Hjertekirurgi

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a type of cancer characterized by the development of malignant cells in the tissues of the lung. The major signs and symptoms of NSCLC are shortness of breath, cough, chest discomfort, hoarseness, problem in swallowing, tiredness, etc. Some risks factors of this type of cancer include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asbestos exposure, pulmonary exposure, HIV or AIDS, and air pollution. There are five main ways of treating NSCLC, namely, surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy. Surgical procedures including lobectomy, segmentectomy, a wedge resection and pneumonectomy are used for treating this cancer. Chemotherapy utilizes drugs for destroying cancer cells by preventing the cancer cells from proliferating, dividing and replicating. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the current therapies and treatments of non-small cell lung cancer. It will also provide interesting topics for research which interested readers can take up. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts, this book targets students and professionals.

Pulmonary diseases are the disorders that inhibit the lungs and respiratory system from functioning properly. They can be classified into three main types, namely, airway diseases, lung tissue diseases and lung circulation diseases. Smoking is considered as the main cause of pulmonary diseases. Some other causes include infection, radon, asbestos, and other types of air pollution. The most common pulmonary diseases are asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer pulmonary fibrosis, and pneumonia. Some major symptoms of pulmonary diseases are cough, chest pain, and shortness of breath, which can be diagnosed through chest X-ray, CT scan, bronchoscopy, pleural biopsies and pulmonary function tests. Treatments of pulmonary diseases include medications, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, and lung transplantation. Preventive measures like quitting smoking, proper nutrition and getting vaccinated can help reduce the progression of these diseases. This book unravels the recent studies on pulmonary diseases. It consists of contributions made by international experts. This book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a form of acute respiratory failure that causes disruption of epithelial and endothelial barriers in the lungs. The severe form of acute lung injury manifests as adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Some common symptoms of acute lung injury are severe dyspnoea, tachypnoea, and resistant hypoxaemia, bowel perforation, and sepsis syndrome. Appropriate diagnostic tests such as blood or urine cultures, and bronchoalveolar lavage are performed for examining a patient for underlying conditions, particularly pneumonia, sepsis, pancreatitis or transfusion related lung injury. Treatment strategy for acute lung injury consists of treatment of the underlying disease, mechanical ventilation for elimination of carbon dioxide and securing oxygenation, and adjunctive procedures for treating specific pulmonary pathologies. This book outlines the pathophysiology, prevention and treatment of acute lung injury in detail. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of medicine. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with the study of this medical condition will benefit alike from this book.

Pulmonary diseases are a group of disorders that affect the lungs and other parts of the respiratory system. Some of the major causes of pulmonary diseases include infection, tobacco smoke and other forms of air pollution. They can be classified into several types, such as asthma, lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia and pulmonary fibrosis. Several diagnostic tests can be used to diagnose pulmonary diseases, including biopsy of the lung or pleura, blood test, bronchoscopy, chest X-ray, CT scan, pulmonary function test, etc. The treatment of pulmonary disorders depends on the type of disease. Pulmonary rehabilitation, lung transplant and oxygen therapy are some common treatment options available for the clinical management of pulmonary fibrosis. This book outlines the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary diseases in detail. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the major concepts in this area of study. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed pulmonologists, this book targets medical students and professionals.

Human respiratory viral infections are diseases caused by a range of viruses having similar characteristics, which negatively affect the respiratory system and respiratory tract. The viruses that cause respiratory viral infections encompass parainfluenza viruses, respiratory adenoviruses, influenza viruses and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). These spread directly through coughing or sneezing, which results in the transmission of viruses when they are inhaled. They can also spread indirectly by coming in contact with contaminated surfaces, hands, handkerchiefs, toys, etc. Some common symptoms of respiratory viral infections are fever, headache, chills, loss of appetite, body ache and weakness. There are various complications associated with respiratory viral infections, including pneumonia, tonsillitis, bronchitis and laryngitis. Their treatment involves administration of antiviral agents, such as amantadine and ribavirin. This book provides a detailed understanding of human respiratory viral infections. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study. The book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers engaged in the study of these infections.

