Termodynamik og varme

Denne opgavesamling hører sammen med grundbogen i Mekanisk Fysik og Varmelære. 10. udgaven er revideret i overensstemmelse med grundbogens 11. udgave. Samtidig er eksamens-opgaver inden for faget opdateret til de nyeste.

Bogens emner er grundlaget for termodynamikken, kemiske reaktioner i ligevægt, fasediagrammer og elektrokemi. Begrebet affinitet er tillagt en central rolle gennem hele fremstillingen. Bogen giver en mere dybtgående indføring til faget end det gængse undervisningsmateriale.

The production of energy in the form of hydrogen through industrial, rural and urban waste is a sustainable technology concept, since this waste does not add economic value and is considered an environmental obstacle. The use of hydrogen as an energy vector, produced from residual biomass, can be evaluated as an interesting form of energy storage. Hydrogen can be produced by gasifying biomass with a high water content. Supercritical water (Tc ¿ 374 °C, Pc ¿ 221 bar) has unique physicochemical properties that minimize mass transport limitations, making it an excellent medium for decomposing organic compounds. In view of this, it is extremely important to know the key factors necessary for the efficient application of biomass gasification in supercritical water. Therefore, this review aims to gather information on the main factors involved in these reactions. In addition, some of the operational challenges and the state of the art regarding the main biomass models have been raised.

Um motor diesel monocilíndrico a quatro tempos (Kirloskar) foi testado a plena carga com o combustível misturado à velocidade nominal de 1500 rpm. Foram utilizados como combustível MOME, MOEE e WCME misturados com gasóleo em proporções de 5%, 10%, 15% e 20%, em volume, e gasóleo puro. O desempenho do motor (consumo específico de combustível, eficiência térmica de travagem e potência de travagem) e as emissões de escape (HC, CO, CO2 e NOx) foram medidos para avaliar e calcular o comportamento do motor diesel a funcionar com biodiesel. Os resultados mostram que a eficiência térmica de travagem do diesel é mais elevada em todas as cargas, seguida das misturas de éster metílico de Mahua e diesel. Experimentalmente, a eficiência térmica máxima do travão e o consumo específico mínimo de combustível foram encontrados para misturas até 20% de éster metílico de óleo de mahua a todas as cargas entre as misturas. Verificou-se que o consumo específico de combustível era ainda mais baixo do que o do gasóleo convencional para misturas até B20. As emissões de CO foram inferiores às do gasóleo, tendo-se registado um ligeiro aumento da opacidade dos fumos e dos NOx. As reduções no consumo específico de combustível na travagem e nas emissões de CO tornaram a mistura de biodiesel B20 um combustível alternativo adequado para o motor diesel.

This book provides a solution to the problem with the energy concept. This problem manifests itself in the fact that physicists clearly diverge regarding the question of what energy is. Some define it but others state that we do not know what it is. Although this is a problem for physicists who need to explain the concept, it is not a problem for physics that can be solved by laboratory means. Penetrating into the origin of the notion of energy, this book offers a clear idea of what was discovered and what was invented to interpret the findings.Following the development of the concept, it provides an explanation of the trends in contemporary textbooks. The author's repetition, in his "History and Philosophy of Physics Laboratory", of Joule¿s famous experiment ¿ the paddle wheel experiment ¿ with a calorimeter as originally used by Joule and with a calorimeter as proposed in textbooks, is presented, yielding new insight into the phenomenon. Thus, science teachers and students will benefit from reading the book as well as historians, philosophers, students of the history and philosophy of science, and all who are interested in knowing about what it is that we call energy.

This book highlights the fundamentals and advances in measurement science and technology applied in nuclear power engineering. Inspection of main parameters is an essential part of the operation and control of nuclear power plants. Measurement science and technology in nuclear engineering have experienced fast upgrades with the rapid advancements in computer science, sensors, lasers, and other related technologies. The book not only describes basic theories and widely used techniques but also presents novel experimental findings, newly applied techniques, and future trends that emerge with the higher and more specialized requirements of today¿s nuclear power plants and other nuclear projects. The book serves as a valuable information source for scientists and a good handbook for engineers. It also contains well-arranged questions and exercises after each chapter, which makes it an excellent textbook for undergraduate and graduate students in nuclear science and technology.Additional questions and answers via app: Download the Springer Nature Flashcards app free of charge and use exclusive additional material to test your knowledge.

