Veterinærmedicin

Veterinær kemi og biokemi er et af de første større fag, man møder på veterinæruddannelsen, og det kan for mange være et uoverskueligt emne, der er svært at finde rundt i. Kompendium i Veterinær kemi og biokemi er et uddrag af de vigtigste og mest eksamensrelevante emner, mekanismer og processer destilleret og forklaret på en tilgængelig måde, målrettet nye veterinær studerende samt andre sundhedsvidenskabsstuderende.Kompendiet indeholder talrige illustrationer, trin-for-trin-gennemgange og meget mere, som hjælper den studerende gennem faget bedst muligt. Kompendiet er tiltænkt som et supplement til lærebøgerne, især i eksamenslæsningsperioden, og er opbygget efter fagets pensum.Da Veterinær kemi og biokemi har ændret læringsform fra tidligere, fokuseres primært på grundteorien. Kompendiet danner også en god forståelse for de senere fag på uddannelsen – specielt de første to semestre.

Various parallels have been drawn between wolves and humans from the perspective of their social organisation. Therefore, studying wolves may well shed light on the evolutionary origins of complex human cognition and, in particular, on the role that cooperation played in its development. Humans closely share their lives with millions of dogs - the domesticated form of wolves. Biologically, wolves and dogs can be considered to be the same species; yet only dogs are suitable living companions in human homes, highlighting the importance of cognitive and emotional differences between the two forms. The behaviour of wolves and dogs largely depends on the environment the animals grew up and live in. This book reviews more than 50 years of research on the differences and similarities of wolves and dogs. Beyond the socio-ecology, the work explores different theories about when and how the domestication of wolves might have started and which behaviours and cognitive abilities might have changed during this process. Readers will discover how these fascinating animals live with their conspecifics in their social groups, how they approach and solve problems in their daily lives and how they see and interact with their human partners.

In this issue of Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice, guest editor Dr. Carlo Siracusa brings his considerable expertise to the topic of Canine and Feline Behavior. Top experts focus on the intersection between behavioral and physical health, keeping general veterinary practitioners and their needs in mind. The articles provide general practitioners with tools to detect behavior changes associated with physical disease, and to diagnose or rule out physical disease contributing to behavior problems before referring to a veterinary behavior specialist.Contains 15 relevant, practice-oriented topics, including cognitive changes associated with physical disease in dogs and cats (including aging and cognitive dysfunction); separation-related problems in dogs; behavior and fitness of working dogs; nutrition management of behavior problems; abnormal repetitive behavior in dogs; veterinary psychopharmacology; and more.Provides in-depth clinical reviews on canine and feline behavior, offering actionable insights for clinical practice.Presents the latest information on this timely, focused topic under the leadership of experienced editors in the field. Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create clinically significant, topic-based reviews.

A must-own guide for veterinary professionals specializing in physical rehab Physical rehabilitation is a vital aspect of veterinary medicine. A successful program of rehabilitation is one of the most important determinants of long-term patient outcomes after surgery or serious illness, and veterinary patients are no exception. Veterinary technicians and nurses specializing in physical rehabilitation therefore constitute a potentially critical component of any veterinary practice and/or care team. Physical Rehabilitation for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses provides a clear, accessible overview of this subject for prospective veterinary rehabilitation professionals. Brimming with insights stemming from both research and practical experience, and now updated to reflect a wave of new research since the first edition, this book promises to equip readers with the knowledge required to make themselves indispensable in veterinary practice. Readers of the second edition of Physical Rehabilitation for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses will also find: Practical tips and tricks connected to the role of a technician on a rehabilitation teamNew or updated coverage of subjects including canine fitness, shockwave protocols, underwater treadmill exercises, and many moreGuidance ideal for training programs and certifications from the most important institutes and technician schools Physical Rehabilitation for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses is ideal as an introduction for prospective technicians and nurses, as well as a reference handbook for practicing veterinary technicians and nurses.

NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER • Calling all animal lovers! A heartwarming memoir about one woman's career as a vet and the unique role pets play in our lives • “Filled with compassion and wisdom, Karen Fine is a healer whose own wounds have deepened her gifts for bringing animals and their people comfort and peace.” —Sy Montgomery, bestselling author of The Soul of an Octopus A tribute to our furry, feathery, scaley, and wet family members, All Creatures Great and Small meets Being Mortal in this compelling memoir of one woman's dream to become a veterinarian.Karen Fine always knew that she wanted to be a vet and wasn't going to let anything stop her: not her allergy to cats, and not the fact that in the '80s veterinary medicine was still a mostly male profession. Inspired by her grandfather, a compassionate doctor who paid house calls to all his (human) patients, Dr. Fine persevered, and brought her Oupa's principles into her own practice, which emphasizes the need to understand her patients’ stories to provide the best possible care. And in The Other Family Doctor, Dr. Fine shares all these touching, joyful, heartbreaking, and life-affirming tales that make up her career as a vet. There's:• The feral cat who becomes a creature out of a fable when he puts his trust in a young vet to heal his injured paw• The pot-bellied pig who grows too big to fit in the car but remains a cherished part of her family • The surprising colony of perfectly behaved ferrets• The beloved aging pet who gives her people the gift of accompanying them on one final family vacation• The dog who saves his owner's life in a most unexpected way Woven into Dr. Fine's story are, of course, also the stories of her own pets: the birds, cats, and dogs who have taught her the most valuable lessons—how caring for the animals in our lives can teach us to better care for ourselves, especially when life seems precarious.

In this issue of PET Clinics, guest editors Drs. Abass Alavi, Habib Zaidi, and Suleman Surti bring their considerable expertise to the topic of Advances in Organ-specific PET Instrumentation and Their Clinical Applications. Top experts cover key topics such as the increasing use of silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) technology, advances in depth-of-interaction (DOI) and time-of-flight (TOF) PET detectors, the use of artificial intelligence technologies for detector development; and more.Contains 11 relevant, practice-oriented topics including advances in PET detectors and readout technologies; whole-gamma imaging; clinical applications of dedicated brain PET; clinical applications of dedicated breast PET; potential clinical applications of dedicated prostate PET; and more.Provides in-depth clinical reviews on advances in organ-specific PET instrumentation and their clinical applications, offering actionable insights for clinical practice.Presents the latest information on this timely, focused topic under the leadership of experienced editors in the field. Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create clinically significant, topic-based reviews.

Finden Sie es normal, ein Buch zu schreiben, in dem ein Hund die Hauptperson ist? Ich schon. Die Idee kam ganz von selbst, ein Wort gab das andere, ein Kapitel zog das nächste nach sich. Fertig. Ich kenne viele Menschen, die dieses Buch lesen wollen. Einige interessieren sich für das Buch, weil sie Timmi kannten, andere, weil sie selbst einen Hund besitzen und neugierig sind, ob sie in der Beschreibung unseres Hundes einiges wiederfinden, was sie mit ihren eigenen Tieren verbindet. Und es gibt wiederum andere, für die beides nicht gilt, die einfach wissen wollen, wie das so ist oder gewesen wäre, sein Leben mit einem Hund zu teilen. Wie auch immer. Hauptsache, sie freuen sich über Timmi und dieses Buch.