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). It is disseminated through air when persons with active tuberculosis in their lungs cough, spit, speak or sneeze. Tuberculosis affects the lungs in most cases, but it can also affect other parts of the body such as brain, lymphatic system or bones. In the majority of infections, there are no visible symptoms, known as latent tuberculosis. Chronic cough with bloody mucus, fever, night sweats and weight loss are all common symptoms of active tuberculosis. It is diagnosed by chest X-rays and culture of bodily fluids. The tuberculin skin test (TST) or blood tests are used for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis. Multiple antibiotics must be used over a long period of time to treat this infection. Antibiotic resistance is becoming a problem as the number of people with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is rising. This book contains some of the path-breaking studies related to tuberculosis. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world on the diagnosis, causes and treatment of this disease. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious disease that mainly causes damage to the lungs. This disease is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) bacteria. It can be transmitted from an infected person to a healthy person, through tiny droplets released while sneezing and coughing. Some common symptoms of TB include coughing for more than three weeks, chest pain, or pain while coughing and breathing, fatigue, fever, and loss of appetite. Several conditions like diabetes, severe kidney disease, malnutrition, and HIV makes a person more prone to TB bacteria by reducing the capacity of immune system to work efficiently. Tuberculosis can cause death if left untreated. Furthermore, it is a leading cause of complications like spinal pain, swelling in the membranes covering the brain, heart disorders, and liver or kidney problems. Its diagnosis starts with a physical examination of lymph nodes for swelling. Other diagnostic methods include blood tests, imaging tests and sputum tests. DOT (directly observed therapy) is a predominant treatment of TB. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to tuberculosis. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers on the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of this disease.

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that usually affects the lungs. It is caused by airborne bacteria named Mycobacterium tuberculosis. There are three stages of TB, namely, primary infection, latent TB, and active TB. Miliary tuberculosis is the most lethal form of TB. Older people, children under the age of four, and people with a weakened immune system are more susceptible to miliary tuberculosis. It can lead to several complications such as meningitis, Addison's disease, hepatitis, TB lymphadenitis, etc. Mantoux tuberculin skin test (TST) and a blood test, known as the interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) are a few major screening tests for TB. Some other diagnostic tests include chest X-ray, computed tomography (CT) scans, and lab tests on sputum and lung fluid. TB treatments depend on the type of infection and comprise medications. This book outlines the causes, clinical assessment and treatment of tuberculosis in detail. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of tuberculosis.

Humans can breathe due to the presence of the respiratory system which comprises nose, throat, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. Respiratory tract infections (RTIs), commonly called respiratory infections, occur when the parts of the body that are involved in breathing such as sinuses, throat, airways and lungs are infected. The underlying cause of RTIs may be viral or bacterial infections. Symptoms of the RTIs include cough, throwing-up phlegm, sneezing, stuffy or runny nose, sore throat, headaches, muscle aches, breathlessness, tight chest, fever, and a general feeling of being unwell. They can be diagnosed using physical examination, lung X-ray, lung CT scan, lung function test, nasal swab test, throat swab test and sputum test. The treatment of the RTI depends on its cause. The RTIs caused by viruses clear up by themselves and do not require antibiotics. However, the treatment for RTIs caused by bacteria involves the usage of antibiotics. The risk and severity of respiratory infections such as seasonal and pandemic influenza, COVID-19, pertussis, pneumococcal infection, tuberculosis (TB), etc. can be reduced by conducting immunization or vaccination drives. This book discusses the fundamentals and advanced studies on the vaccines and treatment of respiratory infections. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. The book will serve as a valuable source of reference for students, researchers and medical practitioners.

