Kondenserede fasers fysik (væskeform og faststoffysik)

This book contains most, but regrettably not all, the papers that were presented at the Advanced Research Study Institute, ASI, held at the Fantasia Hotel, Kusadasi, Turkey, July 26 - August 8, 1998. A powerful incentive to the development of vortex physics in superconductors, that has began with Abrikosov Vortices in Shubnikov's Mixed State, was realized after the discovery of the high-Tc superconductivity. Indeed, a number of the most intriguing phenomena and states of the flux line lattice are observed in high-Tc superconducting materials due to their high anisotropy, intrinsically layered crys­ tal structure, extremely small coherence length and the possibility of coexistence of superconducting vortex states with high-energy thermal fluctuation. These pe­ culiarities are demonstrated as the 2D flux line lattice of point-vortices (pan­ cakes), Josephson vortices or strings in parallel and/or tilted magnetic fields, flux line lattice melting into vortex liquid and its freezing into vortex "solid" (e. g. , crystal-or glass-like) state. It is well known, that the main reason for conditioning of the vortex ensemble state and behavior (except the extrinsic factors, such as applied magnetic field or temperature) is a set of intrinsic/extrinsic superconduct­ ing material properties caused by the crystal nature and symmetry, atoms ar­ rangement, anisotropy, as well as by the spectrum of crystal defects, their dimen­ sions, arrangement and density.

In this monograph, nonequilibrium statistical mechanics is developed by means of ensemble methods on the basis of the Boltzmann equation, the generic Boltzmann equations for classical and quantum dilute gases, and a generalised Boltzmann equation for dense simple fluids. The theories are developed in forms parallel with the equilibrium Gibbs ensemble theory in a way fully consistent with the laws of thermodynamics. The generalised hydrodynamics equations are the integral part of the theory and describe the evolution of macroscopic processes in accordance with the laws of thermodynamics of systems far removed from equilibrium. Audience: This book will be of interest to researchers in the fields of statistical mechanics, condensed matter physics, gas dynamics, fluid dynamics, rheology, irreversible thermodynamics and nonequilibrium phenomena.

An assessment of the recent achievements and relative strengths of two developing techniques for characterising surfaces at the nanometer scale: (i) local probe methods, including scanning tunnelling microscopy and its derivatives; and (ii) nanoscale photoemission and absorption spectroscopy for chemical analysis. The keynote lectures were delivered by some of the world's best scientists in the field and some of the topics covered include: (1) The possible application of STM in atomically resolved chemical analysis. (2) The principles of scanning force/friction and scanning near-field optical microscopes. (3) The scanning photoemission electron microscopes built at ELETTRA and SRRC, with a description of synchrotron radiation microscopy. (4) Recent progress in the development of spatially-resolved photoelectron microscopy, especially the use of zone plate photon optics. (5) The present status of non-scanning photoemission microscopy with slow electrons. (6) the BESSY 2 project for a non-scanning photoelectron microscope with electron optics. (7) Spatially-resolved in situ reaction studies of chemical waves and oscillatory phenomena with the UV photoemission microscope.

This book by Kaplan and Vekhter brings together the molecular world of the chemist with the condensed matter world of the physicist. Prior to the collapse of the Soviet Union, chemists in the West devoted lit­ to relationships between molecular electronic structure and tle attention solid-state vibronic phenomena. Treating quantum mechanical problems wherein the adiabatic Born-Oppenheimer approximation fails was done by "brute force. " With bigger and better computers available in the West, molecular orbital calculations were done on observed and conceived static structures with little concern for any cooperativity of vibrational behavior that might connect these states. While it had long been understood in the West that situations do occur in which different static structures are found for molecules that have identical or nearly identical electronic structures, little attention had been paid to understanding the vibrational states that could connect such structures. It was easier to calculate the electronic structure observed with several possible distortions than to focus on ways to couple electronic and vibrational behavior. In the former Soviet Union, computational power was not as acces­ sible as in the West. Much greater attention, therefore, was devoted to conserving computational time by considering fundamental ways to han­ dle the vibrational connectivity between degenerate or nearly degenerate electronic states.

