Matematisk logik

¿Einsatzfertige Lerneinheiten vermitteln fundamentale mathematische Techniken, die weit über die Oberstufe hinaus von Bedeutung sind. Die Lerninhalte eignen sich auch zur gezielten Vorbereitung auf Mathematikwettbewerbe. Schwerpunkte bilden Stochastik und trigonometrische Funktionen. Es wird mit Erwartungswerten gerechnet, in die Spieltheorie eingeführt, und es werden der Sinussatz und Additionstheoreme für Sinus und Cosinus behandelt. Hinzu kommen Exkurse in die Aussagenlogik und die Graphentheorie. Die Schüler*innen führen Beweise in unterschiedlichen Gebieten. Die Aufgaben fördern die mathematische Denkfähigkeit, Phantasie und Kreativität.

In this two-volume compilation of articles, leading researchers reevaluate the success of Hilbert's axiomatic method, which not only laid the foundations for our understanding of modern mathematics, but also found applications in physics, computer science and elsewhere.The title takes its name from David Hilbert's seminal talk Axiomatisches Denken, given at a meeting of the Swiss Mathematical Society in Zurich in 1917. This marked the beginning of Hilbert's return to his foundational studies, which ultimately resulted in the establishment of proof theory as a new branch in the emerging field of mathematical logic. Hilbert also used the opportunity to bring Paul Bernays back to Gottingen as his main collaborator in foundational studies in the years to come.The contributions are addressed to mathematical and philosophical logicians, but also to philosophers of science as well as physicists and computer scientists with an interest in foundations.Chapter 8 is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

The Riemann hypothesis (RH) may be the most important outstanding problem in mathematics. This third volume on equivalents to RH comprehensively presents recent results of Nicolas, Rogers¿Tao¿Dobner, Polymath15, and Matiyasevich. Particularly interesting are derivations which show, assuming all zeros on the critical line are simple, that RH is decidable. Also included are classical PólyäJensen equivalence and related developments of Ono et al. Extensive appendices highlight key background results, most of which are proved. The book is highly accessible, with definitions repeated, proofs split logically, and graphical visuals. It is ideal for mathematicians wishing to update their knowledge, logicians, and graduate students seeking accessible number theory research problems. The three volumes can be read mostly independently. Volume 1 presents classical and modern arithmetic RH equivalents. Volume 2 covers equivalences with a strong analytic orientation. Volume 3 includes further arithmetic and analytic equivalents plus new material on RH decidability.

Machine-learning systems are making life-altering decisions for us: approving mortgage loans, determining whether a tumour is cancerous, or deciding whether someone gets bail. They now influence discoveries in chemistry, biology and physics - the study of genomes, extra-solar planets, even the intricacies of quantum systems.We are living through a revolution in artificial intelligence that is not slowing down. This major shift is based on simple mathematics, some of which goes back centuries: linear algebra and calculus, the stuff of eighteenth-century mathematics. Indeed by the mid-1850s, a lot of the groundwork was all done. It took the development of computer science and the kindling of 1990s computer chips designed for video games to ignite the explosion of AI that we see all around us today. In this enlightening book, Anil Ananthaswamy explains the fundamental maths behind AI, which suggests that the basics of natural and artificial intelligence might follow the same mathematical rules.As Ananthaswamy resonantly concludes, to make the most of our most wondrous technologies we need to understand their profound limitations - the clues lie in the maths that makes AI possible.

He [Kronecker] was, in fact, attempting to describe and to initiate a new branch of mathematics, which would contain both number theory and alge- braic geometry as special cases.-Andre Weil [62] This book is about mathematics, not the history or philosophy of mathemat- ics. Still, history and philosophy were prominent among my motives for writing it, and historical and philosophical issues will be major factors in determining whether it wins acceptance. Most mathematicians prefer constructive methods. Given two proofs of the same statement, one constructive and the other not, most will prefer the constructive proof. The real philosophical disagreement over the role of con- structions in mathematics is between those-the majority-who believe that to exclude from mathematics all statements that cannot be proved construc- tively would omit far too much, and those of us who believe, on the contrary, that the most interesting parts of mathematics can be dealt with construc- tively, and that the greater rigor and precision of mathematics done in that way adds immensely to its value.