Respiratory diseases are a group of pathological conditions that affect parts of respiratory system and lungs. These diseases can be classified into three categories, namely, obstructive lung disease, restrictive lung diseases and chronic respiratory disease. Obstructive lung diseases are respiratory conditions characterized by obstruction of air flow. They include diseases like chronic bronchitis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and bronchiectasis. Restrictive lung diseases are diseases classified by a loss of pulmonary compliance. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, muscular dystrophy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are some common restrictive lung diseases. Chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) are a group of long-term diseases that affect the structures and airways of lungs. CRDs include diseases like occupational lung diseases and pulmonary hypertension. Diet and nutrition play a major role in the management of respiratory diseases. The intake of fruits and vegetables rich in antioxidants, vitamins, minerals, fiber and phytochemicals has potential advantages in the management of respiratory conditions. The various advancements in study of respiratory diseases are glanced at and the role of dietary and metabolic factors is looked at in detail within this book. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Respiratory diseases and infections refer to those diseases that inhibit the lungs and respiratory system from functioning normally. These conditions negatively impact the tissues and organs which are responsible for exchanging gas in lungs. Respiratory diseases include conditions like influenza, bacterial pneumonia, tuberculosis, lung cancer and acute asthma. Respiratory infections are conditions such as pharyngitis, common cold, laryngotracheitis and epiglottitis. These diseases and infections can be diagnosed by the performance of various tests, such as blood test, chest X-ray, pleura or lung biopsy, pulmonary function test, CT scan, ventilation-perfusion scan and ultrasound scanning. Treatment generally includes antipyretics, decongestants, bed rest and consumption of sufficient fluids. Severe respiratory diseases can be treated with lung transplantation. Preventive measures like quitting smoking, eating well and getting vaccinated can help to reduce the progression of respiratory diseases and infections. This book provides comprehensive insights on respiratory diseases and infections. Also included herein is a detailed explanation of diagnosis and treatment of these medical conditions. This book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.

Cardiothoracic surgery is the medical specialty involved with the surgical treatment of organs within the thorax, principally, the heart, lungs, chest wall, esophagus and diaphragm. There are three major subspecialties of cardiothoracic surgery, namely, cardiac, thoracic and congenital. There are a variety of cardiothoracic surgeries and procedures. Angioplasty is a commonly used surgical procedure, which helps in the restoration of healthy blood flow to the heart. This is done by reopening the arteries that are narrowed by the accumulation of fatty plaque. Stent placement is another cardiothoracic surgical method that involves the placement of a small metal coil or tube to hold open the narrowed arteries. Some other surgical procedures and device implantations under cardiothoracic surgery are coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), heart valve repair or replacement, ventricular assist devices, heart transplant, carotid surgery, pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs). This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of cardiothoracic surgery. It consists of contributions made by international experts. The book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.

Lung epithelial biology is focused on the study of epithelial cells present in the lungs. These cells are located in the interface between the organism and the environment, and perform various significant functions like fluid balance, barrier protection, surfactant and mucus production, as well as inducing immune responses. The respiratory epithelium acts as a functional and physical barrier responsible for safeguarding against infectious agents. The alveolar surface is stacked with membranous pneumocytes called granular pneumocytes, type I alveolar epithelial cells (AEC I) and type II alveolar epithelial cells (AEC II). AEC I are thin, squamous and large cells that contribute in gaseous exchange. These cells also create a barrier to detect microbial products for initiating inflammatory responses. AEC II are cuboidal cells responsible for epithelium reparation upon injury and ion transport. These are also involved in lung defense through the secretion of antimicrobial products, like complement, lysozyme, and surfactant proteins (SP). This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the study of lung epithelial biology. Researchers and students engaged in the treatment of pulmonary diseases will be assisted by it.

Hypoxia refers to a condition in which the body or some part of the body does not receive enough oxygen supply at the tissue level. It can be categorized as either generalized, where entire body is affected, or localized, where a part of the body is affected. It is a pathological condition including changes in the arterial oxygen concentrations. These types of changes can also occur during normal physiology, such as while doing vigorous physical activity and hypoventilation training. Hypoxia can be caused due to the failure in the delivery of oxygen to the cells. This condition results in increased heart rate and aortic blood flow, and it decreases the peripheral resistance. Oxygen supply and blood flow is increased towards the vital organs, which is an indicator that redistribution of blood flow is essential for the oxygen supply. This book unravels the recent studies on hypoxia and circulation. It consists of contributions made by international experts. This book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.

