Hjertekirurgi

In this issue of Thoracic Surgery Clinics, guest editors Drs. Stephen Yang and Jinny Ha bring their considerable expertise to the topic of The Professional Lifespan: From Residency to Retirement. Profession transitions in thoracic surgery are difficult at any point in one's career, from fellowships and first jobs through mid-career moves and retirement. Every thoracic surgeon goes through these transitions, but needs guidance to do so effectively. This issue covers the entire career lifespan of a thoracic surgeon, plus important related topics such as finances, wellness, lifelong learning, and diversity. Contains 15 relevant, practice-oriented topics including the growing years: promoting yourself the first five years; navigating promotions in thoracic surgery; integrating advocacy into your practice; exit strategy: preparing for retirement; the mid-career crisis: moving on to the next job; and more. Provides in-depth information on the professional lifespan: from residency to retirement, offering actionable insights for a lifetime of clinical practice. Presents the latest information on this timely, focused topic under the leadership of experienced editors in the field. Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create clinically significant, topic-based reviews.

Cardiopulmonary diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect both the lungs and the heart. These organs are interconnected and a problem in the functioning of one can affect the other. Congestive heart failure, chronic bronchitis, emphysema and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are a few of the common types of cardiopulmonary diseases. Their symptoms might vary depending on the condition and include nausea and vomiting, excessive perspiration, high blood pressure, shortness of breath and other symptoms. The assessment of cardiopulmonary system is done by performing a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). The treatment of these diseases varies depending on the particular condition of patients and may include medication, lifestyle changes, or more sophisticated procedures. This book provides significant information to help develop a good understanding of chronic cardiopulmonary diseases. It is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the assessment and management of these diseases. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the condition.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) refers to a type of chronic inflammatory lung disease in which airflow of the lungs is blocked. The two common conditions that cause COPD are chronic bronchitis and emphysema. There are several signs and symptoms of COPD, such as wheezing, coughing, mucus production and difficulty in breathing, while doing daily activities and mild exercise. Lung cancer, heart disease, metabolic syndrome, depression and a number of other diseases are more likely to occur in COPD patients. Spirometry is a widely used and reliable approach for diagnosing this medical condition. The treatments of COPD include pulmonary rehabilitation, corticosteroids, smoking cessation, inhaled bronchodilators and vaccinations. Lung transplantation, long-term oxygen therapy and lung volume reduction may be advantageous in some cases. The aim of this book is to present researches that have transformed the diagnosis and management of COPD. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Pulmonary medicine is the subspecialty of internal medicine that is involved with management and treatment of diseases affecting the respiratory system, which includes the thoracic cavity, lungs, chest wall and upper airways. It is aimed at treating a wide range of conditions and diseases, including asthma, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), interstitial lung disease, lung cancer, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary hypertension, cystic fibrosis, lung transplant and pulmonary tuberculosis. Medicines taken orally or by inhalation is the most efficient and practical method of treating respiratory conditions. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of pulmonary medicine and the recent researches in this field. It covers in detail some existent theories and innovative concepts revolving around this domain. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

Asthma refers to a type of long-term inflammatory disease which affects the airways of the lungs. It occurs due to extra mucus blocking the airways causing them to swell and narrow down. It is identified by easily activated bronchospasms, recurrent and variable symptoms, as well as reversible airflow obstruction. This disease can affect both children and adults in various ways and with varied levels of severity. There are various signs and symptoms of asthma, including chest tightness, episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath and coughing. It can be caused by a variety of factors such as respiratory infections, allergies, and genetic and environmental factors like exposure to allergens and air pollution. Breathing tests, health history inquiries and physical examinations are used to diagnose it. There is no treatment for asthma, but it can be managed by biologic treatments, anti-inflammatory drugs, and bronchodilators. This book explores all the important clinical aspects of asthma in the present day scenario. It is appropriate for students as well as for experts seeking detailed information about this medical condition.