The New Mathematical Coloring Book (TNMCB) includes striking results of the past 15-year renaissance that produced new approaches, advances, and solutions to problems from the first edition. A large part of the new edition ¿Ask what your computer can do for you,¿ presents the recent breakthrough by Aubrey de Grey and works by Marijn Heule, Jaan Parts, Geoffrey Exoo, and Dan Ismailescu. TNMCB introduces new open problems and conjectures that will pave the way to the future keeping the book in the center of the field. TNMCB presents mathematics of coloring as an evolution of ideas, with biographies of their creators and historical setting of the world around them, and the world around us.A new thing in the world at the time, TMCB I is now joined by a colossal sibling containing more than twice as much of what only Alexander Soifer can deliver: an interweaving of mathematics with history and biography, well-seasoned with controversy and opinion. ¿Peter D. Johnson, Jr.Auburn UniversityLike TMCB I, TMCB II is a unique combination of Mathematics, History, and Biography written by a skilled journalist who has been intimately involved with the story for the last half-century. ¿The nature of the subject makes much of the material accessible to students, but also of interest to working Mathematicians. ¿ In addition to learning some wonderful Mathematics, students will learn to appreciate the influences of Paul Erd¿s, Ron Graham, and others.¿Geoffrey ExooIndiana State UniversityThe beautiful and unique Mathematical coloring book of Alexander Soifer is another case of ¿good mathematics¿, containing a lot of similar examples (it is not by chance that Szemerédi¿s Theorem story is included as well) and presenting mathematics as both a science and an art¿¿Peter MihókMathematical Reviews, MathSciNetA postman came to the door with a copy of the masterpiece of the century. I thank you and the mathematics community should thank you for years to come. You have set a standard for writing about mathematics and mathematicians that will be hard to match.¿ Harold W. KuhnPrinceton UniversityI have never encountered a book of this kind. The best description of it I can give is that it is a mystery novel¿ I found it hard to stop reading before I finished (in two days) the whole text. Soifer engages the reader's attention not only mathematically, but emotionally and esthetically. May you enjoy the book as much as I did!¿ Branko GrünbaumUniversity of WashingtonI am in absolute awe of your 2008 book.¿Aubrey D.N.J. de GreyLEV Foundation

It is not always clear what computer programs mean in the various languages in which they can be written, yet a picture can be worth 1000 words, a diagram 1000 instructions.In this unique textbook/reference, programs are drawn as string diagrams in the language of categories, which display a universal syntax of mathematics (Computer scientists use them to analyze the program semantics; programmers to display the syntax of computations). Here, the string-diagrammatic depictions of computations are construed as programs in a single-instruction programming language. Such programs as diagrams show how functions are packed in boxes and tied by strings. Readers familiar with categories will learn about the foundations of computability; readers familiar with computability gain access to category theory. Additionally, readers familiar with both are offered many opportunities to improve the approach.Topics and features:Delivers a ¿crash¿ diagram-based course in theory of computationUses single-instruction diagrammatic programming languageOffers a practical introduction into categories and string diagrams as computational toolsReveals how computability is programmability, rather than an ¿ether¿ permeating computers Provides a categorical model of intensional computation is unique up to isomorphismServes as a stepping stone into research of computable categoriesIn addition to its early chapters introducing computability for beginners, this flexible textbook/resource also contains both middle chapters that expand for suitability to a graduate course as well as final chapters opening up new research. Dusko Pavlovic is a professor at the Department of Information and Computer Sciences at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, and by courtesy at the Department of Mathematics and the College of Engineering. He completed this book as an Excellence Professor at Radboud University in Nijmegen, The Netherlands.

In this two-volume compilation of articles, leading researchers reevaluate the success of Hilbert's axiomatic method, which not only laid the foundations for our understanding of modern mathematics, but also found applications in physics, computer science and elsewhere.The title takes its name from David Hilbert's seminal talk Axiomatisches Denken, given at a meeting of the Swiss Mathematical Society in Zurich in 1917. This marked the beginning of Hilbert's return to his foundational studies, which ultimately resulted in the establishment of proof theory as a new branch in the emerging field of mathematical logic. Hilbert also used the opportunity to bring Paul Bernays back to Gottingen as his main collaborator in foundational studies in the years to come.The contributions are addressed to mathematical and philosophical logicians, but also to philosophers of science as well as physicists and computer scientists with an interest in foundations.

This comprehensive volume features the proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Logics for New-Generation Artificial Intelligence and the International Workshop on Logic, AI and Law, held in Hangzhou, China on September 8-9 and 11-12, 2023. The collection offers a diverse range of papers that explore the intersection of logic, artificial intelligence, and law. With contributions from some of the leading experts in the field, this volume provides insights into the latest research and developments in the applications of logic in these areas. It is an essential resource for researchers, practitioners, and students interested in the latest advancements in logic and its applications to artificial intelligence and law.

This book series consists of two parts, decidable description logics and undecidable description logics. It gives the R-calculi for description logics. This book offers a rich blend of theory and practice. It is suitable for students, researchers and practitioners in the field of logic.

Einsatzfertige Lerneinheiten vermitteln fundamentale mathematische Techniken, die über die Oberstufe hinaus von Bedeutung sind. Die Lerninhalte eignen sich auch zur gezielten Vorbereitung auf Mathematikwettbewerbe. Den Anfang machen universelle Beweistechniken, die in unterschiedlichen Kontexten angewandt werden. Es folgen lineare Kongruenzen, die Eulersche ¿-Funktion und der Satz von Euler. Abwechslungsreiche Aufgaben wiederholen und vertiefen den Umgang mit Ungleichungen. Die Schüler*innen führen Beweise in unterschiedlichen Gebieten. Die Aufgaben fördern die mathematische Denkfähigkeit, Phantasie und Kreativität.