In 1992 Acoustic Microscopy was published by Oxford University Press, in the series of Monographs on the Physics and Chemistry of Materials. Reviews appeared in the Journal of Microscopy [169 (1), 91] and in Contemporary Physics [33 (4), 296]. At the time of going to press, it seemed that the field of acoustic microscopy had settled down from the wonderful developments in resolution that had been seen in the late seventies and the early eighties and from the no less exciting developments in quantitative elastic measurements that had followed. One reviewer wrote, "e;The time is ripe for such a book, now that the expansion of the subject has perceptively slowed after it was detonated by Lemons and Quate. "e; [A. Howie, Proc. RMS 27 (4), 280]. In many ways, this remains true. The basic design for both imaging and quantitative instruments is well-established; the upper frequency for routine imaging is the 2 GHz established by the Ernst Leitz scanning acoustic microscope (ELSAM) in 1984. For the most accurate V(z) measurements, the 225-MHz line-focus-beam lens, developed at Tohoku Univer- sity a little before then, remains standard. The principles of the contrast theory have been confirmed by abundant experience; in particular the role of surface acoustic waves, such as Rayleigh waves, dominates the contrast in most high- resolution studies of many materials.

Micro/nanotribology as a field is concerned with experimental and theoretical investigations of processes ranging from atomic and molecular scales to the microscale, occurring during adhesion, friction, wear, and thin-film lubrication at sliding surfaces. As a field it is truly interdisciplinary, but this confronts the would-be entrant with the difficulty of becoming familiar with the basic theories and applications: the area is not covered in any undergraduate or graduate scientific curriculum. The present work commences with a history of tribology and micro/nanotribology, followed by discussions of instrumentation, basic theories of friction, wear and lubrication on nano- to microscales, and their industrial applications. A variety of research instruments are covered, including a variety of scanning probe microscopes and surface force apparatus. Experimental research and modelling are expertly dealt with, the emphasis throughout being applied aspects.

In this book of reminiscences, this prize-winning Russian physicist presents a sweeping discourse on scientific achievement from the thirties to the present day. On the basis of his own work and that of leading international scientists such as P. L. Kapitza, L. Landau, R. Feynman and J. Bardeen, the author recounts the establishment and development of the superfluidity of liquid helium and quantum hydrodynamics. In an interesting and readable style, E. L. Andronikashvili speaks of the scientific quest and the human interrelationships that accompany scientific creativity. For historians of science and physicists.

In diesem dritten Teil der mathematischen Physik habe ich versucht, die Quantenmechanik axiomatisch aufzubauen und zu relevanten Anwendungen zu gelangen. In der axiomatischen Literatur gewinnt man manchmal den Eindruck, es gehe vornehmlich darum, durch veredelnde Abstraktionsprozesse die Physik von allen irdischen Schlacken zu befreien und sie dementsprechend dem ein- fachen Verstand zu entrucken. Hier wird jedoch das Ziel verfolgt, konkrete Resultate zu liefern, die sich mit experimentellen Tatsachen vergleichen lassen. Alles andere ist nur als Hilfsmittel zu betrachten und nach pragmatischen Ge- sichtspunkten auszuwahlen. Aber gerade deswegen scheint es mir geboten, die Methoden der neueren Mathematik heranzuziehen. Nur durch sie gewinnt das Gewebe des logischen Fadens eine glatte Struktur, sonst verfilzt es sich, be- sonders bei der Theorie unbeschrankter Operatoren, in einem Gestrupp unuber- schaubarer Details. Ich habe mich bemuht, dieses mathematische Rustzeug, welches auch den Grundstock fur den nachsten Band bildet, moglichst voll- standig zu bringen. Viele Beweise muten allerdings in Ubungsaufgaben unter- gebracht werden. Das Hauptaugenmerk habe ich darauf gelegt, die ublichen Rechnungen ungewisser Genauigkeit durch solche mit Fehlergrenzen zu er- setzen, um so die rauhen Sitten der theoretischen Physik zu den kultivierteren der Experimentalphysik zu verfeinern. Die vorangegangenen Bande werden im Text mit (I, ... ) und (II, ... ) zitiert, die allgemeine mathematische Terminologie ist in I zu finden. Die riesige Literatur uber den Gegenstand konnte nur sporadisch angefuhrt werden, der historisch interessierte Leser kann etwas mehr daruber in dem umfassenden Werk von M. Reed und B. Simon finden.