Hypoxia refers to a type of condition in which the entire or a part of the body does not receive enough supply of oxygen at the tissue level. Its symptoms include difficulty in breathing, bluish skin, disorientation, a rapid heartbeat and agitation. The underlying illnesses which affect breathing and blood flow, resulting in hypoxia are asthma, emphysema, pneumothorax, sleep apnea, anemia, pulmonary edema and congestive heart failure. There are several ways to diagnose hypoxia, such as arterial blood gas test (ABG), six-minute walk test (6MWT), pulse oximetry, pulmonary function test (PFT), etc. Hypoxic condition can be treated by administering oxygen. It involves various equipments that can be used for inhaling oxygen such as non-rebreather masks, transport ventilators, nasal cannula, bag valve masks and simple oxygen facemasks. This book provides significant information to help develop a good understanding of hypoxia. It aims to understand the clinical perspectives of this medical condition. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective in this area of study.

The lungs are two air-filled and spongy organs that are situated on either side of the chest. The heart and lungs work together to make sure the body receives enough supply of oxygen. Lung diseases are a variety of conditions or diseases that impair the ability of the lungs to function normally. These diseases can have an impact on pulmonary function and the capacity to breathe. Lung diseases can be classified into three types, including lung circulation diseases, airway diseases and lung tissue diseases. The major causes of lung diseases include infections, air pollution and smoking. The other significant risk factor for these diseases is genetics. The most common types of lung diseases include asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, pulmonary fibrosis, etc. This book explores all the important aspects of lung diseases in the modern day. It will help new researchers by foregrounding their knowledge on these medical conditions. Such selected concepts that redefine the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases through an evidence-based approach have been presented in this book.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) refers to a type of genetic disease that affects the lungs, digestive system and other organs. This disease occurs when the protein that generates mucus fails to function normally. Respiratory symptoms caused by CF include persistent coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath, along with other difficulties in breathing. Patients with CF display lung disease that is consistent with the breakdown of innate airway defense mechanisms. The diagnosis of CF is done by performing a sweat test, which determines the amount of salt present in the patient's body. CF has no known treatment options, but antibiotics that can be administered intravenously, breathed, or taken orally are used to manage this disease. A lung transplant may eventually be required, in case the lungs have suffered severe damage. This book provides comprehensive insights into cystic fibrosis. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field. Most of the topics introduced in this book cover mechanisms, targets and therapeutics for this lung disease.

The respiratory system is a biological system comprising of particular structures and organs utilized for gas exchange. The voice box, nose, windpipe, mouth, lungs and throat are part of the respiratory system. It is negatively affected by infection, aging, allergies, asthma and other conditions causing inflammation. These infections can be further divided into lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) or upper respiratory tract infections (URTI). A few of the upper respiratory tract infections are epiglottitis, common cold, laryngotracheitist and sinusitis. Major lower respiratory tract infections are bronchitis, pneumonia and bronchiolitis. The most common bacterial pathogens causing the lower and upper respiratory tract infections are Moraxella catarrhalis, Streptococcus pneumonia and Haemophilus influenza. This book contains some path-breaking studies on the topic of respiratory system infections. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe on the microbiology of these infections. This book will help new researchers by foregrounding their knowledge in respiratory system infections.

