Materialer / stoffaser

This book presents experimental studies on emergent transport and magneto-optical properties in three-dimensional topological insulators with two-dimensional Dirac fermions on their surfaces. Designing magnetic heterostructures utilizing a cutting-edge growth technique (molecular beam epitaxy) stabilizes and manifests new quantization phenomena, as confirmed by low-temperature electrical transport and time-domain terahertz magneto-optical measurements. Starting with a review of the theoretical background and recent experimental advances in topological insulators in terms of a novel magneto-electric coupling, the author subsequently explores their magnetic quantum properties and reveals topological phase transitions between quantum anomalous Hall insulator and trivial insulator phases; a new topological phase (the axion insulator); and a half-integer quantum Hall state associated with the quantum parity anomaly. Furthermore, the author shows how these quantum phases can be significantly stabilized via magnetic modulation doping and proximity coupling with a normal ferromagnetic insulator. These findings provide a basis for future technologies such as ultra-low energy consumption electronic devices and fault-tolerant topological quantum computers.

This book will provide readers with a good overview of some of most recent advances in the field of technology for perovskite materials. There will be a good mixture of general chapters in both technology and applications in opto-electronics, Xray detection and emerging transistor structures. The book will have an in-depth review of the research topics from world-leading specialists in the field. The authors build connections between the materials¿ physical properties to the main applications such as photovoltaics, LED, FETs and X-ray sensors. They also discuss the similarities and main differences when using perovskites for those devices.

This textbook provides a comprehensive introduction to the physics of laser-plasma interactions (LPI), based on a graduate course taught by the author. The emphasis is on high-energy-density physics (HEDP) and inertial confinement fusion (ICF), with a comprehensive description of the propagation, absorption, nonlinear effects and parametric instabilities of high energy lasers in plasmas.The recent demonstration of a burning plasma on the verge of nuclear fusion ignition at the National Ignition Facility in Livermore, California, has marked the beginning of a new era of ICF and fusion research. These new developments make LPI more relevant than ever, and the resulting influx of new scientists necessitates new pedagogical material on the subject. In contrast to the classical textbooks on LPI, this book provides a complete description of all wave-coupling instabilities in unmagnetized plasmas in the kinetic as well as fluid pictures, and includes a comprehensive description of the optical smoothing techniques used on high-power lasers and their impact on laser-plasma instabilities. It summarizes all the key developments from the 1970s to the present day in view of the current state of LPI and ICF research; it provides a derivation of the key LPI metrics and formulas from first principles, and connects the theory to experimental observables.With exercises and plenty of illustrations, this book is ideal as a textbook for a course on laser-plasma interactions or as a supplementary text for graduate introductory plasma physics course. Students and researchers will also find it to be an invaluable reference and self-study resource.

This book presents an overview of the science of superconducting materials.  It covers the fundamentals and theories of superconductivity. Subjects of special interest involving mechanisms of high temperature superconductors, tunneling, transport properties, magnetic properties, critical states, vortex dynamics, etc. are present in the book. It assists as a fundamental resource on the developed methodologies and techniques involved in the synthesis, processing, and characterization of superconducting materials. The book covers numerous classes of superconducting materials including fullerenes, borides, pnictides or iron-based chalcogen superconductors ides, alloys and cuprate oxides. Their crystal structures and properties are described. Thereafter, the book focuses on the progress of the applications of superconducting materials into superconducting magnets, fusion reactors, and accelerators and other superconducting magnets. The applications also cover recent progress in superconducting wires, power generators, powerful energy storage devices, sensitive magnetometers, RF and microwave filters, fast fault current limiters, fast digital circuits, transport vehicles, and medical applications.

This book highlights recent advances in quantum control technologies with regard to hybrid quantum systems. It addresses the following topics: phonon engineering based on phononic crystals, carbon-based nano materials like graphene and nanotubes, Terahertz light technology for single-molecule and quantum dots, nuclear-spin-based metrology for semiconductor quantum systems, quantum anomalous Hall effect in magnetic topological insulators, chiral three-dimensional photonic crystals, and bio-inspired magnonic systems. Each topic, as a component in the framework of hybrid quantum systems, is concisely presented by experts at the forefront of the field. Accordingly, the book offers a valuable asset, and will help readers find advanced technologies and materials suitable for their purposes.

