Videnskabelig forskning

Over the decades, all across the world and across industries, important rooms have been built, stuffed full of equipment to provide essential controls to monitor and manage complex facilities. These rooms have been designated as "control rooms." The control room is a place where information is gathered and displayed; in some cases, automated systems perform control functions based on this information, and operators use the information and the controls to take additional control actions. For example, every airplane has a control room where the pilots sit and control the aircraft. NASA's control rooms are iconic, as captured in photographs of people gathered in large rooms, sitting at different computers, all wearing headsets, coordinating, and presumably watching a rocket launch. Independent System Operating organizations for large electric power grids have similar control rooms. Power plants, be they natural gas plants, solar plants, wind farms, or nuclear power plants, all have control rooms. Throughout time, these control rooms have been filled with different pieces of equipment and operated using unique protocols reflecting what needed to be accomplished to control the facility, whatever it may be. Additionally, these control rooms represent centralized locations where all controls and operations come together. Like many other segments of society, control rooms have evolved over the past several decades with technological advancements

Using the principles of necessity, effectiveness, and proportionality, the authors develop a framework for evaluating influence operations with an initial screening, conducting a full ethical risk assessment, and preparing a justification statement.

The 2022 National Defense Strategy calls for "integrated deterrence" in how the United States postures its cyberspace forces to address the strategic challenges posed by revisionist powers--in this case China. An integrated deterrence strategy entails combining cyber operations with other warfighting domains to reduce a competitor's perceptions of the net benefits of aggression relative to restraints. Such a strategy also represents a departure from the current U.S. Cyber Command (CYBERCOM) focus on technical operations in the cyber domain. The authors begin with an examination of various theories of international relations to highlight a variety of views on U.S.-China competition. They then apply the concept of selective overmatch to reevaluate current U.S. cyber operations in light of competition and possible conflict with China. Because the United States cannot maintain superiority in all aspects of cyber operations equally, it must selectively create advantage over China by targeting influence points--elements of the adversary's political, economic, or societal strength--that will most likely achieve U.S. objectives. By identifying the key influence points for China and the United States and the actions that might be taken against them, the authors explore selective overmatch as a framework for categorizing and assessing vulnerabilities in the Chinese and U.S. cyber domains, as well as for expanding the capabilities of cyber operations, integrating deterrence, and sustaining U.S. primacy. Selective overmatch, properly understood and applied, can provide a roadmap for CYBERCOM's future operations.

Si communiquer est aujourd¿hui pour les scientifiques une injonction, ce livre a pour ambition d¿explorer les arcanes des processus éditoriaux, communicationnels ou de vulgarisation, et de mettre en lumière les évolutions de cette activité inhérente aux sciences. La communication s¿est ainsi, au fil du temps, codifiée, normalisée, du fait des scientifiques, d¿institutions académiques d¿État, d¿éditeurs ou d¿entreprises médiatiques. De façon générale, elle nécessite un émetteur, un message et un destinataire. Les communications scientifiques ne dérogent pas à la règle ; après validation des résultats par des spécialistes, les travaux sont communiqués à un plus grand nombre de chercheurs, puis vers différents « utilisateurs de connaissances » jusqüau grand public. Elles proposent de partager l¿état des connaissances disponibles sur un sujet donné à un moment T et peuvent concerner de grandes périodes de temps comme de longues distances. Il existe de nombreuses façons de communiquer : communication non verbale, visuelle, orale, écrite, imprimée, numérique, formelle, informelle¿ Dans ce volume, il n¿est question que de communication sur des supports pérennes. L¿histoire de la communication est aussi une histoire technique, depuis les tablettes d¿argile sumériennes jusqüà l¿imprimé, sans omettre le télégraphe, le téléphone, la radio, la télévision, l¿internet, ce dernier offrant la possibilité de correspondre et de lire les dernières communications sur un même support. Ce livre, en étudiant différents cas de l¿époque moderne à nos jours, donne à voir les stratégies des scientifiques, leurs rapports avec les « promoteurs » de sciences quels qüils soient et souligne combien la communication scientifique est une affaire de culture et de politique. Histoire de ruptures, de continuités et d¿invariants, l¿histoire de la communication scientifique est aussi celle de notre rapport au monde.