Pulmonary fibrosis refers to a medical condition that causes scarring in the lungs over time. The scarring in the lungs thickens with passage of time and makes it difficult for the person to breathe. Dry cough, weight loss, shortness of breath, fatigue, and aching joints and muscles are a few signs and symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis. The risk factors associated with this medical condition include, smoking, cancer therapies, aging and genetic factors. Respiratory failure, high blood pressure, lung cancer and right-sided heart failure are some of the complications linked with pulmonary fibrosis. The diagnosis of this disease can be done by performing lung function tests, medical imaging and lung biopsy. There is no cure for this disease and medicines can aid in maintaining lung function and slow the progression of scarring. Staying active and receiving oxygen therapy may help to alleviate symptoms. This book strives to provide a fair idea about pulmonary fibrosis and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances in its clinical management. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers. Different evaluations and advanced studies on the mechanisms and diagnosis of pulmonary fibrosis have been included in this book.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) refers to a type of virus that belongs to the coronavirus family. Bats are the most plausible ecological reservoirs for SARS-CoV-2, although the virus is considered to have originated from an intermediate animal host and then crossed the species barrier to infect human beings. The SARS-CoV-2 genome encodes four main structural proteins, including the membrane (M) protein, the spike (S) protein, the envelope (E) protein and the nucleocapsid (N) protein, all of which are necessary to build the viral particle. In addition to four structural proteins, SARS-CoV-2 has sixteen non-structural proteins (nsp1-16). RNA replication and processing is mediated by Nsp1. It is crucial to comprehend the structure and function of SARS-CoV-2, as well as its variants, in order to develop viable treatments and vaccines to combat the COVID-19 disease. This book provides significant information to help develop a good understanding of the structure and function of SARS-CoV-2. Experts and students actively engaged in the research on this virus will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Pulmonary fibrosis refers to a type of lung disease in which the lung tissue is scarred and injured. It also affects alveoli and connective tissue of the lungs. There are various symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis such as fatigue, shortness of breath, nail clubbing, dry cough and weight loss. Respiratory failure, lung cancer, pulmonary hypertension and pneumothorax are possible complications associated with it. The causes of pulmonary fibrosis include connective tissue diseases, interstitial lung diseases, environmental pollution, infections and certain medicines. Breathing tests, blood tests, biopsies, imaging tests and an oxygen desaturation study can be used to diagnose this medical condition. The treatment options of pulmonary fibrosis include pulmonary rehabilitation, lung transplantation and oxygen therapy. Medications can also be utilized to stop scarring from getting worse. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of the pathophysiology and clinical management of pulmonary fibrosis. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of pulmonary fibrosis.

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) refers to a type of breathing disorder that occurs in newborns. Those babies who are born prematurely suffer from this syndrome, as their lungs are not fully developed. This syndrome occurs due to the deficiency of surfactant, a body fluid made by the lungs. There are several symptoms of RDS, such as widening of nostrils while breathing, grunting, fast and shallow breathing, etc. RDS is diagnosed by performing blood tests, lung imaging tests and heart tests. There are various therapies of RDS including mechanical ventilation, nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) and surfactant replacement therapy. This book contains a detailed explanation of the various diagnostic and therapeutic techniques associated with respiratory distress syndrome. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of this disease. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global studies on this medical condition.

The lungs are essential organs in the human body which facilitate the process of gas exchange. Lung immunity plays a critical role in the prevention of various respiratory diseases characterized by abnormal inflammation. Some of the common lung diseases are asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and fibrosis. Lung inflammation is generally caused by pathogens or by exposure to pollutants, toxins, allergens and irritants. Some common symptoms of lung inflammation are fatigue, extra mucus, wheezing, problem in breathing, gasping for air, etc. Diagnosis of lung inflammation is conducted through several tests, such as CT scan, ventilation or perfusion scan, lung function test, and blood tests. Its treatment involves anti-inflammatory medications, emergency breathing support, and surgery in severe cases. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to lung immunity and inflammation. It will also provide interesting topics for research which readers can take up. This book includes contributions of experts and scientists which will provide innovative insights into this field of study.

Human respiratory system is composed of oropharynx, nose, trachea, larynx, bronchi, bronchioles and lungs. The basic function of the respiratory system is to perform gas exchange between the environment and the bloodstream. There are various conditions that affect the respiratory system, including asthma, infection, aging, allergies, and respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer. The treatments for respiratory diseases include medications, lung transplant and interventional bronchoscopy. Some preventive measures such as regular exercise, eating a healthy diet, and quitting smoking play a crucial role in the management of these diseases. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to the physiology and therapeutics of respiratory diseases. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field of study have been included herein. This book will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Inflammation refers to the process through which the immune system fights with injury, infection and other harmful substances. Lung inflammation can develop from toxin exposure, cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and asthma. Some common symptoms of lung inflammation are breathing problems, wheezing, chest pain or tightness, fatigue, lung pain, unintended weight loss and decreased appetite. Various types of diagnostic tests, including blood culture, pulse oximetry, lung biopsy, saliva test, sweat chloride test, and pulmonary function test can be used for the diagnosis of lung inflammation. Its treatment may involve oxygen therapy, physical therapy, surgery and medications like leukotriene modifiers, antifungals, biologic medications, antibiotics, corticosteroids, anti-inflammatories and bronchodilators. This book provides significant information on lung inflammation to help develop a good understanding of its effects in health and disease. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts on this medical condition. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with the study of lung inflammation will benefit alike from this book.

