Materialer / stoffaser

This volume brings together internationally leading researchers in this interdisciplinary field to explore and exchange ideas, both experimental and theoretical, to further our understanding of the fundamental properties of water at interfaces.

This book covers recent developments in the understanding, quantification, and exploitation of entanglement in spin chain models from both condensed matter and quantum information perspectives. Spin chain models are at the foundation of condensed matter physics and quantum information technologies and elucidate many fundamental phenomena such as information scrambling, quantum phase transitions, and many-body localization. Moreover, many quantum materials and emerging quantum devices are well described by spin chains. Comprising accessible, self-contained chapters written by leading researchers, this book is essential reading for graduate students and researchers in quantum materials and quantum information.  The coverage is comprehensive, from the fundamental entanglement aspects of quantum criticality, non-equilibrium dynamics, classical and quantum simulation of spin chains through to their experimental realizations, and beyond into machine learning applications.

This textbook presents the fundamental concepts and theories in solid-state engineering physics in a very simple, systematic, and comprehensive way. The book is written in a lucid manner so that students are able to understand the realization behind the mathematical concepts which are the backbone of this subject. All the subject fundamentals and related derivations are discussed in an easy and comprehensive way to make the students strong about the basics of the solid-state engineering physics. The philosophy of presentation and material content in the book are based on concept-based approach toward the subject. The key features also lie in the solutions of several interesting numerical problems so that the students should have the idea of the practical usages of the subject. The book will benefit students who are taking introductory courses in solid-state physics for engineering.

This thesis makes significant advances towards an understanding of superconductivity in the cuprate family of unconventional, high-temperature superconductors. Even though the high-temperature superconductors were discovered over 35 years ago, there is not yet a general consensus on an acceptable theory of superconductivity in these materials. One of the early proposals suggested that collective magnetic excitations of the conduction electrons could lead them to form pairs, which in turn condense to form the superconducting state at a critical temperature Tc. Quantitative calculations of Tc using experimental data were, however, not available to verify the applicability of this magnetic mechanism. In this thesis, the author constructed an angle-resolved photoemission apparatus that could provide sufficiently accurate data of the electronic excitation spectra of samples in the normal state, data which was furthermore unusually devoid of any surface contamination. The author also applied the Bethe-Salpeter method to his uncommonly pristine and precise normal state data, and was able to predict the approximate superconducting transition temperatures of different samples. This rare combination of experiment with sophisticated theoretical calculations leads to the conclusion that antiferromagnetic correlations are a viable candidate for the pairing interaction in the cuprate superconductors.

This book provides a comprehensive overview of positron profilometry, specifically focusing on the analysis of defect depth distribution in materials. Positron profilometry plays a crucial role in understanding and characterizing defects in a wide range of materials, including metals, semiconductors, polymers, and ceramics. By analyzing the depth distribution of defects, researchers can gain insights into various material properties, such as crystal structure, defect density, and diffusion behavior. The author's extensive research spanning a period of two decades has primarily centered on subsurface zones. These regions, located beneath the surface and subjected to various surface processes, play a crucial role in generating defect distributions. Three experimental techniques and their data analysis are described in detail: a variable-energy positron beam (VEP) called sometimes a slow positron beam, a technique called implantation profile depth scanning (DSIP), and a sequential etching(SET) technique. The usability of these techniques is illustrated by many examples of measurements by the author and others.

This book provides readers with a detailed overview of second- and third-order nonlinearities in various nanostructures, as well as their potential applications. Interest in the field of nonlinear optics has grown exponentially in recent years and, as a result, there is increasing research on novel nonlinear phenomena and the development of nonlinear photonic devices. Thus, such a book serves as a comprehensive guide for researchers in the field and those seeking to become familiar with it.This text focuses on the nonlinear properties of nanostructured systems that arise as a result of optical wave mixing. The authors present a review of nonlinear optical processes on the nanoscale and provide theoretical descriptions for second and third-order optical nonlinearities in nanostructures such as carbon allotropes, metallic nanostructures, semiconductors, nanocrystals, and complex geometries. Here, the characterization and potential applications of these nanomaterials are also discussed. The factors that determine the nonlinear susceptibility in these systems are identified as well as the influence of physical mechanisms emerging from resonance and off-resonance excitations. In addition, the authors detail the effects driven by important phenomena such as quantum confinement, localized surface plasmon resonance, Fano resonances, bound states, and the Purcell effect on specific nanostructured systems. Readers are provided with a groundwork for future research as well as new perspectives in this growing field.