Computational and Network Modeling of Neuroimaging Data provides an authoritative and comprehensive overview of the many diverse modeling approaches that have been fruitfully applied to neuroimaging data. As neuroimaging is witnessing a massive increase in the quality and quantity of data being acquired, this book gives an accessible foundation to the field of computational neuroimaging, suitable for graduate students, academic researchers, and industry practitioners who are interested in adopting or applying model-based approaches in neuroimaging. It is widely recognized that effective interpretation and extraction of information from complex data requires quantitative modeling. However, modeling the brain comes in many diverse forms, with different research communities tackling different brain systems, different spatial and temporal scales, and different aspects of brain structure and function. This book takes a critical step towards synthesizing and integrating across different modeling approaches.

This book addresses the complex relationship between the values of liberal democracy and the values associated with scientific research. The chapters explore how these values mutually reinforce or conflict with one another, in both historical and contemporary contexts.The contributors utilize various approaches to address this timely subject, including historical studies, philosophical analysis, and sociological case studies. The chapters cover a range of topics including academic freedom and autonomy, public control of science, the relationship between scientific pluralism and deliberative democracy, lay-expert relations in a democracy, and the threat of populism and autocracy to scientific inquiry. Taken together the essays demonstrate how democratic values and the epistemic and non-epistemic values associated with science are interconnected.Science, Freedom, Democracy will be of interest to scholars and graduate students working in philosophy of science, history of philosophy, sociology of science, political philosophy, and epistemology.

This report presents results of an effort to determine how the U.S. Army might modernize special and incentive pays to better reward Army aviators' career advancement while cost-effectively achieving retention objectives.

The purpose of training and education in the United States Department of the Air Force (DAF) is to develop and sustain mission-critical knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs) among airmen, guardians, and civilians. The DAF must deliver effective training and education to fully use its human capital, provide warfighting assets to combatant commanders, and maintain asymmetric advantage over competitors. Yet training and education is costly. A recent budget request included more than $2 billion for training and education, and recent guidance has highlighted that the U.S. Air Force must transform all facets of training and education to field a highly capable force in an affordable manner. This report focuses on computational cognitive models, a class of training technologies with transformative potential. Computational cognitive models emulate psychological processes like knowledge acquisition and retention. These models have been used to develop empirically grounded training curricula and deliver personalized training in diverse domains. The primary benefits of using these models to deliver personalized training are enhanced learning gains and reduced training time. This report explores the feasibility of applying computational cognitive models to the acquisition and sustainment of mission-critical KSAs, with emphasis on second-language learning. The authors affirm that cognitive models can be integrated with training curricula in a variety of ways, and each of these potential courses of action (COAs) presents different levels of benefits along with different technical and logistical challenges.

"The U.S. Army's newly renamed Soldier and Family Readiness Groups aim to increase Army family readiness and resilience. The authors of this report found that awareness of the new policy is not widespread among Army spouses, and aspects of the program could be improved. However, findings also suggest that these groups can be effective in the Army community"--

This paper shares the results of an exercise hosted by the RAND Corporation to explore the risk of escalation from Chinese activities in the gray zone to conventional war. The results showed an overall low risk of Taiwanese escalation.