Die Bindung zwischen Mensch und Tier kann als eine dynamische, für beide Seiten vorteilhafte Beziehung zwischen Menschen und den Tieren, für die sie sorgen, beschrieben werden. Es gibt eine Vielzahl von Vorteilen für die geistige und körperliche Gesundheit von Menschen, die sich um Tiere kümmern, und es hat sich gezeigt, dass Tiere in der Therapie einem breiten Spektrum von Menschen und Krankheiten helfen können. Obwohl die Vorteile der Tierbegleitung seit langem vermutet werden, ist wenig über die Forschung, den Prozess und die Gründe für die Wirkung bekannt. Dieses Buch bietet Klinikern einen Überblick über die Geschichte der Mensch-Tier-Bindung und die Gründe für die Einbeziehung von Tieren in die heutige Therapie.In diesem Buch geht der Autor auch auf die unzähligen Möglichkeiten ein, mit denen Kliniker Menschen bei der Betreuung ihrer Haustiere direkt helfen können, z. B. Kriseninterventionsdienste, politische Fragen, Trauerberatung bei Tierverlust und Mitgefühlsermüdung in der Tierärzteschaft. Außerdem wird die tiergestützte Therapie (AAT) als eigenständige und einzigartige Modalität eingehend erörtert. Der anpassungsfähige Charakter der AAT ist nicht nur auf die symbiotische Beziehung zwischen Mensch und Tier zurückzuführen, sondern auch auf die Flexibilität des Modells; es kann bei Klienten aller Bevölkerungsgruppen und bei den meisten psychischen Erkrankungen eingesetzt werden. Untersuchungen zeigen, dass die Mehrheit der Psychotherapeuten die AAT für eine gültige Behandlungsmethode hält, aber es gibt noch kein Handbuch für die AAT, und die Kliniker wissen nicht, wo sie anfangen sollen. Die Mensch-Tier-Bindung in der klinischen Sozialarbeitspraxis ist ein einzigartiges und unverzichtbares Hilfsmittel, das Richtlinien für die Entwicklung von AAT-Behandlungsplänen und die Integration von AAT in bestehende therapeutische Modelle enthält. Das Buch beantwortet die Fragen, die Sozialarbeiter, Psychologen, Psychiater und andere Berater im Bereich der psychischen Gesundheit zu den Vorteilen der Mensch-Tier-Bindung und zu den Möglichkeiten, diese besondere Bindung in der direkten Praxis zu nutzen, haben können.

This book details the frontier technologies in the area of bovine reproduction. It describes the importance and significance of different technologies for improving reproduction efficiency in bovines. The book delineates the advancements in the technologies that are currently in use for faster multiplication of elite germ plasm including multiple ovulation and embryo transfer, ovum-pick-up, in vitro fertilization and embryo production, and semen sexing. Other emerging technologies, having potential for improving reproductive efficiency in bovines, including stem cells are also discussed with special reference to spermatogonial stem cells. Simple but effective tools having a great scope for day-to-day application in bovine farms for effective reproductive management like ultrasonography and thermal imaging are also covered in this book. The chapters on sperm transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics provide current developments in these areas and use of integrated approach for identification of fertility biomarkers. The chapters also describe technological advancements for early pregnancy diagnosis and offspring sex pre-selection in bovines. Additionally, this book discusses different sperm selection procedures including application of nanotechnology to obtain superior spermatozoa for assisted reproduction. Futuristic technologies including genomic selection and transgenesis are also discussed in detail. Finally, the book also elucidates a comprehensive description of challenges perceived with bovine reproduction and how effectively these technologies can help in improving fertility in bovines. 

Animal welfare has become a topic of serious discussion worldwide. Humane breeding has become an issue that has been given international attention in recent years. However, many people are still very unfamiliar with this concept. The foundation of humane feeding is based on AW. The main appeal is to allow animals to have five freedoms. When animal feeding meets these conditions, it can be regarded as meeting the basic requirements of humane feeding. The basis for the sustainable implementation of humane breeding is actually consumers. If consumers do not support the concept of humane feeding and do not agree with the price difference that should be paid for the production of humane products, then producers have no resources to put humane concepts into the production process. Therefore, only when consumers pay attention to humane production in terms of consumer behavior, more producers are willing to raise livestock and poultry in a humane way. As long as the insistence of both consumers and producers is satisfied, animals can be treated better.

The use of experimental animals is quite common in medical research, especially for pharmaceutical developments and molecular pathway studies. Considering the effects of therapeutic agents used in the treatment of tissues and systems, it becomes clear how important experimental animals and the models developed on them are in research. The benefits of using animals for disease models include accessibility, applicability, and affordability. Most importantly, they have proven to be successful in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of many diseases. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the use of animal models for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, hepatotoxicity, liver fibrosis/cirrhosis, visceral hyperalgesia, female reproduction, and more.