This book covers the flux pinning mechanisms and properties and the electromagnetic phenomena caused by the flux pinning common for metallic, high-Tc and MgB2 superconductors. The condensation energy interaction known for normal precipitates or grain boundaries and the kinetic energy interaction proposed for artificial Nb pins in Nb-Ti, etc., are introduced for the pinning mechanism. Summation theories to derive the critical current density are discussed in detail. Irreversible magnetization and AC loss caused by the flux pinning are also discussed. The loss originally stems from the ohmic dissipation of normal electrons in the normal core driven by the electric field induced by the flux motion.The influence of the flux pinning on the vortex phase diagram in high Tc superconductors is discussed, and the dependencies of the irreversibility field are also described on other quantities such as anisotropy of superconductor, specimen size and electric field strength. Recent developments of critical current properties in various high-Tc superconductors and MgB2 are introduced.The 3rd edition has been thoroughly updated, with a new chapter on critical state model. The mechanism of irreversible properties is discussed in detail. The author provides calculations of pinning loss by the equation of motion of flux lines in the pinning potential and hysteresis loss. The readers will learn why the resultant loss is of hysteresis type in spite of such mechanism. This book aims for graduate students and researchers studying superconductivity as well as engineers working in electric utility industry.

Das Verständnis der Physik von Festkörpern hat im letzten Jahrhundert enorme Fortschritte gemacht und unser tägliches Leben in vielerlei Hinsicht revolutioniert. Diese Entwicklung geht weiter, und es besteht kaum ein Zweifel daran, dass die moderne Festkörperphysik notwendig ist, um einige der Herausforderungen zu bewältigen, denen wir uns heute gegenübersehen. In seiner 6., überarbeiteten Auflage deckt das Werk ein breites Spektrum physikalischer Phänomene ab, die in Festkörpern auftreten, und erörtert grundlegende Konzepte zu deren Beschreibung. Das Material ist so ausgewählt, dass alle relevanten aktuellen Teilgebiete einbezogen werden und zusammen einen umfassenden Überblick bieten. Eine Besonderheit dieses Lehrbuches ist, dass die Physik ungeordneter Festkörper, die üblicherweise meist nur sehr kurz oder gar nicht dargestellt wird, konsequent in die Behandlung des Stoffes einfließt und die Physik der idealen Kristalle ergänzt. Ungeordnete Festkörper sind in unserem täglichen Leben allgegenwärtig und spielen in zahlreichen technischen Anwendungen eine wichtige Rolle. Das Lehrbuch richtet sich an Studierende, die Festkörperphysik auf einführendem und fortgeschrittenem Vorlesungsniveau studieren wollen.

This book provides information on the characteristics, strategies and applications of layered materials. It sheds light on layerdness-dependent properties of Van der Waals solids for potential applications. The properties of various layered materials prepared using different experimental strategies are described. Further, the first-principles calculations are given to devise a strategy to investigate layeredness in materials. The structural, thermal, mechanical, lattice vibronic, electronic, optical and carrier transport characteristics of the layered materials are elaborated in detail. This book provides an updated source of information on layered materials for students, researchers, and professionals.

"Unstable Nature" is a popular science book offering a journey through the concept of instability in modern science with a focus on physics.

This book is based on a course of lectures aimed at undergraduate and graduate students studying materials science and welding at the E.O. Paton Institute of Materials Science and Welding National Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute." The book is divided into four parts, each focusing on various aspects of magnetic solitons in ferromagnetic nanosystems.The first two parts of the book cover the quantum and thermodynamic properties of uniaxial ferromagnetic films with strong magnetic anisotropy and cylindrical nanowires made of different chemical compositions (ferrite-garnet, iron, nickel). These properties are related to the presence of "kink" solitons, which are vertical Bloch lines (BLs) and domain walls (DWs) of transverse type, respectively.The third part of the book discusses the effect of thermal motion of transverse-type DWs on the magnetocaloric effect in cylindrical iron and nickel nanowires. The fourth part of the book explores the conditions that lead to structural transitions between different types of DWs, including transverse, asymmetric, and DWs with a Bloch point (point soliton).Each part of the book is summarized at the end, highlighting the main results presented. Overall, the book is designed to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of magnetic solitons in ferromagnetic nanosystems and their associated quantum, thermodynamic, and structural properties.

This book gathers selected papers from the 28th International Cryogenic Engineering Conference and International Cryogenic Materials Conference 2022 (ICEC28-ICMC 2022), held virtually in Hangzhou, China on 25-29 April 2022, due to COVID-19 pandemic. Highlighting the latest findings on cryogenic engineering and cryogenic materials, it covers topics including: large-scale cryogenic components, processes and systems for refrigeration, separation, and liquefaction of cryogenic fluids, small-scale cryocoolers, cryogenic space applications, thermal insulation, thermal-physical properties of cryogenic fluids and materials, superconducting materials, devices, systems and applications, etc. The book offers valuable information and insights for academic researchers, engineers in the industry, and operators in the cryogenic field.

