and fractures, deal with emotions, and find support networks and other resources. Find out about alternative therapies, proper diet and exercise, detoxification, supplements, mind-body practices, and promising advances in research and future developments. Empower yourself to be proactive in preventing and managing osteoporosis in order to maintain bone health and reduce the risk of fractures.

In the digital age, technology has become a constant in our daily lives, but this convenience comes at what cost? Our modern work culture's obsession with efficiency and multitasking is reducing the awareness of our bodies. We are forgetting the long-term implications of sitting hunched over our desks for extended periods. The posture we practice at work becomes the new normal for our bodies.In Unhunched, movement specialist Aesha Tahir reveals how our distorted posture is leading to physical pain, dysfunctional breathing, amplified work stress, and low emotional health. In fact, hunched over posture shortens our life expectancy. You'll find many practical posture tips to let you step into greatness and empower you beyond a pain-free life.Aesha's BRACE (breath, relaxation, activity, corrective exercise) posture model delves into cutting-edge science and interviews with experts to explain why our posture matters. Drawing from her clients' life stories, she provides a framework for achieving better health through our natural posture. This book offers creative and practical solutions on:· How to diagnose your posture anomalies· Discovering your natural pain-free posture· Simple guidelines for improving posture, reducing stress, and integrating movement into your workday· Breathing techniques to align your spine · Easy-to-follow exercises to correct hunched-over postureWhether you're an office worker, an athlete, or just someone looking to lead a healthier life, Unhunched is a must-read that will inspire you to step into your greatness and empower you beyond a pain-free life.

Royal Dragonfly Book Award Winner for Special Needs/Disability AwarenessWondering what the clubfoot journey is like?There's not just one answer: each individual has a unique story to tell. Clubfoot Connections collects 23 perspectives from people of all ages with a variety of backgrounds. They share, in their own words, their personal and emotional clubfoot experiences.This book will take you from the moment of the clubfoot diagnosis, through the parenting caregiver experience, to children and adults living with clubfoot. These stories of inspiration, challenge, and strength reveal what got people through the journey, what they wish they'd known sooner, and what they're grateful for.A natural part of being human is finding solace and validation in each other's stories about shared experiences. This one-of-a-kind book provides many opportunities to do just that, to gain a deeper understanding of the clubfoot journey, and to connect to members of the clubfoot community.

In this issue of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics, guest editors Drs. Sunil Kothari and Bei Zhang bring their considerable expertise to the topic of Disorders of Consciousness. The past few years have seen many developments throughout the entire field of disorders of consciousness, from neuroanatomy to the release of several clinical practice guidelines. In this issue, top experts in the field discuss key topics that bring you up to date with many of these changes. Contains 15 relevant, practice-oriented topics including neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of disorders of consciousness; disorders of consciousness in the acute care setting; assessment of consciousness: behavioral evaluation; assessment of consciousness: technological modalities; ethical considerations; and more.  Provides in-depth clinical reviews on disorders of consciousness, offering actionable insights for clinical practice.  Presents the latest information on this timely, focused topic under the leadership of experienced editors in the field. Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create clinically significant, topic-based reviews.

In this issue of Rheumatic Disease Clinics, guest editor Dr. Erin Janssen brings her considerable expertise to the topic of New and Emerging Rheumatic Diseases. Top experts in the field cover issues such as approach to diagnosing in-born errors of immunity; Type I interferonopathies; SOCS1 and immune dysregulation; manifestations of DADA2; COPA syndrome; and more. Contains 15 relevant, practice-oriented topics including T cell tolerance/Treg defects; gene defects in early onset IBD/colitis; autoimmunity with cytoskeletal d/o - WAS, DOCK8; autoimmune and autoinflammatory neurologic conditions; genes in HLH and that predispose to MAS; mutations in severe COVID/MISC; and more. Provides in-depth clinical reviews on new and emerging rheumatic diseases, offering actionable insights for clinical practice. Presents the latest information on this timely, focused topic under the leadership of experienced editors in the field. Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create clinically significant, topic-based reviews.

In this issue, guest editors bring their considerable expertise to this important topic. Contains 15 practice-oriented topics including what are post-COVID conditions and the burden of disease?; inpatient rehabilitation issues related to COVID-19; the role of surgical prehabilitation in the COVID-19 pandemic era and beyond; addressing rehabilitation healthcare disparities during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond; and more.  Provides in-depth clinical reviews of post-COVID rehabilitation, offering actionable insights for clinical practice.  Presents the latest information on this timely, focused topic under the leadership of experienced editors in the field. Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create clinically significant, topic-based reviews.