The first-ever guide to rational decision-making in veterinary practice The practice of veterinary medicine entails crucial decisions about patient care on a daily basis. Whether to admit patients displaying symptoms, whether to pursue diagnoses or prioritize therapeutic trials, whether to advise overnight stays after routine surgery, whether to refer patients; the answers to questions like these can significantly influence patient outcomes and standards of care. However, veterinary clinicians are seldom trained to analyze their patterns of decision-making, relying instead on the existing culture of a practice to dictate their behaviors. This can lead to irrational decisions, institutional inertia, reluctance to comply with evidence-based medicine, and failure to optimize patient outcomes. Decision-Making in Veterinary Practice provides the first-ever dedicated guide to rational principles for decision-making in veterinary practice. Rooted in the study of normative ethics, it seeks to pose important questions and develop processes by which they can be answered. The book promises to transform the clinical performance of clinicians and practices that utilize it. Decision-Making in Veterinary Practice readers will also find: Discussions of key issues based on extensive clinical experience and evidence Detailed discussion of important decision determinants like time of day, patient weight, criteria for stopping treatment, and more Essential insights on clinical decision-making and clinical reasoning Decision-Making in Veterinary Practice is ideal for all veterinary practitioners, veterinary students, and clinical skills instructors.

This Volume 2 of a two-volume work is the first textbook to offer a practical yet comprehensive approach to clinical ophthalmology in wild and exotic mammals.  A phylogenetic approach is used to introduce the ecology and importance of vision across the entire diversity of mammal species before focusing on both the diverse aspects of comparative anatomy and clinical management of ocular disease from one animal group to the next. Edited by three of the most esteemed authorities in exotic animal ophthalmology, this two-volume work is separated into non-mammalian species (Volume 1: Invertebrates, Fishes, Amphibians, Reptiles, and Birds) and Mammals (Volume 2: Mammals).Wild and Exotic Animal Ophthalmology, Volumes 1 and 2 is an essential collection for veterinary ophthalmologists and other veterinary practitioners working with wild and exotic animals.

Healing with Real Food combines the philosophies of traditional Chinese Medicine and knowledge of modern nutrition to help pet parents create the ultimate balanced diet for their dogs. It helps us understand the root imbalances across multiple diseases and how to best address them holistically using a fresh diet. Includes a list of superfoods and their applications for common ailments such as skin allergies, ear infections, inflammatory bowel disease, cancers and autoimmune diseases. Plus natural anti-parasitic options to reduce unnecessary chemical load and effective ways to keep your dog's teeth clean!

In this issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice, guest editor Ds. Lauren V. Schnabel brings her considerable expertise to the topic of Use of Biologic and Regenerative Therapies in Equine Practice. Top experts in the field explain what the main biologic and regenerative therapies are, what they contain, evidence to date for how they should be used, and how to monitor response to treatment.  While the majority of the issue will focus on musculoskeletal applications, other indications for use will be discussed including wounds and ophthalmologic conditions as well as other inflammatory diseases. Contains 13 practice-oriented topics including equine bone marrow aspirate concentrate; equine stem cells: sources, practices, and potential safety concerns; advances in imaging techniques to guide therapies and monitor response to the treatment of musculoskeletal injuries; use of biologics and stem cells for wound healing in the horse; antimicrobial properties of equine stem cells and platelets; and more.  Provides in-depth clinical reviews on the use of biologic and regenerative therapies in equine practice, offering actionable insights for clinical practice.  Presents the latest information on this timely, focused topic under the leadership of experienced editors in the field. Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create clinically significant, topic-based reviews.

This book provides practical, everyday veterinary advice on common conditions and surgical procedures. This new edition: covers basic husbandry, nutrition, examination, vaccines, analgesia, anaesthesia, dermatology, and poisons; expands on previous zoonotic disease coverage, as well as other key issues such as biosecurity, handling, and management of these animals; and updates advice throughout, including changes to legislation and advances in new treatments, surgical techniques, and medicines. With medical and surgical options arranged by body system for easy reference, this book is an important tool for any veterinarian to have at their disposal.

This atlas provides a step-by-step manual in using the video-oto-endoscope (VOE) as a tool to study ear diseases in cats and dogs. Illustrated by numerous high-resolution images and case studies, the book explains in a highly accessible manner when and how to use VOE. It teaches how to differ between a normal and a pathological animal ear and guides the reader in diagnosing a particular disease. The book's main section provides in-depth information on causes, clinical picture, and imaging of ear diseases such as acute otitis externa, chronic otitis externa, and otitis media in small animals. Moreover, the atlas introduces technical fundamentals of the instrument and gives tips for its correct handling and cleaning. Further, readers are instructed on how to best prepare the animal patient for examination by VOE. The atlas addresses veterinary practitioners and veterinary technicians who are interested in performing otological examinations in cats and dogs.  