While technological advancement leads to societal benefits in terms of economic growth, it also brings with it challenges in its impact on the environment or human health. Sustainable development seeks a uniform means of comparing the economic benefits with the environmental and health costs associated with the implementation of a new technology. This revised encyclopedia investigates sustainability initiatives across a range of industries, providing insight into future opportunities for technological development. A broad spectrum of human challenges have only become more intense since publication of the first edition. For example, climate change is now observed across the globe as a contributor to large scale weather events, including extreme drought in Australia, intense wildfires in California, and flooding along the great rivers of Africa, North and South America. Land in the Amazon rain forest is destroyed to provide increased cropland, contributing to climate change. Expansion of the use of biomass as a raw material in chemical processing leads to food shortages. In many cases, these challenges have the greatest impact on the poorest nations, and the most polluting manufacturing facilities are located in the poorest communities, demonstrating social justice challenges. Encyclopedia of Sustainable Technologies, Four Volume Set provides a comprehensive analysis of the challenges of modern technology, and the innovations that are leading to better use of limited resources and improved resiliency as we learn to adapt to a changing world. Each chapter examines in depth a technological solution to support a specific human need, evaluates it relative to its impacts on the environment and human health, and considers the social justice issues underlying its development. The new edition provides a stronger link between manufacturing and climate change, updates on new technologies for the generation, distribution and storage of energy, new concepts in resiliency and modularity that have changed manufacturing and chemical processes, and emphasizes the trade-offs required to obtain desired products while minimizing environmental impact.

"Dive into the Deep: A Journey Through the Ocean's Mysteries" is a captivating voyage into the mysteries, marvels, and majesty of our world's oceans. Renowned oceanographer Rogs Martins takes you on a thrilling adventure beneath the waves, exploring everything from the sun-drenched surface to the deepest, darkest abyss.Discover the fascinating creatures that inhabit these otherworldly realms, investigate the ghostly remains of human endeavors swallowed by the sea, and confront the urgent ecological challenges facing our oceans today. Packed with historical insights, cutting-edge science, and tales of intrepid exploration, this book uncovers the ocean's secrets and illuminates why this watery world is so vital to our existence."Dive into the Deep" is a testimony to human curiosity, a love letter to the ocean, and a wake-up call for us all. Join Rogs Martins on this unforgettable journey and see the ocean - and your place in it - in a whole new light.

To weigh options in managing military personnel costs, the U.S. Air Force explores trade-offs in a workforce futures policy game that simulates the monetary and nonmonetary effects of workforce and personnel policies in real time.

Im 20. Jahrhundert kam es durch Relativitätstheorie und Quantenmechanik zu tiefgreifenden Veränderungen unserer wissenschaftlichen Weltauffassung. In dieser Arbeit werden die grundlegenden Begriffe, Objekte und Phänomene unserer heutigen wissenschaftlichen Theorien detailliert erläutert, welche vor allem folgende sind: Quantenvakuum; Elementarteilchen und Wechselwirkungen; Naturgesetz und Information; Emergenz; Raumzeit und das Universum; Selbstorganisation und Evolution; Einheit, Ganzheit, System und Synergetik; Schachtelung der Objekte; Schichtung der Naturgesetze; Kausalität; Teleonomie, Teleologie und Zufall. Hierauf aufbauend wird eine zusammenfassende kurze Beschreibung unserer heutigen wissenschaftlichen Weltauffassung gegeben, um damit anschließend für die unterschiedlichsten Bereiche Forschungsanregungen zu geben; insbesondere für Biologie und Psychologie (Teleonomie, Biodynamik, Evolution, Bewusstsein und Leib-Seele Problem). In Zusammenhang mit Nahtoderlebnissen, Sterbebett-Visionen und Medienkundgebungen in Séancen wird beispielsweise die Frage behandelt, ob es ein Überleben des körperlichen Todes durch eine Seele oder Entelechie geben kann. Neben diesen Fragestellungen werden außerdem grundlegende Probleme der Physik und Soziologie besprochen.