Hypoxia is referred to as the condition of low oxygen level and it occurs naturally in high altitudes. As the altitude rises, total atmospheric pressure falls down and causes a lower partial pressure of oxygen causing hypobaric hypoxia. The humans have adjusted themselves to hypoxia that occurs at high altitude in various locations, which is possible due to genetic basis. The genetic signatures of certain populations are recognized in the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway, responsible for the organization of transcriptional response to hypoxia. These genetic signatures are found in the HIF2A gene in Tibetans, which encodes for the prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 2 and HIF-2α gene. Adaptation to high altitude is the result of various genes that act in coordination with each other. Novel therapeutic approaches can be identified by unraveling the mechanisms of these genes. This book provides comprehensive insights on hypoxia. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid developments in the study of human adaptation to hypoxia.

Pulmonology is a branch of medicine that specializes in the diseases involving the respiratory tract. It is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the lungs. These respiratory diseases include emphysema, asthma, pneumonia and tuberculosis. There are several clinical procedures that can be used for the diagnosis of pulmonary diseases, which includes blood tests, arterial blood gas tests, pulmonary function testing, bronchoscopy, CT scan, chest X-rays, etc. Surgical procedures can also be used to take a sample from inside the lung or chest to assist with the diagnosis. Spirometry is one of the diagnostic methods used to diagnose airflow obstruction. The treatment of pulmonary diseases involves medications which can either be inhaled or taken in oral form. Inhalers are used in the treatment of inflammatory lung conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma. This book outlines the diagnosis and treatment of respiratory diseases in detail. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. The book is appropriate for medical students and professionals seeking detailed information in this area of medicine.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder, which influences the liver, lungs, pancreas, intestine and kidneys. The long-term effects of this disorder include trouble in respiration, and coughing up mucus because of regular lung infections. There can be other symptoms such as fatty stool, sinus infections, infertility in most males, poor growth and clubbing of the fingers and toes. CF is hereditary in an autosomal recessive manner. It occurs due to the presence of mutations in both the replicas of the gene for cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. There is currently no treatment for cystic fibrosis. Antibiotics are used in the treatment of lung infections, which can be taken orally, inhaled or given intravenously. Antibiotic azithromycin is used in severe cases for long time duration. Inhaled hypertonic saline and salbutamol can also provide relief. If the lung functioning is constantly deteriorating, lung transplantation can be done. Emerging medicines for the treatment of this disorder include powdered versions of tobramycin and colistin, nebulized aztreonam and mannitol for inhalation. This book unravels the recent studies on cystic fibrosis. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the diagnosis and emerging treatments of this medical condition.

Respiratory infections or respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are infections that lead to diseases that affect the respiratory tract. Infections of the respiratory tract may be caused due to microbes like virus, bacteria, and fungi. The common respiratory tract infections include common cold, pneumonia, bronchitis and tonsillitis. All beings have an innate ability to resist and fight with infection causing agents and this ability is known as immunity. In case of RTIs, immunity acts as the protective line of defense. Researchers have been working to understand respiratory immunopathology by understanding the mechanisms involved in human body fighting different types of RTIs. Such knowledge would be important for developing effective therapies for treatment and prevention of RTIs. The aim of this book is to present breakthrough researches that have been conducted on respiratory tract infections. It also discusses the role of immunity with respect to respiratory infections. This book will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this area of study.

Tuberculosis (TB) refers to a type of infectious disease generally caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Lungs are the primary target of this disease, but it can also affect the other parts of the body. It can be treated with a combination of antibacterial medications. However, the evolution of drug-resistant tuberculosis necessitates the development of effective, novel and safe drug regimens. Drug discovery and development is a difficult, expensive and time-consuming process. One of the popular frameworks used in drug discovery is model-informed drug discovery and development (MID3). It aims to provide an informative prediction of drug efficacy and exposure in people for choosing innovative anti-tuberculosis drug combinations. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about drug discovery for treating tuberculosis. Those with an interest in this area of pharmaceutical science would find it helpful.