Advances in Small Animal Care reviews the year's most important findings and updates within the field in order to provide veterinarians with the current clinical information they need to improve patient outcomes. A distinguished editorial board, led by Dr. Philip H. Kass, identifies key areas of major progress and controversy and invites preeminent specialists to contribute original articles devoted to these topics. These insightful overviews in small animal care inform and enhance clinical practice by bringing concepts to a clinical level and exploring their everyday impact on patient care.Contains 20 articles on such topics as training and rehabilitation of working and sporting dogs; controversies of and indications for use of glucocorticoids in the ICU and ER; access to care and the impact on veterinary medicine; preparing veterinarians to practice across the spectrum; and more.Provides in-depth, clinical reviews in small animal care, providing actionable insights for clinical practice.Presents the latest information in the field under the leadership of an experienced editorial team. Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create these timely topic-based reviews.

In this issue of Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice, guest editor Dr. Joshua Stern brings his considerable expertise to the topic of Advancements in Companion Animal Cardiology. Cardiovascular disease of companion animals has seen a boom in research productivity and novel therapies that make the future of cardiac care very bright. In this issue, top experts highlight advances in diagnosis and treatment for common cardiac diseases such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, mitral valve degeneration, and dilated cardiomyopathy. Contains 12 relevant, practice-oriented topics including hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: advances in imaging and diagnostic strategies; the genetics of canine pulmonary valve stenosis; mitral valve repair: surgical outcomes and the rise of interventional options; the role of personalized medicine in companion animal cardiology; the role of point-of-care thoracic ultrasound in managing cardiac emergencies; and more.  Provides in-depth clinical reviews on advancements in companion animal cardiology, offering actionable insights for clinical practice.  Presents the latest information on this timely, focused topic under the leadership of experienced editors in the field. Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create clinically significant, topic-based reviews.

In this issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, guest editors Drs. Robert J. Van Saun and William S. Swecker, Jr. bring their considerable expertise to the topic of Vitamins and Trace Minerals in Ruminants. Optimal nutrition with adequate trace mineral levels guarantees proper function and nutrition of the animal, but purity and effectiveness are important concerns. In this issue, top experts in the field review trace mineral function, requirements, and content of common feeds, as well as specific diet challenges for ruminants and cattle. Contains 13 relevant, practice-oriented topics including evaluation of mineral sources; confinement dairy; vitamin supplementation; common toxicosis; maternal-fetal transfer of trace minerals and fetal programming; and more. Provides in-depth clinical reviews on vitamins and trace minerals in ruminants, offering actionable insights for clinical practice. Presents the latest information on this timely, focused topic under the leadership of experienced editors in the field. Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create clinically significant, topic-based reviews.

Entdecken Sie die faszinierende Welt von MSM in der Tiermedizin! Unser neues Buch bietet einen umfassenden Überblick über die vielseitigen Anwendungsmöglichkeiten von MSM bei Tieren. Von der Unterstützung des Immunsystems bis hin zur Verbesserung der Gelenkgesundheit und Fellqualität - Sie werden erstaunt sein, wie MSM auch Ihrem Tier helfen kann.Unsere Autoren sind führende Experten auf diesem Gebiet und haben jahrelange Erfahrung in der Anwendung von MSM in der Tiermedizin. In diesem Buch teilen sie ihr Wissen und ihre Erkenntnisse mit Ihnen, damit auch Sie von den vielen Vorteilen von MSM profitieren können.Egal, ob Sie ein Tierhalter, Tierarzt oder Tierpfleger sind, dieses Buch ist ein unverzichtbarer Leitfaden für alle, die das Beste für ihre Tiere wollen. Mit leicht verständlichen Erklärungen und praktischen Tipps ist es die perfekte Informationsquelle für jeden, der sich für die Wirkung von MSM auf Tiere interessiert.Machen Sie sich bereit, in die Welt von MSM in der Tiermedizin einzutauchen und Ihr Tier auf eine ganz neue Art und Weise zu unterstützen. Es werden Anwendungen für folgende Tierarten dargestellt: Pferde * Hunde * Katzen * Ziervögel * Zierfische * Schlangen und Echsen * Amphibien und Lurche * Kaninchen * Meerschweinchen * Goldhamster * Ratten * Schildkröten * Zierinsekten und Spinnen * Frettchen * Greifvögel und Eulen

