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An innovative feature of this book is its econocentric structure, focusing on digital designs. From the outset, econocentrism is assumed to be a core engine of capitalism, like money. The new coronavirus pandemic has changed lifestyles worldwide, which are unlikely ever to return in their original form. This great transformation will change the nature of the socio-economic system itself and will be centered on digital designs. At present, money already is beginning to undergo a major revolution in that sense. Many books dealing with digital designs and innovations have been published, but few if any of them focus on monetary and analytical methods in the way that this present volume does.The book then contains 6 parts: Evolution of money and thinking complexities in the AI era; Goods market and the future of labor market; Computational social approaches to social dilemmas, smart city, cryptocurrencies; Artificial market experiments; The randomness and high frequencies in financial data; Other trading strategy issues and the effects of AI usage. These issues may be indispensable subjects in our age. Study these subject, and have a step forward to the future society!

¿Congestion games are a fundamental class of games widely considered and studied in non-cooperative game theory, introduced to model several realistic scenarios in which people share a limited quantity of goods or services. In congestion games there are several selfish players competing for a set of resources, and each resource incurs a certain latency, expressed by a congestion-dependent function, to the players using it. Each player has a certain weight and an available set of strategies, where each strategy is a non-empty subset of resources, and aims at choosing a strategy minimizing her personal cost, which is defined as the sum of the latencies experienced on all the selected resources. The impact of selfish behavior in congestion games generally deteriorates the social welfare, thus reducing their performance. This deterioration is generally estimated by the price of anarchy, a metric that compares the worst Nash equilibrium configuration with the optimal social welfare, so that the larger the price of anarchy for a game, the higher the impact of selfish behavior. The book derives from the first author's thesis, which won the Best Italian PhD Thesis in Theoretical Computer Science in 2019, awarded by the Italian chapter of the EATCS. The book will be revised for broader audience, and the thesis supervisor is joining as coauthor following the suggestion of the series. The authors will introduce examples for initial definitions with detailed explanations, and expand the scope to the broader results in the area rather than their specific work.

The COVID-19 pandemic is not only a threat to our health and economy, but also has strong implications for defence and security. Indeed, defence leaders have highlighted a second fight surrounding the spread of COVID-19, namely disinformation and preparing to face adversaries willing to exploit the public health crisis for nefarious purposes. The current pandemic is a breeding ground for the propagation of disinformation, as it represents the first major global health event in which large social media platforms have become the main distributor of information. This multi-national edited volume consists of contributions from Defence Science, academia and industry, including NATO Headquarters, United States, Netherlands, Singapore, United Kingdom and Norway. The content is aimed at a diverse audience, including NATO members, researchers from defence and security organizations, academics, and militaries including analysts and practitioners, as well as policy makers. This volume focuses on various aspects of COVID-19 disinformation, including identifying global dominant disinformation narratives and the methods used to spread disinformation, examining COVID-19 disinformation within the broader context of the cognitive domain, examining the psychological effects of COVID-19 disinformation and COVID-19 disinformation on instant messaging platforms, along with examining various countermeasures to disinformation.

This book focuses on research in linear algebra, statistics, matrices, graphs and their applications. Many chapters in the book feature new findings due to applications of matrix and graph methods. The book also discusses rediscoveries of the subject by using new methods. Dedicated to Prof. Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao (C.R. Rao) who has completed 100 years of legendary life and continues to inspire us all and Prof. Arbind K. Lal who has sadly departed us too early, it has contributions from collaborators, students, colleagues and admirers of Professors Rao and Lal. With many chapters on generalized inverses, matrix analysis, matrices and graphs, applied probability and statistics, and the history of ancient mathematics, this book offers a diverse array of mathematical results, techniques and applications. The book promises to be especially rewarding for readers with an interest in the focus areas of applied linear algebra, probability and statistics.

This book features contributions from the GTM 2020 International Meeting on Game Theory held virtually from St. Petersburg, Russia, including presentations by plenary speakers. The topics cover a wide range of game-theoretic models and include both theory and applications, including applications to management.

Written by leading scholars from various disciplines, this book presents current research on topics such as public choice, game theory, and political economy. It features contributions on fundamental, methodological, and empirical issues around the concepts of power and responsibility that strive to bridge the gap between different disciplinary approaches. The contributions fall into roughly four sub-disciplines: voting and voting power, public economics and politics, economics and philosophy, as well as labor economics.On the occasion of his 75th birthday, this book is written in honor of Manfred J. Holler, an economist by training and profession whose work as a guiding light has helped advance our understanding of the interdisciplinary connections of concepts of power and responsibility. He has written many articles and books on game theory, and worked extensively on questions of labor economics, politics, and philosophy.

This book uses logic, philosophy, and whimsical storytelling to investigate the magic of succeeding by believing. In particular, we look at the "supposed" secret to success: if you believe you will succeed, then you will succeed. What happens when you adopt this belief? The logical consequences may be surprising. For example, under certain conditions, this supposed secret becomes a logical, self-fulfilling prophecy.Through a progression of 15 chapters, we follow a narrative-going deeper and deeper into the rabbit hole of the supposed secret. Most chapters include a short story to illustrate a logical concept relating to the supposed secret, and most chapters also include a rigorous analysis to satisfy the skeptics. My fundamental thesis is that "magicians" (those who believe in the supposed secret) are logically empowered by the supposed secret to success-even according to skeptical logic.Just a draft. Peer review appreciated.

