Historiografi

Saxo og hans samtid er et opgør med opfattelsen af Saxo Grammaticus som en tendentiøs og utroværdig kilde til middelalderens Danmark.Middelalderens krønikeskrivere tilpassede deres beskrivelser af verden og tidens tankegods til nye udfordringer og politisk bekvemme mål, indeholder historiske kilder som Saxos danmarkshistorie vigtig information om samtidens samfund. Ville man som Saxo bruge sin historieskrivning til at overbevise andre om en bestemt opfattelse af tingenes tilstand, måtte fremstillingen indeholde så meget sandhed, at den virkede troværdig for modtageren af budskabet. Derfor må der bag Saxos mange fantastiske fortællinger om fortidens danere og deres bedrifter gemme sig et mønster af tænkemåder og fænomener, som læserne kunne nikke genkendende til.Med dette som udgangspunkt give en række historikere deres bud på, hvad teksten Gesta Danorum siger om 1100-tallets våbenbrug og krigsførelse, gavegivning og rituelle handlinger, retlige problemstillinger og folke- og fædrelandsbegreber. Analysen retter sig samtidig mod forfatterens politiske retorik og historiske fortællestil, og derved kaster bogen nyt lys over Saxo og hans samtid.

Hvad ville historien være uden dens arkiver, dens museer og samlinger, dens skrifter og traditioner for fortolkning? Ville der overhovedet eksistere sådan noget som historie? Den berømte og berygtede franske filosof Jacques Derrida opsporer i et af sine mest kendte værker, som nu foreligger på dansk, netop denne problematik.Med sin dekonstruktive metode optrevler Derrida problematikken indefra med en bog, som udover de centrale teser stort set kun består af metatekst – i form af en indledning, et forord, en exergue og et efterskrift. I anledning af den danske oversættelse er tilføjet et forord af oversætteren Frederik-Emil Friis Jakobsen og et efterord af Torsten Andreasen.»Intet er i dag mere uklart og mere foruroligende end det begreb, der er arkiveret i ordet arkiv. […] Arkivets uro stammer fra en arkivfeber, fra en mal d’archive. Vi er »en mal d’archive«: Vi er i arkivforlegenhed. […] Det er endeløst, uophørligt, at søge efter arkivet, dér hvor det undslipper os. Det er at forfølge det, selv når der er for meget af det, dér hvor noget i det anarkiverer sig. Det er at lade sig drage mod det af et tvingende, gentagende og nostalgisk begær, et uundertrykkeligt begær efter en tilbagevenden til oprindelsen, en hjemve, en nostalgi om at vende tilbage til den absolutte begyndelses mest arkaiske sted.«

Ludvig Holberg (1684-1754) var blandt meget andet en produktiv forfatter af historiske skrifter: danmarkshistorie, verdenshistorie, kirkehistorie og historiske biografier, alt i alt mere end halvdelen af hans samlede værk. Men hvilken slags historiker var han egentlig? Hvad var hans historieteori? Og hvordan så samtid og eftertid på hans historiske forfatterskab? Ja, hvordan ser vi på det i dag? Det er disse sammenhængende spørgsmål, denne lille bog sætter sig for at besvare med ambition om at bidrage til en forståelse af Holberg som "pragmatisk historiker".Sebastian Olden-Jørgensen (født 1964) er lektor i historie på Saxo-Instituttet, Københavns Universitet. Han har bl.a. skrevet indledning til Ludvig Holberg: Dannemarks og Norges Geistlige og Verdslige Staat (1749, DSL/UiB/Forlaget Vandkunsten, 2014), samt artikler om Holberg, naturretten og enevælden.

A group portrait of six of the finest historians of the First World War

The last few decades have seen the emergence of theoretical history as an academic discipline characterised by conferences, journals, and an international community of researchers. It is about a scientific search for patterns in history, using quantitative data and formal, often mathematical models to understand the past, interpret the present and shape the future. This book is a comprehensive survey of the new discipline's themes and participants, including its early roots. The first two chapters define the scope of theoretical history and present some background knowledge and assumptions. This is followed by a review of mathematical methods, covering topics like calculus, network theory, statistics, and time-series analysis. Three chapters cover respectively socio-cultural, economic-technological, and military-political processes in history. Cities and urbanism, historical cycles such as in war and the economy, and the impact of the environment on social change also each have their own chapter. The final chapter provides a guide to data sources. There is an index and bibliography.