"Assessing Caprine Periosetum and Stem Cells for Bone Repair in Rabbits" by Ravi Prakash Goyal is a comprehensive guide to using stem cells to repair and regenerate damaged bone tissue in rabbits. With detailed insights and expert guidance from a leading researcher in the field, this book provides readers with a deep understanding of the underlying science and practical advice for implementing these techniques in their own lives.The book covers a wide range of topics, from the biology of stem cells to the latest techniques for using caprine periosetum and stem cells to repair bone tissue in rabbits. The author provides readers with a clear and concise explanation of the key concepts and tools needed to work with stem cells, making this book accessible to both experts and novices in the field.Whether you are a veterinary professional looking to stay up-to-date on the latest research, or someone who is simply interested in learning more about stem cells and their potential applications, "Assessing Caprine Periosetum and Stem Cells for Bone Repair in Rabbits" is an essential read. With its engaging and informative writing style, this book is sure to be a valuable addition to your library.In summary, "Assessing Caprine Periosetum and Stem Cells for Bone Repair in Rabbits" is a comprehensive guide that provides readers with a deep understanding of the science and practical applications of stem cells in bone repair. Written by a leading expert in the field, this book is an essential read for anyone interested in this cutting-edge area of research. So, don't miss out on the opportunity to learn from one of the best and pick up your copy today.In conclusion, this book is a must-read for anyone interested in the latest research on using caprine periosetum and stem cells to repair bone tissue in rabbits. With its detailed insights and expert guidance, "Assessing Caprine Periosetum and Stem Cells for Bone Repair in Rabbits" is sure to be a valuable resource for anyone interested in this important area of research. So, don't wait any longer, order your copy today and take the first step towards a deeper understanding of this fascinating field.

Two of the most common anatomical defects that occur in swine are scrotal hernias and umbilical hernias with a frequency of 1.7 to 6.7%. They are produced by weakening of the muscles around the umbilical stump, causing its opening with the intestines coming out and giving an appearance of mass in the anatomical area. The abdominal contents are enveloped by the parietal peritoneum. Diagnosis is basically clinical, with palpatory signs such as ring, continent and hernial contents, which are reduced with manual pressure. Radiology and ultrasonography are used as confirmatory techniques.Although there are several surgical techniques for correction, there is no one that is accepted as the best worldwide by surgeons. For this reason, new methods are always being sought that meet all expectations when performing herniorrhaphy, such as easy to practice, minimally invasive, effective, not requiring specialized instruments and demanding surgical environments, as well as biomaterials that meet some of the above requirements plus tissue acceptance at the site of implantation.

These are the proceedings of the Zoo and Wildlife Health Conference organised by the European Association of Zoo and Wildlife Veterinarians, held at Universidad Cardenal Herrera , Valencia, Spain. and hosted by Bioparc Valencia, Spain from 7-10 June 2023

This detailed book explores new molecular biological techniques for the detection of both antigens and antibodies of porcine diseases. Assays examined within this collection include improved methods of nucleic acid extraction, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), droplet digital PCR (ddPCR), polymerase spiral reaction (PSR), cross-priming amplification (CPA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), as well as peptide nucleic acid (PNA) based tools, aptamer-based tools, and lateral flow assays and different immune assay-based diagnostics for porcine diseases. As part of the Springer Protocols Handbooks series, the present book contains the type of in-depth knowledge on important diagnostics tools that provide a vital source of information for scientists, researchers, and students from different fields. Authoritative and practical, Protocols for the Diagnosis of Pig Viral Diseases aims to guide researchers toward developing new technologies for the diagnosis of pig pathogens.