The intermittent nature of solar energy sources is the greatest challenge to the broad acceptance of this technology. The storage of thermal energy presents a workable option for addressing this issue. When it comes to the storage of thermal energy, latent heat storage units (LHSU) that make use of phase change materials (PCMs) are more desirable than sensible heat storage. In the context of a large increase in the demand for energy, PCMs are an essential class of thermal energy storage materials that contribute to the sustainable growth of both the economy and society. It stores large amounts of heat in the form of latent heat at a constant temperature. This promising technique has already been applied with great success in a variety of applications like solar appliances, buildings, battery thermal management, electronic cooling, waste heat recovery systems, textiles, and more. This book presents an in-depth discussion on PCMs, the current state of PCM technology, and a detailed description of their prospective applications.

Cyclodextrins (CDs) have attracted great interest from the research community as well as industries in an array of sectors because of their unique structural features. This book provides a comprehensive overview of CDs, beginning with their historical background. Chapters address such topics as the structure and physiochemical properties of CDs, advancements in the field, and potential applications of these materials in fields such as drug delivery and sensing. This book reveals new frontiers in the CD world and is a useful resource for organic, analytical, and supramolecular chemists as well as scientists engaged in biological and material sciences.

Graphical depictions of abstract concepts have played a major role in the formulation and communication of ideas since prehistoric times. The invention of photography in the nineteenth century and more recent advances in visualization techniques have catalyzed an enormous wealth of insights into every field of science and engineering by extending our senses far beyond our natural sensorial capabilities. The field of porous media has also benefited enormously from these developments in visualization techniques. Indeed, improvements in these techniques have led to the better morphological characterization of porous media and an enhanced understanding of the assorted physical processes, such as mass transport, capillarity, swelling, and fracturing, that can occur at the pore level. These observations, in turn, have led to superior usage practices for existing porous materials and the design of new products with porous media. Therefore, this bilingual English-Spanish album is aimed at providing a collection of state¿of¿the¿art visualizations of the diverse aspects of porous media that will serve as a reference in education and research. To cover all these aspects properly, the album is organized into seven thematic parts. Each part includes a collection of chapters with images accompanied by a brief English-Spanish description of the novelty of the observation, the visualization technique used, and the phenomenological insights gained.Las representaciones gráficas de conceptos abstractos han jugado un papel importante en la formulación y comunicación de ideas desde tiempos prehistóricos. La invención de la fotografía en el siglo XIX y los avances más recientes en las técnicas de visualización han catalizado una enorme riqueza de conocimientos en todos los campos de la ciencia y la ingeniería al extender nuestros sentidos mucho más allá de nuestras capacidades sensoriales naturales. El campo de los medios porosos también se ha beneficiado enormemente de estos avances en las técnicas de visualización. De hecho, las mejoras en estas técnicas han llevado a una mejor caracterización morfológica de los medios porosos y una mejor comprensión de los diversos procesos físicos, como el transporte de masa, la capilaridad, la hinchazón y la fractura, que pueden ocurrir a nivel de poro. Estas observaciones, a su vez, han llevado a mejores prácticas de uso para los materiales porosos existentes y al diseño de nuevos productos con medios porosos. Por lo tanto, este álbum bilingüe inglés y español tiene como objetivo proporcionar una colección de visualizaciones del estado del arte de los diversos aspectos de los medios porosos que servirán como referencia en la educación y la investigación. Para cubrir adecuadamente todos estos aspectos, el álbum está organizado en siete partes temáticas. Cada parte incluye una colección de capítulos con imágenes acompañadas de una breve descripción en inglés y español de la originalidad de la observación, la técnica de visualización utilizada y los conocimientos fenomenológicos obtenidos.