To develop and harness technological capabilities to meet its missions, the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) seeks ways to improve acquisition and retention of technical talent from science, technical, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines. Congress and DoD policymakers point to higher compensation in the private sector as a key challenge. However, a prior RAND Corporation report suggests that the average compensation difference between private- and public-sector STEM workers is not that large when workforce characteristics are considered. This same research shows that there are demographic-group differences (gender, racial and ethnic) in compensation for STEM workers. Given Congressional and DoD interest in employing more STEM workers-and federal government interest in promoting diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility more generally-demographic-group differences in the DoD STEM workforce warrant in-depth understanding. Building on previous RAND research, the authors use several years of DoD civilian workforce data to quantify trends in demographic-group compensation differences and other employment-related outcomes among the DoD civilian STEM workforce. The authors provide an overview of the composition of the DoD civilian STEM workforce, then perform an analysis that controls for observable characteristics, such as education, that might explain those group differences. Next, they describe the compensation implications of the demographic composition of civilian pay plans and explore compensation differences while holding DoD component, geographic location, and STEM occupational category constant. They conclude with key findings and recommendations for DoD to better understand and address demographic-related inequalities within its STEM workforce.

This report describes the resilience assessment framework that RAND Project AIR FORCE developed to assess the potential impact of integrating select commercial space services on U.S. Space Force mission performance.

Når forskning og innovation både er udfordringen og løsningenDet danske sundhedsvæsen er ramt af udfordringer. Med den demografiske udvikling forventes flere ældre og multisygdomsramte patienter, og hertil føjer sig et stigende problem med at sikre et godt arbejdsmiljø med kvalificeret personale.I denne antologi tager en række eksperter afsæt i sundhedsvæsenets udfordringer, når de undersøger, hvordan vi kan afhjælpe problemerne og skabe fremtidens sundhedsvæsen. Potentialet ved strategisk at inkorporere forskning og innovation i forskellige udviklingstendenser udfoldes, og flere vinkler på, hvordan man kan sammentænke drift, forskning, innovation og uddannelse i praksis, præsenteres:- Missionsorienteret forskning og innovation- Udvikling af forskningskultur på tværs af en stor organisation- Det offentlig-private samarbejde- Det digitaliserede sundhedsvæsen- Forsknings- og innovationsbroen- Klinisk kvalitet som outcome- Brugerinddragelse.Det danske sundhedsvæsen har behov for ledere, der kan lede i en kompleks organisatorisk virkelighed og forstår at lede udvikling og innovation ind i driften, så det får reel impact for både personale og patienter. Bogen kan læses som inspiration og debatoplæg af alle i sundhedssektoren med lederambitioner og -ansvar.

Although there are many books on project management, few address the issues associated with scientific research. This work is based on extensive scientific research and management experiences and is designed to provide an introduction to planning and managing scientific research for the beginning researcher.

O livro é concebido como uma viagem através da Itália da investigação, através de sucessivos encontros com cada um dos investigadores. O autor do livro funciona como o elo de ligação, reunindo as diferentes histórias, fazendo perguntas e reflexões, anotando ideias e impressões de lugares e pessoas. O autor serve também como espectador e protagonista, sendo ele próprio em busca de algo durante esta viagem. Várias cidades são abordadas durante a viagem de um ano, incluindo Roma, Trieste, Milão, Lodi, Nápoles, Turim, Cosenza, Bolonha, Bari e Pádua, que são o pano de fundo dos encontros. As histórias destes investigadores são extrapoladas seguindo uma forma dialógica e enfatizando, de tempos a tempos, diferentes aspectos de modo a formar um quadro completo, especialmente sobre o que leva uma pessoa a seguir o caminho da investigação e quais são as motivações subjacentes e possíveis sucessos das aplicações e estudos. Estas histórias contam sobre pessoas "normais", e todas as pessoas envolvidas no livro têm um traço geracional comum, tendo a maioria nascido em meados dos anos 70, pelo que será discutida uma geração de 30-35 anos de idade. As dez histórias cobrem diferentes campos, não só a nível científico ou médico, e destacam diferentes vias de crescimento, pelo que não só se falará de investigadores "puros" (campo académico e universitário), mas também daqueles que trabalham na indústria como empregados ou aqueles que fundaram uma empresa.