This book will provide readers with a good overview of some of the most recent advances in the field of detector technology for gamma-ray imaging, especially as it pertains to new applications. There will be a good mixture of general chapters in both technology and applications in medical imaging and industrial testing. The book will have an in-depth review of the research topics from world-leading specialists in the field. The conversion of the gamma-ray signal into analog/digital value will be covered in some chapters. Some would also provide a review of CMOS chips for gamma-ray image sensors.

This book describes analytical instruments widely used to characterize the nanostructured materials. It provides information about how to assess material quality, defects, the state of surfaces and interfaces, element distributions, strain, lattice distortion, and electro-optical properties of materials and devices. The information provided by this book can be used as a back-up for material processing, material design and debugging of device performance. The basic principles and methodology of each analysis technique is described in separate chapters, adding historic perspectives and recent developments. The data analysis, from simple to advanced level, is introduced by numerous examples, mostly taken from the authors' fields of research; semiconductor materials, metals and oxides. The book serves as a valuable guide for scientists and students working in materials science, physics, and engineering, who wish to become acquainted with the most important analytical techniques for nanomaterials.

This book presents select, recent developments in nonlinear and complex systems reported at the 1st Online Conference on Nonlinear Dynamics and Complexity, held on November 23-25, 2020. It provides an exchange recent developments, discoveries, and progresses in Nonlinear Dynamics and Complexity. The collection presents fundamental and frontier theories and techniques for modern science and technology, stimulates more research interest for exploration of nonlinear science and complexity; and passes along new knowledge and insight to the next generation of engineers and technologists in a range of fields. 

This book provides information on thermal energy storage systems incorporating phase change materials (PCMs) which are widely preferred owing to their immense energy storage capacity. The thermal energy storage (TES) potential of PCMs has been deeply explored for a wide range of applications, including solar/electrothermal energy storage, waste heat storage, and utilization, building energy-saving, and thermal regulations. The inherent shortcomings like leakage during phase transition and poor thermal conductivity hamper their extensive usage. Nevertheless, it has been addressed by their shape stabilization with porous materials and dispersing highly conductive nanoparticles. Nanoparticles suspended in traditional phase change materials enhance the thermal conductivity. The addition of these nanoparticles to the conventional PCM enhances the storage. In this book, the history of Nano Enhanced Phase Change Materials (NEPCM), preparation techniques, properties, theoretical modeling and correlations, and the effect of all these factors on the potential applications such as: solar energy, electronics cooling, heat exchangers, building, battery thermal management, thermal energy storage are discussed in detail. Future challenges and future work scope have been included. The information from this book can enable the readers to come up with novel techniques, resolve existing research limitations, and come up with novel NEPCM, that can be implemented for various applications.

"The quantum Hall effect (QHE) is a fundamental phenomenon that occurs in a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) at low temperature and in the presence of a strong magnetic field. It has various applications in the fields like metrology and topological quantum computers. It also provides an extremely precise and independent determination of the fine-structure constant-a quantity of fundamental importance in quantum electrodynamics. This book attempts to present concepts of QHE to undergraduate and graduate students, post-doctoral researchers, and teachers taking advanced courses on condensed matter physics. The author has tried to integrate all the important concepts of QHE like graphene, the connection between topology and condensed matter physics, the prospects of next-generation storage devices based on the manipulation of spins (spintronic) and present them in a lucid manner. It offers the advantage of providing a pedagogical presentation to help students with some intermediate steps in derivation. The book starts with an introduction to the experimental discovery of the QHE that segues into the basics of 2DEG in a magnetic field. The physics of the Landau levels, their properties, and their relevance to the integer QHE are discussed. The importance of conduction and its connection to topological insulators is also emphasised. At a pedagogical level, concepts like linear response theory, Kubo formula, and topological invariance are explained and their relations to the understanding of QHE, graphene, its symmetries and its relevance as a quantum Hall insulator are also covered. It ends with an explanation of the role of interparticle interactions to explain fractional QHE with the help of topics such as the Laughlin wave function, fractional charge and statistics, and non-abelian anyons"--

This book introduces characterizations of hyperordered structures using latest quantum beam technologies, the advanced theoretical methods for understanding the roles of the structures, and the state-of-the-arts materials containing the structures. In this book, the authors focus on the importance of defect complexes to improve functionality of crystals and that of orders of network structures to improve functionality of glass materials. These features can be regarded as interphases between perfect crystals and perfect amorphous, and they are the key factor for the evolution of materials science to a new dimension. The authors call such interphases "hyperordered structures" in this book. This is the first book that comprehensively summarizes glass science, defect science, and quantum beam science. It is valuable not only for active researchers in industry and academia but also graduate students.