Fibrosis is refers to the excessive matrix deposition that results in the impairment of organ function and tissue destruction. It is the end result of chronic inflammatory responses brought on by a variety of stimuli such as autoimmune responses, tissue damage, persistent infections, allergic reactions and radiation. The fibrosis of lung tissue is known as pulmonary fibrosis. Some of its prominent symptoms are fatigue, shortness of breath, aches in joints and muscles, and clubbed toes or fingers. It can lead to a variety of medical complications such as respiratory failure, pulmonary hypertension, lung cancer, and other lung complications. There are various tests which can be used to diagnose pulmonary fibrosis. These include pulse oximetry, echocardiogram, chest X-ray, and pulmonary function testing. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about pulmonary fibrosis. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of this disease. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this medical condition.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) refers to a type of disease in which malignant cells develop in lung tissues. The symptoms of NSCLC are shortness of breath and a persistent cough. NSCLC is primarily divided into three types, including adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and large cell carcinoma. Smoking is the leading risk factor of NSCLC. Other risk factors include exposure to radiation, family history and exposure to second hand smoke. Chest X-ray, thoracentesis, CT scan, physical exam and health history, sputum cytology and laboratory tests are used to diagnose NSCLC. Patients with NSCLC can receive a variety of treatments, including laser therapy, surgery, chemotherapy, electrocautery, radiation therapy, targeted therapy and cryosurgery. This book provides significant information to help develop a good understanding of non-small cell lung cancer. Those with an interest in the study of this disease would find this book helpful.

Hepatic fibrosis is characterized by the scarring, overgrowth and hardening of different tissues of the liver and is caused by an excess buildup of extracellular matrix components such as collagen. It is the result of repeated wound-healing response of the liver to repeated injuries. It can be caused due to chronic liver diseases such as cystic fibrosis (CF), hepatitis B and hepatitis C. Cystic fibrosis refers to a type of inherited disease characterized by the accumulation of thick and sticky mucus that can harm many organs of the body. CF may lead to hepatic fibrosis, by causing mucus build up and blockage of the bile ducts in the liver. Scar tissues from fibrosis cannot repair themselves and also block the flow of blood within the liver, which leads to gradual death of even the healthy liver cells. This process leads to the creation of even more scar tissues. This book will help new researchers by foregrounding their knowledge on the mechanisms and therapies of hepatic fibrosis. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

Fibrosis refers to an excessive deposition of extracellular matrix proteins and results in scarring and thickening of the affected tissue. It is, in essence, an exaggerated wound healing response that leads to organ malfunction. Fibrosis is commonly associated with high morbidity and mortality. Pulmonary fibrosis refers to a group of serious lung diseases that affect the respiratory system. It is caused by damage and scarring of the lung tissue. It cannot be cured, but its treatment involves management of symptoms through pulmonary rehabilitation and oxygen therapy. In some cases, lung transplantation can also help the patients. This book explores all the important aspects of pulmonary fibrosis. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe on the pathophysiology and therapeutics for this medical condition. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of pulmonary fibrosis.

Pulmonary drug delivery refers to all the techniques used to deliver drugs and aerosols to the respiratory epithelium and epithelial cells directly through inhalation. It is used as a targeted therapy for the treatment of respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma and lung cancer. Drug delivery through the pulmonary route offers the distinct advantages of high bioavailability and no first-pass effect, which makes it an important means of delivering therapeutics directly to lung lesions. The benefits of pulmonary delivery include increased efficiency, a faster onset of delivery, decreased side effects, self-administration of non-invasive delivery, and localized action. The inherent properties of lungs such as their low enzymatic environment and high surface area make pulmonary delivery even more effective. This book provides significant information to help develop a good understanding of pulmonary physiology and drug delivery in respiratory diseases. Its extensive content will provide the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Respiratory diseases are those diseases that affect the lungs and human respiratory system. Some common types of respiratory diseases include asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchiectasis, bronchitis, pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, lung cancer and pneumonia. The common signs and symptoms of these diseases are cough, sputum, breathlessness, chest pain, fever, headache, vomiting and nausea, weight loss, and gastro intestinal reflex. Assessment tests such as bronchoscopy, chest tube procedure, CT scan, CT scan guided lung biopsy, endobronchial ultrasound, exhaled nitric oxide test, and lung function tests are performed to diagnose respiratory diseases. The treatments for respiratory diseases include medications, therapies and surgery. Endobronchial valve therapy is a minimally invasive treatment method that improves functioning of the lungs and reduces complications like shortness of breath. Severe cases of respiratory diseases are treated with lung transplantation. This book provides comprehensive insights into the clinical manifestations and assessment of respiratory diseases. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about these diseases through it.