The lungs are vital organs situated on both sides of the chest. They have a variety of functions. However, their primary function is gas exchange between the blood and lung. Lungs are also integral to the maintenance of homeostasis and blood pressure. They can be affected by various diseases and disorders which are studied and treated under the discipline of pulmonology. This area of medicine is involved in the management of various respiratory diseases, including asthma, emphysema, tuberculosis and pneumonia. There are several clinical procedures that can be used for the diagnosis of pulmonary diseases, which include blood tests, arterial blood gas tests, pulmonary function testing, bronchoscopy, CT scan, chest X-rays, and positron emission therapy. This book provides comprehensive insights on dynamic lung functions. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. The book is appropriate for medical students and professionals seeking detailed information in this area of pulmonology.

Respiratory diseases are a group of pathological conditions that affect the lungs and other parts of the respiratory system. Some of its common types are common cold, influenza, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, pneumonia, acute asthma, lung cancer, tuberculosis, and severe acute respiratory syndrome. Respiratory diseases can be caused by tobacco smoking, infection, breathing second hand smoke, asbestos, radon and air pollution. Patients are examined by performing diagnostic tests, including, chest X-ray, ultrasound, blood test, lung biopsy, bronchoscopy, pulmonary function test, and CT scan. Treatments for respiratory diseases include medications, such as oral drugs, combination of inhalers, and intravenous treatment. Advanced procedures like interventional bronchoscopy, lung transplant, and stem cell therapy can also be used to treat respiratory diseases. Interventional bronchoscopy is a minimally invasive procedure used for the treatment of lung tumors, while lung transplant is appropriate for patients with severe or progressive respiratory conditions. This book outlines the mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment of respiratory diseases in detail. It will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in the study and treatment of these medical conditions at various levels.

Oncology is a branch of medicine that deals with the study, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cancer. Thoracic oncology is a sub-specialty of oncology that focuses on cancers of the lung, mediastinum, esophagus and pleura. It deals with malignancies like mesothelioma, esophageal cancer, small cell lung cancer and non-small lung cancer. Thoracic cancer refers to any cancer located in the organs, glands, or structures of thoracic cavity, or chest. Its major types are lung cancer and esophageal cancer, while thymus cancer and pleural cancer are among its less common forms. The field of thoracic oncology is extensively involved in the research aimed at the development of more effective treatments for thoracic cancer. Some current therapies and treatment in thoracic oncology are chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgical procedures. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of thoracic oncology. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study. Researchers and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are infections that affect the respiratory tract, including body parts like the throat, airways, sinuses and lungs. These infections can be classified into two types, namely, upper respiratory infections and lower respiratory infections. Upper respiratory tract infections are caused by viruses that enter the human respiratory system. Some common upper respiratory infections are epiglottitis, common cold, pharyngitis, sinusitis, and laryngitis. Lower respiratory infections last longer and affect the lungs and airways. Viral infections of the respiratory tract can easily spread from one person to another through cough droplets or coming into contact with an infected surface. Cough, fever, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes are some common symptoms of viral respiratory infections. Diagnosis of these infections involves tests like lung CT scan, sputum test, throat swab, etc. Treatments can involve pain relief medications, antihistamines and decongestants, which can help to relieve the symptoms. This book provides comprehensive insights into the viral infections of the respiratory tract. Researchers and students engaged in the study of these infections will be assisted by this book.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a type of cancer characterized by the development of malignant cells in the tissues of the lung. The major signs and symptoms of NSCLC are shortness of breath, cough, chest discomfort, hoarseness, problem in swallowing, tiredness, etc. Some risks factors of this type of cancer include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asbestos exposure, pulmonary exposure, HIV or AIDS, and air pollution. There are five main ways of treating NSCLC, namely, surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy. Surgical procedures including lobectomy, segmentectomy, a wedge resection and pneumonectomy are used for treating this cancer. Chemotherapy utilizes drugs for destroying cancer cells by preventing the cancer cells from proliferating, dividing and replicating. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the current therapies and treatments of non-small cell lung cancer. It will also provide interesting topics for research which interested readers can take up. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts, this book targets students and professionals.