This book explores the potential of magnetic superconductors in storage systems, specifically focusing on superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) systems and using the Spanish electricity system, controlled by Red Eléctrica de España (REE), as an example.The book provides a comprehensive analysis of the economic costs associated with the manufacture and maintenance of SMES systems, as well as a regulatory analysis for their implementation in the complex Spanish electrical system. The analysis also compares this system with the regulations of other countries, providing a comprehensive case study.The book examines the possible economic and environmental benefits of using magnetic superconductors in electrical systems and provides a technical study of the use of these systems in hybrid storage systems that complement each other to optimize network performance. The study is conducted from the perspective of new distribution networks, distributed generation, and the concepts of the smart city. The book also explores potential applications and developments, such as electric vehicles.Overall, this book offers an insightful and comprehensive analysis of the potential of magnetic superconductors in storage systems. It will be an invaluable resource for researchers, engineers, and policymakers interested in the future of energy storage systems

"Provides a broad and accessible introduction to quantum field theory and the Standard Model of particle physics, adopting a distinctive pedagogical approach with clear intuitive explanations to complement the mathematical exposition. Includes topics of current research both within and beyond the Standard Model"--

Our current concept of matter, one of scientific research¿s greatest successes, represents a long journey, from questions posed during the birth of philosophy in Ancient Greece to recent advances in physics and chemistry, including Quantum Physics. This book outlines that journey. The book has three parts, each detailing a phase of the journey. The first saw the development of a conception based on "classical" physics; the second saw the construction of the "old" quantum theory attempting to explain the mysterious properties of matter, resulting in formulation of the "new" quantum theory; the third saw the formation of the modern conception of matter, based on quantum mechanics. Along the way, various topics are discussed, including: rediscovery and appropriation of antiquity by Western culture in the modern era; the subsequent revision process in the 16th and 17th centuries and the new experiments and theories of the 18th; attempts to understand the mysterious properties of matterthat could not be explained by classical physics; the first quantization hypotheses; discovery of new purely "quantum-mechanical" properties of matter; and the ultimate clarification of atomic structure. This book is aimed at anyone who wants a clear picture of how we arrived at the modern conception of matter.

This book offers an interdisciplinary theoretical approach based on non-equilibrium statistical thermodynamics and control theory for mathematically modeling shock-induced out-of-equilibrium processes in condensed matter. The book comprises two parts. The first half of the book establishes the theoretical approach, reviewing fundamentals of non-equilibrium statistical thermodynamics and control theory of adaptive systems. The latter half applies the presented approach to a problem on shock-induced plane wave propagation in condensed matter. The result successfully reproduces the observed feature of waveform propagation in experiments, which conventional continuous mechanics cannot access. Further, the consequent stress-strain relationships derived with relaxation and inertia effect in elastic-plastic transition determines material properties in transient regimes.

This book presents a complementary perspective to Schrodinger theory of electrons in an electromagnetic field, one that does not appear in any text on quantum mechanics. The perspective, derived from Schrodinger theory, is that of the individual electron in the sea of electrons via its temporal and stationary-state equations of motion - the 'Quantal Newtonian' Second and First Laws. The Laws are in terms of 'classical' fields experienced by each electron, the sources of the fields being quantum-mechanical expectation values of Hermitian operators taken with respect to the wave function. Each electron experiences the external field, and internal fields representative of properties of the system, and a field descriptive of its response. The energies are obtained in terms of the fields. The 'Quantal Newtonian' Laws lead to physical insights, and new properties of the electronic system are revealed. New mathematical understandings of Schrodinger theory emerge which show the equation to be intrinsically self-consistent.  Another complimentary perspective to Schrdinger theory is its manifestation as a local effective potential theory described via Quantal Density Functional theory. This description too is in terms of 'classical' fields and quantal sources. The theory provides a rigorous physical explanation of the mapping from the interacting system to the local potential theory equivalent.The complementary perspective to stationary ground state Schrdinger theory founded in the theorems of Hohenberg and Kohn, their extension to the presence of a magnetic field and to the temporal domain - Modern Density Functional Theory -- is also described. The new perspectives are elucidated by application to analytically solvable interacting systems. These solutions and other relevant wave function properties are derived.

This book offers historical and state-of-the-art molecular spectroscopy methods and applications in dynamic compression science, aimed at the upcoming generation in physical sciences involved in studies of materials at extremes. It begins with addressing the motivation for probing shock compressed molecular materials with spectroscopy and then reviews historical developments and the basics of the various spectroscopic methods that have been utilized. Introductory chapters are devoted to fundamentals of molecular spectroscopy, overviews of dynamic compression technologies, and diagnostics used to quantify the shock compression state during spectroscopy experiments. Subsequent chapters describe all the molecular spectroscopic methods used in shock compression research to date, including theory, experimental details for application to shocked materials, and difficulties that can be encountered. Each of these chapters also includes a section comparing static compression results. The last chapter offers an outlook for the future, which leads the next-generation readers to tackling persistent problems.