The lives of three generations of the plebeian Tempanius family are woven through the struggles and conflicts against Etruscan, Latin and other enemies of the young republic, and the fight for rights and power between the aristocratic Patricians and the common people of Rome in the first decades of the Roman Republic. Lucius Tempanius, eldest son of Marcus and Drusilla, loves war and pleasure. His goal in life is to be the greatest soldier of Rome and abjures his role as head of the family and leaves the farm to his brother, Titus. His move into the city causes a deep rift in the family and brings dishonor to the Tempanius name. But when his youngest brother is murdered by a patrician and allowed to escape punishment, Lucius Tempanius finally dedicates himself to a cause. That cause is vendetta; vengeance for his brother, and breaking the power of the patricians.

Nur im Museum ist es möglich, in wenigen Schritten Milliarden Jahre Evolution, Menschheits- oder Technikgeschichte hinter sich zu bringen. Auf dem Weg durch fast 14 Milliarden Jahre stellt dieses Buch auf kurzweilige Art Museen und das in ihnen präsentierte Wissen vor. In zwanzig Stationen geht es vom Urknall über die Entstehung der Erde und des Lebens, zur Gründung erster Königreiche, zu Kleopatra, Luther und den Menschenrechten, zu Napoleon, Computern und dem Klimawandel. Man erfährt, warum Kuh und Wal so nahe Verwandte sind, warum die Preußen schon lange vor dem Berliner Hauptstadt-Flughafen ruinöse Bauprojekte realisierten und ob wir Menschen die Chance haben, jemals eine Supernova mit bloßen Augen zu sehen. Auf dieser unterhaltsamen Reise durch Raum und Zeit geht es aber auch um die Museen selbst, ihre Entstehungsgeschichten und ihre oft exzentrischen Gründer ¿ unter denen einer die Wildtiere kurzerhand selbst erschoss, die er ausstellen wollte, während ein andererkistenweise Landkarten und Bücher aus Japan stahl, bevor Stürme ihn zurück an die Küste warfen, oder jener dritte, der sich inmitten seiner Ausstellungsfläche begraben ließ und dort noch immer liegt. In diesem Buch vergehen (fast) 14 Milliarden Jahre wie im Flug.

"This volume offers the first global and systematic overview of populist politics of history in the twenty-first century. An international group of scholars interrogates how and why populists engage with the past. Twelve case studies focus on uses of history and memory by populist movements across the globe - ranging from Brazil to Bangladesh, from Poland to Tanzania. Five thematic chapters zoom in on key features of populism: its relation to time, nationalism, emotions, academic expertise, and the language of 'moral remembrance'. The focus is both on left- and right-wing populism, as well as on oppositional populism and populists in power. This way, the volume presents an empirically rigorous and conceptually innovative analysis of populist historical reason"--

This book helps readers to understand the fast growing and timely concept of social metabolism. The authors shed a light on the different existing terms and methodologies that have been developed over the years. Through the study of history, readers will get an understanding of the main currents or schools that exist around this concept and their main findings. Also provides examples of how to apply the metabolic approach at different territorial and temporal scales and using different methodological tools. The book presents a novel socio-metabolic theory of historical change, in which biophysical and social variables are combined in an integrated way to understand the dynamics of socio-metabolic transitions.In this second edition, the authors provide valuable updates and new sections to each of the previous chapters. New insights on global phenomena like climate change and the environmental crisis are also considered. As readers will learn, a paradigm shift in almost all areas of research and society will be needed to face the challenges created by the modern industrial society. The authors use a look back in history, to explore the relationship between humans and nature from an evolutionary and thermodynamic perspective. With this approach, readers from history, environmental sciences and social sciences will get valuable insights on possible solutions.

This book covers the notion of collective memory ¿ broadly defined as the ways in which differing pasts are created, understood and reproduced ¿ and how this is perpetuated in Northern Ireland by a wide set of social actors, including nations, religious and political groupings, and local communities. Such collective memories are not a preservative for historically accurate recall of bygone events but rather readings of the past subject to contemporary interpretations and political pressure. The adoption of political symbolism remains central to subsequent events. Indeed, in Northern Ireland, both communities hold their conflicting ¿memories¿ dear and, importantly, rival political organizations have invested much in their own reading of the causes of the outbreak and continuation of the conflict. Set alongside constant exposure to other forms of discourse, texts, songs, prose and more visible physical manifestations ¿ such as murals, commemorative gardens, personal tattoos, and even gravestones ¿ there are a multitude of ways of reminding people of particular memories, community histories and interpretations of events, and of providing the background within which attitudes are formed.