In diesem Buch werden zwei Berechnungsverfahren zur Berechnung von Trocknungsvorgängen an halbunendlichen längsüberströmten symmetrischen Platten beschrieben. Die Methoden unterscheiden sich in Bezug auf den Wassergehalt an der Oberfläche der Platte. Das erste Modell ¿vollständig benetzte Oberfläche¿ nimmt eine mit Wasserdampf gesättigte Luftschicht oberhalb der Flüssigkeitsschicht auf der Platte an. Daraus resultiert eine Oberfläche mit Kühlgrenztemperatur und einer konstanten Trocknungsgeschwindigkeit. Es wird von Verdunstungstrocknung gesprochen, da die Siedetemperatur nicht erreicht wird und sich der Partialdruck des Dampfes in der Luft erhöht, die Luft wird feuchter. Das zweite Modell ¿sinkender Trocknungsspiegel¿ beschreibt die Aufheizung der Gipskartonplatte in verschiedenen Schichten. Erreicht die wasserhaltige Schicht die Siedetemperatur, so verdampft das flüssige Wasser. Der Wasserverlust lässt einen fiktiven Trocknungsspiegel im Gips absinken und ändert somit die Verhältnisse der Wärmeübergänge der Karton-, trockenen und feuchten Gipsschicht, somit sinkt die Trocknungsrate über die Zeit ab. Es wird von Verdampfungstrocknung gesprochen, da der eingehende Wärmestrom die Wassermasse bei Siedetemperatur verdampft.

The Kirkwood-Buff Theory of Solutions: With Selected Applications to Solvation and Proteins presents the Kirkwood-Buff (KB) Theory of solution in a simple and didactic manner, making it understandable to those with minimal background in thermodynamics. Aside from the fact that the KB Theory may be the most important and useful theory of solutions, it is also the most general theory that can be applied to all possible solutions, including aqueous solutions of proteins and nucleic acids. Introductory chapters give readers grounding in the necessary chemical thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, but then move to a systematic derivation of Kirkwood-Buff theory and its inversion. Originally published in 1951, the KB theory was dormant for over 20 years. It became extremely useful after the publication of the "Inversion of the KB theory" by the author Arieh Ben-Naim in 1978. The book explains all necessary concepts in statistical mechanics featured in the theory in a simple and intuitive way. Researchers will find the theory useful in solving any problem in mixtures or solutions in any phase. Some examples of applications of the KB theory, to water, aqueous solutions, protein folding, and self-association of proteins, are provided in the book.

The Handbook of Natural Polymers Volume Three : Versatile Applications explores advanced and emerging applications of polymers from natural sources. The book introduces the state-of-the-art, along with opportunities in natural polymers with advanced applications before presenting coverage of natural polymers applied to specific cutting-edge applications. Areas covered include biosensing, drug carriers, cosmetics, tissue engineering, textiles, adhesives and coatings, food, super adsorbents, automotive and construction, 3D printing, paper, nanoelectronics, energy storage, military, smart devices, water purification, dentistry, agriculture, and packaging. In each case, a methodical approach enables readers to understand natural polymer sources, preparation, properties, appropriate applications, emerging materials and new avenues. The final two chapters consider end-of-life themes, including environmental remediation of natural polymers and their transformation to biofuels. As part of a Three-volume handbook offering comprehensive coverage of natural polymers, this book will be of interest to all those looking to gain a broad knowledge of natural polymers, including academic researchers, scientists, advanced students, engineers and R&D professionals from a range of disciplines and industries.

This book provides a foundational understanding of polymer dielectrics based on percolative composites. It covers the microstructure and physical properties, such as dielectric, electrical, magnetic, and rheological properties, of polymer composites, as well as how these properties can be explained using various theoretical models and spectroscopy techniques, such as dielectric spectroscopy, impedance spectroscopy, and conductivity spectroscopy. The book also discusses non-percolative polymer composites and the suitability of polymer dielectrics for electrical energy storage in various devices. It is intended for graduate students and professionals in fields such as condensed matter physics, applied physics, statistical physics, materials science, polymer science and technology, chemistry, and engineering. It will be particularly useful for physicists, materials scientists, polymer scientists, chemists, engineers, and others interested in the physics and applications of percolativecomposites based on polymer matrix.