Asthma is one of the several disorders that affect the lungs and their functions. There are three types of asthma, namely, exercise-induced asthma, asthma-COPD overlap syndrome (ACOS) and occupational asthma. Some of its common symptoms are shortness of breath, chest tightness or pain, trouble in sleeping due to short breath, and wheezing or coughing. Certain factors like allergies, environmental factors, genetics and respiratory infections present a higher risk of asthma. Spirometry is a common diagnostic method used to measure airflow through lungs. Other diagnostic methods for this medical condition include a chest X-ray, skin test or blood test. Treatment of asthma consists of bronchodilators, anti-inflammatory medicines and biologic therapies. Bronchodilators are medications that relax the muscles around airways to relieve the symptoms. Meter-dosed inhaler or nebulizer can also be used for the administration of the medicine. The topics included in this book on the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of asthma are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.

Respiratory diseases are a group of diseases that affect the lungs and other parts of the human respiratory system. These diseases can be classified into three types, namely, airway diseases, lung tissue disease and lung circulation diseases. The main cause of respiratory diseases is air pollution, smoking tobacco, or breathing asbestos and radon. Airway diseases are conditions that affect airways carrying oxygen and other gases into and out of the lungs. Some common airway diseases are bronchiectasis, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Asthma is a major chronic respiratory disease that causes difficulty in breathing. Some common symptoms of asthma include wheezing, coughing and tightness in the chest. The diseases that affect the structure of the lung tissue are called lung tissue diseases. They are caused by scarring or inflammation of the tissues which restrict the lungs from expanding properly. This book is a practical guide to respiratory diseases. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to these diseases. This book includes contributions of experts and doctors which will provide innovative insights into respiratory diseases.

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a condition in which the blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries becomes too high. Pulmonary arteries are responsible for carrying oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs. Some common symptoms of pulmonary hypertension are shortness of breath, chest pain, fatigue, swelling in ankles, racing heartbeat and decreased hunger. Various risk factors associated with it are heart disease, lung disease, hypoxia, Down syndrome, and presence of blood clots in pulmonary arteries. There are many different kinds of tests for the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension, such as right heart catheterization and Doppler echocardiogram tests. The common tests to examine the underlying cause of pulmonary hypertension include blood tests, chest CT scan, chest X-ray, and pulmonary ventilation/perfusion scan. The treatment methods for pulmonary arterial hypertension are diuretics, oxygen therapy, and pulmonary vasodilators. This book explores the clinical aspects of pulmonary hypertension in detail. It consists of contributions made by international experts. This book will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in the study and managment of this medical condition at various levels.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a respiratory virus which results in symptoms similar to cold. This virus spreads through the drops coming from the nose and throat of an infected person, while sneezing and coughing. It can also spread from dried respiratory secretions on the clothes and bed sheets of an infected person. This virus can sustain on hard surfaces for many hours and on skin for a small duration of time. The symptoms of RSV include coughing, fever, sneezing, runny nose, wheezing and loss of appetite. Majority of the people infected from RSV recover within weeks, but it can take a severe form in the case of aged people and infants. There is no treatment for RSV, but its symptoms can be relieved by taking over the counter medicines like ibuprofen and acetaminophen. The symptoms can also be relieved by consuming enough fluids. The topics included in this book on respiratory syncytial virus are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Researchers and students engaged in its study will be assisted by it.

Lung cancer is a malignant lung tumor that causes uncontrolled cell growth in lung tissues. There are two most common types of lung cancer, namely, small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. Majority of the lung cancer cases are caused by long-term tobacco smoking. The symptoms and signs of lung cancer include chest pain, headache, a new cough that won't go away, shortness of breath, bone pain, and hoarseness. Computed tomography (CT) scans and chest radiographs are commonly used to view lung cancer. The diagnosis of lung cancer is done through a biopsy, which is commonly performed using CT guidance or bronchoscopy. The primary method for preventing lung cancer is to minimize risk factors, such as air pollution and smoking. The treatments and long-term outcomes of lung cancer rely on the stage and the type of cancer, as well as the person's overall health condition. Some of the common treatments are radiotherapy, surgery and chemotherapy. This book unravels the recent studies on lung cancer. It contains a detailed explanation of the various diagnostic and therapeutic techniques associated with this disease. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.