Flydende stoffers mekanik

The population balance methodology provides a powerful framework for studying polydisperse entities such as aerosols, crystals and bubbles. This self-contained and accessible book explains how this theoretical framework can be employed across a wide range of scientific, engineering and environmental problems. The methodology is explained step-by-step, showing readers how to use these techniques by formulating the population balance problem, choosing models and implementing appropriate solution methods. Particular focus is given to the coupling of the population balance with fluid mechanics and computational fluid dynamics (CFD), in both laminar and turbulent flows. Applications of the population balance methodology are explored in case studies including nanoparticle synthesis, soot formation and crystallisation, and sample open-source code is provided. This book will be valuable to researchers across a range of disciplines including chemical and mechanical engineering, physics and environmental science, and can be used as a resource for advanced undergraduate and graduate courses.

Energy and environmental sustainability have triggered a worldwide interest in the field of the transportation network and industrial activity. Friction consumes approximately one-fifth of the total energy utilized in machinery systems. One-third of all energy is spent only on overcoming friction. Tribology is the science of lubrication, friction, and wear deals with the prevention of wear and tear of surfaces that move relative to one another under load. The term tribology was initially coined by Jost in 1966. The term comes from the Greek word tribos, which means "to rub," or "the science dealing with the rubbing of surfaces." Therefore, Friction and wear can also be termed lubrication science. Tribological interactions consume around 23% of the world's total energy usage. About 20% is used to overcome friction whereas 3% is used to re-fix worn components and spare equipment that have failed due to wear and wear- related problems. Energy losses due to friction and wear can be decreased by 40% in the long term (15 years) and by 18% in the short term by utilizing new surfaces, materials, and lubrication technologies. Reduction in wear and friction can enhance the life period of automobiles, machines, and other equipment around the world. In the long run, these savings would be equal to 1.4 percent of global GDP and about 8.7% of overall energy use on a worldwide scale. Hence, a vast variety of innovative technological solutions for reducing friction and wear had been advised, yet have not been widely adopted. Efficient coolants and lubricants are required by rising energy needs, precision manufacturing, miniaturization, nuclear regulations, and critical economies. Considering the negative impacts of friction and wear, lubricants play a key role in reducing these negative impacts on tribological processes. Lubricants also reduce the temperature in tribomechanical systems and enhance the performance of the system. All types of maintenance incorporate lubrication as a critical component of the whole procedure. In mechanical systems, consistent performance and energy-saving are the foremost demand for an eco-friendly lubricant. The physio-chemical relations between the molecules of lubricant, material surfaces, and the environment causes lubrication in the system [

"Fluid Dynamics" is a comprehensive guide to the principles and applications of fluid dynamics in engineering and environmental science. It covers topics such as fluid statics, kinematics, conservation laws, boundary layer theory, pipe flow, open channel flow, and more. Packed with case studies, experimental techniques, and future directions, this book is an essential resource for anyone interested in the fascinating world of fluid dynamics.

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a powerful tool that enables engineers and scientists to simulate fluid flows in a variety of applications, including thermal engineering, biomedical engineering, and environmental modeling. This book provides a comprehensive introduction to CFD, encompassing fundamental theory, mathematical and numerical techniques, and practical applications. The book begins by systematically introducing the basic concepts and terminology of CFD, such as the continuity equation, Navier-Stokes equations, energy equation, source/sink terms, and types of grids. The mathematical and numerical methods utilized to solve the CFD governing equations, including the finite difference method and the finite volume method, are then described in a beginner-friendly manner, accompanied by vivid and straightforward graphical illustrations. In addition to covering the foundation of CFD theory, the book presents several practical applications of CFD in diverse fields such as biomedical modeling, renewable energy, and thermal engineering. To extract useful information, the simulated CFD results need to be analyzed and visualized. Therefore, the book demonstrates common post-processing and visualization techniques, such as contour plots, streamlines, vectors, and charts. Overall, this book provides a comprehensive introduction to CFD, encompassing the essential theory, methods, and applications, making it an ideal choice as a textbook for graduate and post-graduate students or a reference for researchers and engineers working on CFD simulations.

Interstellar Travel: After Arrival is a comprehensive, technical look at the necessary considerations for settlement on an extra solar planet following interstellar travel, addressed by leading experts in the fields of space development. The book features the current and future plans for lunar, Mars, and asteroid settlement, and how what we learn from such future endeavors might apply to settlement at destinations around other stars. In addition, scientists who have been considering the construction of large space structures and terraforming discuss realistic options to be considered, along with chapters covering necessary considerations such as whether terraforming is possible and how it might be accomplished, the ethical issues and scientific constraints to interacting with an alien biosphere, and what we might learn from settling within our own Solar System that would apply to settling elsewhere.The third book of a three-book compilation, Interstellar Travel: After Arrival offers in-depth, up-to-date and realistic technical and scientific considerations of the challenges that settling on an exoplanet would bring, including review of the current technological capabilities and how they might be put towards life on an extra solar planet.