This book investigates the role that cinemas in Brazil, Chile and Argentina have played in reconstructing memories of the most recent military dictatorships. These countries have undergone a distinctive post-dictatorship experience marked by unprecedented debates about human rights violations, the silencing of victims and accountability for state crimes. Meanwhile, politically committed filmmakers have created an extensive body of work addressing the dictatorship and its aftermath. This book employs a transnational and comparative approach to examine the strategies that these filmmakers have used to render visible what has remained hidden, to make reappear what has disappeared, and to reinterpret historical actors and events from a contemporary perspective. Through attention to the specific properties of the medium and the socio-historical context in which films have been made, it describes the different cinematic modes of remembering that emerged in response to wider memory frameworks in South America.

The production and retention of written records was a common and important facet of pre-modern rulership and administration. Much of our understanding of governmental practices and expressions of authority come from the contents of such documents, which have been well studied. Less studied, however, are the records themselves as artefacts. This volume is an attempt to redress this balance by taking a more holistic, material approach to a range of written records. Through a series of case studies, this volume explores questions regarding the material characteristics of various records and their use. It demonstrates that the material features of the records, including the size and shape, the hands that wrote them and the material substrate, can shed new light on the functioning of government and the declarations of power these records asserted. The ten contributions of this volume focus on records from a variety of rulers, political systems and administrations. With four case studies from early China and six from medieval Europe, this volume offers transcultural perspectives to demonstrate how different cultures expressed rulership and administration materially through the use of text-bearing artefacts.

This book explores the experiences of the ethnic and religious minorities of Iran, such as Jews, Yarsani, Christian, Sabean Mandaean, Bahai, Zoroastrian, Baluch, Kurd, and others and provides a historical overview of their position in society before and after the 1979 Islamic revolution and highlights their contribution to the country's history, diversity, and development. It also focuses on the historical, sociopolitical, and economic factors that affected the minorities' development during the last century. Author Behnaz Hosseini has shaped this book with authentic material and has assembled the experiences and opinions of academics of diverse backgrounds who approach the minorities¿ issues in Iran in a constructive and ingenious way: from debating their efforts to preserve their identity and cultural heritage and ensure their survival to discussing their relations with the majority and other minorities, the role of religion in everyday life, and their contribution to the rich cultural history of Iran.

This volume addresses the current boom in biographical fictions across the globe, examining the ways in which gendered lives of the past become re-imagined as gendered narratives in fiction. Building on this research, this book is the first to address questions of gender in a sustained and systematic manner that is also sensitive to cultural and historical differences in both raw material and fictional reworking. It develops a critical lens through which to approach biofictions as ¿fictions of gender¿, drawing on theories of biofiction and historical fiction, life-writing studies, feminist criticism, queer feminist readings, postcolonial studies, feminist art history, and trans studies. Attentive to various approaches to fictionalisation that reclaim, appropriate or re-invent their ¿raw material¿, the volume assesses the critical, revisionist and deconstructive potential of biographical fictions while acknowledging the effects of cliché, gender norms and established narratives in manyof the texts under investigation. The introduction of this book is available open access under a CC BY 4.0 license at link.springer.comChapter 1 is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

This book is an original and innovative study of how Gothic nostalgia and toxic memoryare used to underpin and promote the ongoing culture wars and populist politics incontemporary popular culture. The essays collected here cover topics from the spectral tothe ecological, deep fakes to toxic ableism, Mary Poppins to John Wick to revealhow the use of an imaginary past to shape the present, creates truly Gothic times that wecan never escape. These ¿hungry ghosts¿ from the past find resonance with the Gothicwhich speaks equally of a past that often not only haunts the present but will not let itescape its grasp. This collection will look at the confluence between various kinds of toxicnostalgia and popular culture to suggest the ways in which contemporary populism hasresurrected ideological monsters from the grave to gorge on the present and any possibilityof change that the future might represent.

This book examines the archival aesthetic of mourning and memory developed by Latin American artists and photographers between 1997-2016.  Particular attention is paid to how photographs of the assassinated or disappeared political dissident of the 1970s and 1980s, as found in family albums and in official archives, were not only re-imagined as conduits for private mourning, but also became allegories of social trauma and the struggle against socio-political amnesia. Memorials, art installations, photo-essays, street projections, and documentary films are all considered as media for the reframing of these archival images from the era of the Cold War dictatorships in Argentina, Chile, Guatemala, and Uruguay. While the turn of the millennium was supposedly marked by "e;the end of history"e; and, with the advent of digital technologies, by "e;the end of photography,"e; these works served to interrupt and hence, belie the dominant narrative on both counts. Indeed, the book's overarching contention is that the viewer's affective identification with distant suffering when engaging these artworks is equally interrupted: instead, the viewer is invited to apprehend memorial images as emblems of national and international histories of ideological struggle.