For over 60 years, scientists and engineers have been trying to crack a seemingly intractable problem: how to build practical devices that exploit nuclear fusion. Access to electricity has facilitated a standard of living that was previously unimaginable, but as the world¿s population grows and developing nations increasingly reap the benefits of electrification, we face a serious global problem: burning fossil fuels currently produces about eighty percent of the world's energy, but it produces a greenhouse effect that traps outgoing infrared radiation and warms the planet, risking dire environmental consequences unless we reduce our fossil fuel consumption to near zero in the coming decades. Nuclear fusion, the energy-producing process in the sun and stars, could provide the answer: if it can be successfully harnessed here on Earth, it will produce electricity with near-zero CO2 byproduct by using the nuclei in water as its main fuel. The principles behind fusion are understood, but the technology is far from being fully realized, and governments, universities, and venture capitalists are pumping vast amounts of money into many ideas, some highly speculative, that could lead to functioning fusion reactors. This book puts all of these attempts together in one place, providing clear explanations for readers who are interested in new energy technologies, including those with no formal training in science or engineering. For each of the many approaches to fusion, the reader will learn who pioneered the approach, how the concept works in plain English, how experimental tests were engineered, the future prospects, and comparison with other approaches. From long-established fusion technologies to emerging and exotic methods, the reader will learn all about the idea that could eventually constitute the single greatest engineering advance in human history.

This book covers next-generation nanocomposite supercapacitor materials. It deals with a wide range of emerging and sustainable supercapacitors based on, e.g., low-dimensional materials including transition metal oxides, carbons, Mxenes, etc., and metal-organic frameworks. Additionally, it features up-to-date coverage of advanced supercapacitors such as 3D printing, atomic layer deposition, recycling, quantum, on-chip, shape memory, self-healing, and micro-scale supercapacitors.This book is part of the Handbook of Nanocomposite Supercapacitor Materials. Supercapacitors have emerged as promising devices for electrochemical energy storage, playing an important role in energy harvesting for meeting the current demands of increasing global energy consumption. The handbook covers the materials science and engineering of nanocomposite supercapacitors, ranging from their general characteristics and performance to materials selection, design and construction.Covering both fundamentals and recent developments, this handbook serves a readership encompassing students, professionals and researchers throughout academia and industry, particularly in the fields of materials chemistry, electrochemistry, and energy storage and conversion. It is ideal as a reference work and primary resource for any introductory senior-level undergraduate or beginning graduate course covering supercapacitors.

This book elucidates heat transfer behavior for boiling of dilute emulsions- mixtures of two immiscible fluids- which has received little attention to date. Of the work completed in this area, the majority has been focused on pool boiling where no mean flow is present, and this book is the first major work to be published regarding flow boiling of emulsions. The book includes a comprehensive review and assessment of research on emulsion-based heat transfer. Recent experiments are reported and analyzed to characterize heat transfer in microgap flow boiling via a systematic investigation into the effects of gap size, mass flux, and volume fraction on the heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop. The emulsion used in all experiments comprises droplets of an immiscible electronics cooling fluid suspended in water. The volume provides a complete baseline for flow boiling of water in the microgaps, enabling a determination of the enhancement of the heat transfer coefficient when thedisperse component is present. Moreover, a subset of the data set pertains to flow boiling of dilute emulsions over microporous surfaces. The flow conditions for which the microporous surfaces enhance or degrade heat transfer are presented. Finally, this book provides a discussion of the physical phenomena which affect boiling and a set of nondimensional numbers that can be used for correlation.

This book highlights recent advances in variety of nanomaterials classes including metal chalcogenides, metal oxides/hydroxides, polymer, metal-organic frameworks, and hybrid nanostructures, with a focus on their properties, synthesis methods, and key applications. It also offers detailed coverage on the toxicity aspects with possible solution. Additionally, it provides complete and comprehensive information on surface modification strategies of nanoparticles to achieve desired outcomes. This book discusses potential applications and major challenges of using these nanomaterials in the fields of biomedical sciences, agricultural industry, bioenergy, biofuel production, and environmental remediation, etc. Overall, this book provides crucial background in nanobiotechnology that compliments the understanding of experimental design for the production of more customized nanomaterials to avail desirable benefits.

This book presents an analysis of the techniques used for the synthesis of innovative functional carbon nanostructures. The chapters describe the research and development of various layered carbon nanostructures. Emphasis is given to the impact of defects on carbon nanostructures. The application of carbon nanostructured materials in biomedical field and energy storage is described.