In 1922, Curry started reading Principia Mathematica and was intrigued by the complications of its substitution rule. As a result of trying to analyze substitution, Curry conceived the combinators in 1926. This collection is dedicated to Jonathan Seldin's 80th anniversary. Seldin is the penultimate PhD student of Curry and the guardian of Curry's paradigm.The search at the beginning of the 20th century for powerful systems that combine computations and deductions (functions and logic) and that are able to formalise mathematics has led to the birth of the mighty ¿-calculus of Church, Combinatory Logic of Curry and Category Theory of Eilenberg and Mac Lane, all of which are well represented in this collection. The struggle for internalising as much as possible while keeping the system consistent is clear in the evolution of the ¿-calculus and combinatory logic and can be felt again in the articles in this volume. Similarly, the struggle for elegant theories that minimise the number of basic concepts while remaining as close as possible to the language's structure is clear. Generalising concepts, connecting areas that may seem far apart and applying useful techniques from one area to the other is also represented well in this volume where for example notions like coherence, confluence, commuting diagrams, are extended between ¿-calculus, rewriting systems and category theory, and where embedding relations are given to allow a lot of disciplines from logic to mathematics to computer science to meet.

In recent years, the interaction between harmonic analysis and convex geometry has increased which has resulted in solutions to several long-standing problems. This collection is based on the topics discussed during the Research Semester on Harmonic Analysis and Convexity at the Institute for Computational and Experimental Research in Mathematics in Providence RI in Fall 2022. The volume brings together experts working in related fields to report on the status of major problems in the area including the isomorphic Busemann-Petty and slicing problems for arbitrary measures, extremal problems for Fourier extension and extremal problems for classical singular integrals of martingale type, among others.

Samson Abramsky¿s wide-ranging contributions to logical and structural aspects of Computer Science have had a major influence on the field. This book is a rich collection of papers, inspired by and extending Abramsky¿s work. It contains both survey material and new results, organised around six major themes: domains and duality, game semantics, contextuality and quantum computation, comonads and descriptive complexity, categorical and logical semantics, and probabilistic computation. These relate to different stages and aspects of Abramsky¿s work, reflecting its exceptionally broad scope and his ability to illuminate and unify diverse topics.Chapters in the volume include a review of his entire body of work, spanning from philosophical aspects to logic, programming language theory, quantum theory, economics and psychology, and relating it to a theory of unification of sciences using dual adjunctions. The section on game semantics shows how Abramsky¿s work hasled to a powerful new paradigm for the semantics of computation. The work on contextuality and categorical quantum mechanics has been highly influential, and provides the foundation for increasingly widely used methods in quantum computing. The work on comonads and descriptive complexity is building bridges between currently disjoint research areas in computer science, relating Structure to Power.The volume also includes a scientific autobiography, and an overview of the contributions. The outstanding set of contributors to this volume, including both senior and early career academics, serve as testament to Samson Abramsky¿s enduring influence. It will provide an invaluable and unique resource for both students and established researchers.

Reverse mathematics studies the complexity of proving mathematical theorems and solving mathematical problems. Typical questions include: Can we prove this result without first proving that one? Can a computer solve this problem? A highly active part of mathematical logic and computability theory, the subject offers beautiful results as well as significant foundational insights.This text provides a modern treatment of reverse mathematics that combines computability theoretic reductions and proofs in formal arithmetic to measure the complexity of theorems and problems from all areas of mathematics. It includes detailed introductions to techniques from computable mathematics, Weihrauch style analysis, and other parts of computability that have become integral to research in the field. Topics and features:Provides a complete introduction to reverse mathematics, including necessary background from computability theory, second order arithmetic, forcing, induction, and model constructionOffers a comprehensive treatment of the reverse mathematics of combinatorics, including Ramsey's theorem, Hindman's theorem, and many other resultsProvides central results and methods from the past two decades, appearing in book form for the first time and including preservation techniques and applications of probabilistic argumentsIncludes a large number of exercises of varying levels of difficulty, supplementing each chapterThe text will be accessible to students with a standard first year course in mathematical logic. It will also be a useful reference for researchers in reverse mathematics, computability theory, proof theory, and related areas.Damir D. Dzhafarov is an Associate Professor of Mathematics at the University of Connecticut, CT, USA. Carl Mummert is a Professor of Computer and Information Technology at Marshall University, WV, USA.

"The paradoxes about truth are the subject of extensive research. Developing an original approach, this book argues that we should diverge from classical logic and presents a number of formal theories of truth. Also included is a beginner-friendly introduction to semantic paradoxes, and a discussion of alternative non-classical theories"--