Die Neuordnung des preußischen Gymnasiums im 19. Jahrhundert stellte eine unvergleichliche Reform dar. Durch seine Einheitsschule für höhere Bildung, sorgfältige staatliche Überwachung und beständige Bildungsprinzipien erlangte es anerkannten Erfolg. Von entscheidender Bedeutung waren die Lehrkräfte: Sie stammten oft aus nicht-akademischen Verhältnissen, doch ihre wissenschaftliche Kompetenz und hingebungsvolle Berufsverpflichtung waren unumstritten. Diese Studie analysiert die Perspektiven, Qualifikationen und soziale Herkunft der Lehrer sowie ihre Integration in das Gymnasiumssystem. Zusätzlich wird die Interpretation zeitgenössischer Veränderungen und die politischen Visionen der Lehrkräfte beleuchtet. Als Hauptquelle dienen die wertvollen und oft übersehenen Jahresberichte der Gymnasien (¿Schulprogramme¿).

This is the first book on Italian Fascism to analyse the rich historiography written in Italian for the benefit of the English-speaking students. Claudia Baldoli clarifies the most important research and debates from the origins of Fascism to the ways in which it is remembered today.

The book discusses recent developments in philosophy with regards to how historical events can be explained causally and introduces perspectives from the philosophy of science into the philosophy of history. The book covers the main approaches to causal explanation in history and makes clear the main issues and concepts that are associated with such explanations. For example, the book discusses historical contingency and narratives, among other issues. The book is directed to philosophers of science, philosophers of history, historians, historically oriented social scientists, and everyone who is interested in how we make sense of the past.

Obwohl das »Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum« (RAC) in jeder Universitätsbibliothek, in jedem altertumswissenschaftlichen Institut und auch in manchem Privathaushalt steht, hat es 75 Jahre gedauert, bis Spuren der NS-Ideologie in den ersten beiden Bänden und die nach 1945 andauernde Beteiligung von Autoren, die schon im »Dritten Reich« antijüdische Propaganda betrieben, zur Sprache kamen. Lange jedoch galt das RAC als Werk, das im humanistischen Sinn als Frucht eines Zusammenwachsens von griechisch-römischen und christlichen Traditionen verstanden wurde.Dieses Buch untersucht systematisch den Verdacht einer ideologischen und institutionellen Nähe der frühen RAC-Bände zum Nationalsozialismus. Die Beiträge stützen sich zum großen Teil auf die bislang unveröffentlicht gebliebenen Archivalien des Franz Joseph Dölger-Instituts. Während einige Beiträge eine Gesamtinterpretation vorlegen, untersuchen andere ideologische Verquickungen einzelner Autoren und deren Artikel sowie die Redaktion des RAC und deren Verbindung mit ähnlich ausgerichteten Wissenschaftsprojekten..

This book uses diaries written by ordinary British people over the past two centuries to examine and explain the nature and extent of everyday mobilities, such as travel to school, to work, to shop or to visit friends, and to explore the meanings attached to these mobilities. After a critical evaluation of diary writing, the ways in which mobility changed over time, interacted with new forms of transport technology, and varied from place to place are examined. Further chapters focus on the roles of family and life course, gender, income and class, and journey purpose in shaping mobilities, including immobility. It is argued that easy and frequent everyday mobilities were experienced by most of the diarists studied, that travellers could exercise their own agency to adapt easily to new forms of transport technology, but that factors such as gender, class, and location also created significant mobility inequalities.

This book presents an interdisciplinary study of the El Mirador cave located on the Atapuerca karstic system, one of the longest Pleistocene and Holocene archaeopaleontological deposits in Iberia. This book presents the results including new unpublished and published data to discuss different aspects related to the prehistoric herders and farmers that occupied this territory.  Divided into four parts, the book covers site presentation and the paleoenvironmental reconstruction covering a chronological span between 7060 40-3040 40 yrs. The history of the excavation and the excavation methodology is detailed in this part including new unpublished recording techniques using 3D scanning and photogrammetry and a very meticulous sampling strategy. The book presents formation processes of the deposit which are key to understanding the successive occupations of the caves regarding its use as sheepfold cave as well as human remains that are part of different funerary contexts in the cave. In the last section, the book covers material culture found in the cave including lithic tools and pottery. This interdisciplinary work is of interest to scholars in anthracology, zooarchaeology, paleoanthropology, lithic technology, and experimental archaeology.