Le livre est conçu comme un voyage à travers l'Italie de la recherche, à travers des rencontres successives avec chacun des chercheurs. L'auteur du livre est configuré comme le lien, rassemblant les différentes histoires, posant des questions et des réflexions, épinglant des idées et des impressions de lieux et de personnes. L'auteur agit également en tant que spectateur et protagoniste, étant lui-même à la recherche de quelque chose au cours de ce voyage. Au cours du voyage d'un an, diverses villes sont visitées, dont Rome, Trieste, Milan, Lodi, Naples, Turin, Cosenza, Bologne, Bari et Padoue qui représentent le contexte des réunions. Les récits de ces chercheurs sont extrapolés suivant une forme dialogique et en insistant, de temps à autre, sur différents aspects afin de dresser un tableau complet avant tout de ce qui pousse une personne à s'engager sur la voie de la recherche et sur quelles sont les motivations sous-jacentes et réussites possibles des candidatures et des études. Ces histoires parlent de gens "normaux" et toutes les personnes impliquées dans le livre ont un trait générationnel commun, étant nés pour la plupart au milieu des années 70, nous parlerons donc d'une génération de 30-35 ans. Les dix histoires couvrent différents secteurs, non seulement au niveau scientifique ou médical, et mettent en évidence différentes voies de croissance, nous ne parlerons donc pas exclusivement de chercheurs "purs" (domaines académiques et universitaires), mais aussi de ceux qui travaillent dans l'industrie en tant que salariés ou qui a fondé une entreprise.

Connectomic Medicine: A Guide to Brain AI in Treatment Decision Planning examines how to apply connectomics to clinical medicine, including discussions on techniques, applications, novel ideas, and in case examples that highlight the state-of-the-art. Written by pioneers, this volume serves as the foundation for all neuroscience clinicians/researchers venturing into the field of AI medicine, its realistic applications, and how to integrate AI connectomics into clinical practice. With widespread applications in neurology, neurosurgery and psychiatry, this book is appropriate for anyone interested in cerebral network anatomy, imaging techniques, and insights into this emerging field.

Getting published may seem like the ultimate goal of a research study. In truth, the gold standard is the moment when another team repeats the work and confirms the result. To pass this acid test of replication, one has to know a discipline's best practices and follow them with rigor. It is not obvious how to distill a complex signal into numbers that can be quantitatively compared. Nor is it simple to capture useful data sets in a repeatable fashion, or what statistical tests apply to this vs. that kind of study.Imaging scientists in particular have to draw useful numbers from a data set with at least two dimensions (X&Y, plus intensity), up to as many as six. This book draws on the author's 20 years of experience in quantitative imaging to help the reader design powerful and repeatable imaging experiments. The book is an approachable menu of options and best practices from statistical planning to analysis, and a library of references for further reading. The tools presented here will help the reader find the right assay(s) in an unfamiliar sub-field, and succeed the first time, generating powerful results that hold up to replication.

"Evaluation of Fouling Assemblage on Open Sea Cage Culture Materials" is an insightful book by S. Saravanan that delves into the assessment of fouling organisms in open sea cage culture systems. The book provides an in-depth analysis of the diverse array of organisms that colonize the surfaces of these materials, and the impact they have on the overall production and quality of aquaculture products.The author explores the factors influencing the establishment and growth of fouling organisms, including substrate type, water temperature, and nutrient availability. The book also provides an overview of the methods used to monitor fouling assemblages, including physical and chemical methods and image analysis techniques.The findings presented in the book are based on extensive research, providing valuable insights into the impact of fouling on aquaculture systems. The information provided in this book will be of great value to professionals in the field of aquaculture, researchers, and students of marine science and technology.Overall, "Evaluation of Fouling Assemblage on Open Sea Cage Culture Materials" is an essential resource for those seeking to understand the complex relationship between fouling organisms and aquaculture production. It provides valuable insights into the challenges facing the aquaculture industry and offers practical solutions to help mitigate the impact of fouling on open sea cage culture materials.