The magic of flight has captivated humanity for centuries. From the dreams of Icarus to the jet-fueled adventures of today, the desire to break free from Earth's rope has been a persistent narrative. "Soaring Beyond the Horizon" delves deep into this enchanting world, unraveling aviation's mysteries, marvels, and milestones.Explore the early days of flight, such as the Wright brothers' pioneering endeavors. Learn about the technological leaps that transformed rickety biplanes into sleek supersonic jets. This book takes you on an exhilarating journey through the annals of aviation, introducing you to lesser-known tales and pivotal moments that shaped the skies above.Discover the intricacies of airplane design, the science behind keeping these magnificent machines aloft, and the engineering feats that have led to today's state-of-the-art aircraft. Get up close and personal with legendary aviators and unsung heroes who dared to dream and defied the odds.But it's not just about the past. "Soaring Beyond the Horizon" also ventures into the future of flight, from electric planes to the promise of space tourism. It delves into the aviation industry's environmental and economic challenges and showcases innovations aiming to make flying more sustainable and accessible.Peppered with fascinating anecdotes, detailed diagrams, and engaging narratives, this book is a treasure trove for aviation enthusiasts and curious minds alike. Whether you're a seasoned aviator, an aspiring pilot, or someone who loves to gaze up at passing planes, "Soaring Beyond the Horizon" promises to enlighten, entertain, and inspire.Embark on this flight through time and space, understanding the wonders of aviation as never before. Strap in and prepare for takeoff; the skies await!

Für alle, die fasziniert vom Fliegen sind und ein tieferes Verständnis dafür entwickeln wollen, wie Vögel und Modellflugzeuge ihre Kreise in der Luft ziehen. Anschaulich und unterhaltsam führt der Autor in die komplexen Sachverhalte von Wirbel, Zirkulation und Auftrieb ein. Verständlich und begreifbar durch zahlreiche Diagramme und Videos. Es gelingt dem Autor die dem dynamischen Auftrieb zugrunde liegenden Gesetzmäßigkeiten besonders anschaulich darzustellen.

"Introducing the state-of-the-art of hypervelocity shock tunnels, this complete reference features a variety of drivers and step-by-step introductions to their theories, physics, methods and testing. This book enables researchers and engineers in aerospace to design and improve wind tunnels that simulate flow qualities of real hypersonic flyers"--

"Dispersed multiphase flows are frequently found in nature and have diverse geophysical, environmental, industrial, and energy applications. This book targets a beginning graduate student looking to learn about the physical processes that govern these flows, going from the fundamentals to the state of the art, with many exercises included"--

A wind turbine refers to a type of machine that converts kinetic energy into electrical energy. It converts wind energy into electricity by utilizing the aerodynamic forces, which involve lift and drag. These forces are generated by the rotor blades, which function similar to rotor blade of helicopter or wing of an airplane. Wind turbines are a significant source of intermittent renewable energy, which can help in decreasing the reliance on fossil fuels and thereby reducing the energy costs. Smaller wind turbines are employed for tasks such as powering traffic warning signs and battery charging for caravans or boats. Larger turbines can aid household power supply and their extra energy be added back to the electrical grid. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of wind energy aerodynamics and the recent researches on this topic. It contains a detailed explanation of the aerodynamics utilized by wind turbines. The book will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this area of renewable energy.

Hydraulics refers to the study of fluids in motion or at rest. It is associated with fluid mechanics, which serves as a major theoretical groundwork. Hydraulics is concerned with the mechanical properties of liquids and focuses on the engineering applications of fluid properties. Hydraulic systems use an incompressible fluid such as water or oil to transfer forces from one location to another within the fluid. Hydraulic engineering applies the principles of fluid mechanics to solve issues involving the collection, storage, control, regulation, transportation, measurement and use of water. Dam design, hydropower, erosion, pipe flow, river channel behavior, pumps, computational fluid dynamics, turbines and flow measurement, and river hydrology are some of the industrial applications of hydraulics. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends related to the study of hydraulics from an engineering perspective. It aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the discipline.

Fluid flow refers to the motion of a fluid under the influence of various unbalanced forces. It primarily belongs to a branch of fluid mechanics that is typically concerned with the dynamics of fluids. Heat transfer is a field of thermal engineering that focuses on the consumption, exchange, generation and conversion of thermal energy among physical systems. It is divided into several mechanisms, including thermal radiation, thermal conduction, thermal convection and transmission of energy through phase changes. Fluid flow and heat transfer are critical components of engineering process design. Heat transfer into a fluid leads to the development of an equilibrium temperature under constant flow, which requires the solution of the Navier-Stokes equations. This book includes some of the vital pieces of works being conducted across the world on fluid flow and heat transfer. It will also provide interesting topics for research, which interested readers can take up. This book is a resource guide for experts as well as students.

Fluid dynamics is a branch of fluid mechanics, which describes the flow of fluids including gases and liquids. It focuses on the study of movements of fluids, including the interactions that occur when two fluids are exposed to one another. There are many subfields of fluid dynamics such as hydrodynamics and aerodynamics. Fluid dynamics plays an important role in the study of ocean tides, plate tectonics, planet evolution, weather patterns and blood circulation. Wind turbines, air conditioning systems, rocket engines and oil pipelines are some of the significant technological uses of fluid dynamics. It also has several engineering applications such as refrigerators and air conditioners, hydraulic equipment, automobiles, hydroelectric power plants, nuclear power plants, and thermal power plants. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored engineering applications of fluid dynamics and the recent researches in this field. It elucidates new techniques and their applications in a multidisciplinary manner. This book includes contributions of experts and scientists, which will provide innovative insights into this field.