With contributions by numerous experts

This fourth volume of the series "Progress in Physical Chemistry" is a collection of mini-review articles written by those who were project leaders and members of the Collaborative Research Centre (SFB) 458 of the German Research Foundation (DFG). The articles are based on ten years of intense coordinated research and report particularly on the scientific progress made at SFB 458 since 2005. Their common theme is the study of ionic motion in disordered materials over wide scales in space and time. The mini reviews thus address key questions in the rapidly developing field of SOLID STATE IONICS, a discipline which has its roots in the physics and chemistry of solids and is now a thriving branch of materials science and engineering. In the materials studied, the dynamics of the mobile ions are de-termined by disorder and interaction. This complicated many-particle problem constitutes an area of basic research in its own right. At SFB 458, it has been tackled on complementary routes, i.e., by synthesis of new disordered electrolytes, by advanced experimental techniques and by numerical simulations and model concepts. Substantial progress has thus been made in developing a coherent view and a new understanding of the ionic motion in materials with disordered structures.

This book serves as an introduction to the continuum mechanics and mathematical modeling of complex fluids in living systems. The form and function of living systems are intimately tied to the nature of surrounding fluid environments, which commonly exhibit nonlinear and history dependent responses to forces and displacements. With ever-increasing capabilities in the visualization and manipulation of biological systems, research on the fundamental phenomena, models, measurements, and analysis of complex fluids has taken a number of exciting directions. In this book, many of the world's foremost experts explore key topics such as:Macro- and micro-rheological techniques for measuring the material properties of complex biofluids and the subtleties of data interpretationExperimental observations and rheology of complex biological materials, including mucus, cell membranes, the cytoskeleton, and bloodThe motility of microorganisms in complex fluids and the dynamics of active suspensionsChallenges and solutions in the numerical simulation of biologically relevant complex fluid flowsThis volume will be accessible to advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate students in engineering, mathematics, biology, and the physical sciences, but will appeal to anyone interested in the intricate and beautiful nature of complex fluids in the context of living systems.

This book presents novel applications of nanotechnology for the preservation of artistic and historical artifacts. It explains the scientific principles behind numerous nanomaterials and discusses their applications to different types of common movable and fixed artistic substrates. It starts with an overview of the nano-tools developed over the last three decades, such as dispersions of nanoparticles, micellar solutions, microemulsions and gels. Compared to traditional methods, these new tools have the benefit of considerably less impact on both the operators and the environment. Each chapter is dedicated to a specific type of cultural heritage material (wall and easel paintings, stone, paper, canvas and wood) starting with the main degradation paths and discussing protocols for the application of innovative nanomaterials-based tools for cleaning, consolidation, or deacidification, which represent the majority of the case studies encountered in restoration facilities, workshops and ateliers. The book provides step-by-step descriptions that are meant to support conservators in the application of these novel materials and methods. The aim of the book is to equip end-users and conservators with essential information and knowledge on the availability and applicability of different nano-materials and dispersed systems. While the book's focus is on the practical aspects, interested readers will also find references to the relevant advanced colloid and material science literature.Main audience: Expert conservators, restorers and technical staff at conservation institutes and museums, students at conservation and restoration schools, and scientists who are new to the field of conservation of artistic and historical artifacts.

This volume, intended as a contribution to the 10th birthday of high Tc-superconductivity, conveys the essential ideas of the field and addresses researchers as well as graduate students. A special feature is the pedagogical treatment of a variety of modern computational methods to deal with non-pertubative effects in strongly correlated systems. Among the topics treated are the Hubbard models, real space renormalization group methods, quantum phase transitions, the non-linear sigma model, spin ladders and layers, and the quantum Hall effect.