A problem in graph theory that has received increased attention during the past 50 years concerns studying methods of distinguishing the vertices of a connected graph from one another.There are many ¿elds of mathematics now in the mathematics curriculum that overlap into graph theory. Large areas of set theory, pure combinatorics, algebra, geometry and especially topology consider problems of graph theory. However, since graph theory now makes its appearance in so many ¿elds and especially since a large amount of graph theory could be developed and presented at the high school or undergraduate level, it would seem to merit more than just a passing glance in the curriculum. First, however, a great e¿ort is needed to introduce graphs as a logical abstract mathematical system. A sequential rigorous development with preciseness of de¿nitions and süciently complete to reveal its basic nature and applications is needed.

Mathematics acts an important role in many aspects of fields. Graph theory, which will be applied in structural models, is an important area of mathematics. This structural arrangement of various things or techniques leads to new creations and improvements to the current order to enhance these areas. Graph theory is that part of Discrete Mathematics that has a large amount of application in real-life situations like facility locational problems, science and technology, and communication networks. Graph Theory is a great place to learn about methodologies in discrete mathematics, and the results have applications in a variety of fields including computing, social science, and natural data analysis. In both pure and applied mathematics, the last 50 years have seen a barrage of effort in graph theory. A graph is a set of nodes connected by links. A graph is a set of points with lines connecting them. The vertices and edges of a graph are also known as points and lines, respectively. The vertex set is denoted as ¿¿¿¿(¿¿¿¿), and the edge set is denoted as ¿¿¿¿(¿¿¿¿). Every branch of mathematics requires some kind of product concept to allow the combination or breakdown of its fundamental structures. The graph product is a relatively new concept in graph theory that is growing fast. Human genetics, a dynamic location problem, and networks are just a few examples of where graph products are used. Products are frequently seen as a convenient language for describing structures, but they are increasingly being used in more significant ways.

The Standard Model is a remarkably successful theory. It is a quantum theory describing the electromagnetic, weak and the strong interactions in nature. Its biggest shortcoming lies in its inability to describe gravity in the quantum regime. Furthermore, the con-stituents of dark matter and their interactions remain poorly understood, making it clear that there is much physics beyond Standard Model. String theory has the promise to pro-vide a quantum theory of gravity unifying all forces of nature [1-4]. It is a theory of interacting strings and other extended objects like D-branes. Its spectrum always con-tains a massless spin-2 state whose low energy interactions are as in general relativity. String perturbation theory is known to be ultraviolet ¿nite. At present, the most promis-ing direction to connect string theory with nature is by compactifying ten dimensional string theories on six dimensional Calabi-Yau manifolds. Much progress has taken place in this direction, and this remains an active area of research. Furthermore, the techniques of perturbative quantum ¿eld theory fail in the case of strong interactions (QCD) at low energies. However, a close cousin of QCD, i.e. N = 4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory in four dimensions at strong coupling can be understood via its string theory dual due to a mathematical correspondence [5, 6]. This has given hope that string theory can shed light on strong dynamics.

This thesis titled "Study of Some Dark Energy and String Models in Certain Alternative Theories of Gravitation" consists of eight chapters and deals with the investigation of some spatially homogeneous and anisotropic cosmological models in the frame work of Brans-Dicke (1961) and Saez-Ballester (1986) scalar-tensor theories, Barber's (1982) second self-creation theory and f(R, T ) modi¿ed theory of gravity (Harko et al. 2011), which are viable alternatives to Einstein's theory of gravitation.The main aim of cosmology is to construct mathematical models of the universe and compare these models with the present day universe as observed by astronomers. A full picture should comprise both an inventory of the present matter content (including its spatial distribution) and an understanding of the dynamics governing past and future evolution of the universe as a whole. Technological advances have brought an increasing ability to gather enormous quantities of data to further our understanding.

The Nash bargaining problem provides a framework for analyzing problems where parties have imperfectly aligned interests. This Element reviews the parts of bargaining theory most important in philosophical applications, and to social contract theory in particular. It discusses rational choice analyses of bargaining problems that focus on axiomatic analysis, according to which a solution of a given bargaining problem satisfies certain formal criteria, and strategic bargaining, according to which a solution results from the moves of ideally rational and knowledgeable claimants. Next, it discusses the conventionalist analyses of bargaining problems that focus on how members of a society can settle into bargaining conventions via learning and focal points. In the concluding section this Element discusses how philosophers use bargaining theory to analyze the social contract.

Evolutionary game theory originated in population biology from the realisation that frequency-dependent fitness introduced a strategic element into evolution. Since its development, evolutionary game theory has been adopted by many social scientists, and philosophers, to analyse interdependent decision problems played by boundedly rational individuals. Its study has led to theoretical innovations of great interest for the biological and social sciences. For example, theorists have developed a number of dynamical models which can be used to study how populations of interacting individuals change their behaviours over time. In this introduction, this Element covers the two main approaches to evolutionary game theory: the static analysis of evolutionary stability concepts, and the study of dynamical models, their convergence behaviour and rest points. This Element also explores the many fascinating, and complex, connections between the two approaches.