This book brings together multiple aspects of the recent research conducted in the field of nanotechnology covering topics such as the synthesis of various nanoparticles, nanorods, graphene, graphene oxide-metal composites, characterization of these materials, and ample aspects of various applications including in heavy metal sensing, optoelectronic devices, gas sensing, solar cells, biomedical sensors, role in the drug delivery, and waste-water treatment. The book is of interest to early career researchers, who are trying to grasp multiple aspects of nanomaterials and nanocomposite synthesis and its potential applications.

This book provides a deep insight into recent achievements in synthesis, investigation, and applications of the low-dimensional chalcohalide nanomaterials. The large number of interesting phenomena occur in these compounds, including ferroelectric, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, electrocaloric, Seebeck, photovoltaic, and ferroelectric-photovoltaic effects. Furthermore, the outstanding photoelectrochemical, photocatalytic, and piezocatalytic properties of the chalcohalide nanomaterials have been revealed. Since many chalcohalide semiconductors possess both photoactive and ferroelectric properties, they are recognized as photoferroelectrics. It presents an overview of fabrication of chalcohalide nanomaterials using different methods: mechanical milling of bulk crystals, liquid-phase exfoliation, vapor phase growth, hydro/solvothermal methods, synthesis under ultrasonic irradiation, microwave synthesis, laser/heat-induced crystallization, electrospinning, successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction. The strategies of the chalcohalide nanomaterials processing for construction of functional devices are presented.The book describes solution processing for thin films preparation, spin-coating deposition of polymer composites, solution casting, films deposition via drop-casting, high pressure compression of nanowires into the bulk samples, pressure assisted sintering, and electric field assisted alignment of nanowires. The applications of the chalcohalide nanomaterials for mechanical/thermal energy harvesting and energy storage are presented. Major challenges and emerging trends in fabrication, characterization, and future applications of low-dimensional chalcohalide nanomaterials are discussed. A wealth of information for scholars, graduate students, and engineers involved in research of nanomaterials.

This book showcases the state of the art in the field of electronics, as presented by researchers and engineers at the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Italian Electronics Society (SIE), held in Rende (CS), Italy, on September 5-7, 2022. It covers a broad range of aspects, including: integrated circuits and systems, micro- and nano-electronic devices, microwave electronics, sensors and microsystems, optoelectronics and photonics, power electronics, electronic systems and applications.

This book is a collection of contributions covering the major subjects in numerical simulation of space and astrophysical plasma. It introduces the different approaches and methods to model plasma, the necessary computational codes, and applications in the field. The book is rooted in the previous work Space Plasma Simulation (Springer, 2003) and includes the latest developments. It is divided into three parts and all chapters start with an introduction motivating the topic and its use in research and ends with a discussion of its applications. The chapters of the first part contain tutorials of the different basic approaches needed to perform space plasma simulations. This part is particularly useful for graduate students to master the subject. The second part presents more advanced materials for students and researchers who already work with pre-existing codes but want to implement the recent progresses made in the field. The last part of the bookdiscusses developments in the area for researchers who are actively working on advanced simulation approaches like higher order schemes and artificial intelligence, agent-based technologies for multiscale and multi-dimensional systems, which represent the recent innovative contributions made in space plasma research.

This book highlights the proceedings of the International Conference on Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Nano-Physics with Applications (CAMNP 2019), organized by the Department of Applied Physics, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, India. It presents experimental and theoretical studies of atoms, ions, molecules and nanostructures both at the fundamental level and on the application side using advanced technology. It highlights how modern tools of high-field and ultra-fast physics are no longer merely used to observe nature but can be used to reshape and redirect atoms, molecules, particles or radiation. It brings together leading researchers and professionals on the field to present and discuss the latest finding in the following areas, but not limited to: Atomic and Molecular Structure, Collision Processes, Data Production and Applications Spectroscopy of Solar and Stellar Plasma Intense Field, Short Pulse Laser and Atto-Second Physics Laser Technology, Quantum Optics and applications Bose Einstein condensation Nanomaterials and Nanoscience Nanobiotechnolgy and Nanophotonics Nano and Micro-Electronics Computational Condensed Matter Physics