Master's Thesis from the year 2020 in the subject Physics - Applied physics, , course: M.Tech in Functional Materials and Devices, language: English, abstract: L-¿-dipalitoylphosphatidylcholine(DPPC) is a phospholipid, and a lung surfactant is used for dielectric surface patterning. In this technique, the self-assembling property of DPPC along with meniscus oscillation, which occurs in LangmuirBlodgett transfer, results in a spatially inhomogeneous distribution of two different phases of DPPC. This way, nanometre height rigid, tightly packed, and durable lateral structures separated by micron size channels are grown on the dielectric surface using the Langmuir-Blodgett deposition technique. The effect of surface modification and deposition parameters on the growth of the patterned surface is studied in detail. A simplified relationship between the surface energy of substrate and deposition parameters is explained in this work. Thus, deposition parameters can be tuned based on the modification of the surface gives more control over the growth of these structures. Lastly, the effect of post-annealing temperatures on the patterned surface is investigated. In conclusion, an easy, affordable, and less timeconsuming method of dielectric surface patterning using phospholipid is investigated, which has potential applications in improving the properties (such as charge mobility and contact resistance) of OFET, TFT and in bioelectronics.

This book presents the experimental development of an information-powered engine inspired by the famous thought experiment, Maxwell¿s demon, to understand its potential to produce energy for practical purposes. The development of an engine based on Maxwell¿s demon was for a long time inconceivable, but technological advances have led to novel investigations into theoretical and practical applications. The built information engine consists of a micron-sized glass bead trapped in a tightly focused laser beam. It rectifies the bead's Brownian motion by controlling the laser's position and generates a unidirectional motion against gravity without doing any work, thus converting thermal heat into stored gravitational potential energy. A theoretical model based on a spring-mass system describes the engine's dynamics and was then used to find optimum parameters to improve the engine's performance. Experimentally implementing these optimization strategies led to engine output powers comparable to those measured in biological motors. This book also highlights performance improvements made in the presence of measurement noise and presents important guiding principles to design information engines to operate in non-equilibrium environments. By focusing on practical applications, the book overall aims to broaden the scope of information-engine investigations.

This book focuses on nonextensive statistical mechanics, a current generalization of Boltzmann-Gibbs (BG) statistical mechanics.Conceived nearly 150 years ago by Maxwell, Boltzmann and Gibbs, the BG theory, one of the greatest monuments of contemporary physics, exhibits many impressive successes in physics, chemistry, mathematics, and computational sciences. Presently, several thousands of publications by scientists around the world have been dedicated to its nonextensive generalization. A variety of applications have emerged in complex systems and its mathematical grounding is by now well advanced.Since the first edition release thirteen years ago, there has been a vast amount of new results in the field, all of which have been incorporated in this comprehensive second edition. Heavily revised and updated with new sections and figures, the second edition remains the go-to text on the subject.A pedagogical introduction to the BG theory concepts and their generalizations ¿ nonlinear dynamics, extensivity of the nonadditive entropy, global correlations, generalization of the standard CLT¿s, complex networks, among others ¿ is presented in this book, as well as a selection of paradigmatic applications in various sciences together with diversified experimental verifications of some of its predictions. Introduction to Nonextensive Statistical Mechanics is suitable for students and researchers with an interest in complex systems and statistical physics.

Diese umfangreiche Aufgabensammlung enthält Fragestellungen aus der energie- und wärmetechnischen Praxis sowie aus bestehenden Übungen und Prüfungen. Die Lösungen sind sehr ausführlich und somit nachvollziehbar. Da die Gliederung dem Lehrbuch "Grundlagen der Technischen Thermodynamik" folgt, können Studierende die Inhalte vertiefend erarbeiten und ihren Lernerfolg überprüfen - auch anhand von Verständnisfragen. Diese 3. Auflage wurde um Aufgaben aus dem Gebiet der Strömungstechnik, der Dynamik idealer Gase, der Kreisprozesse, der thermischen Maschinen, der Exergie und der chemischen Thermodynamik erweitert. Daneben haben weitere Diagramme wichtiger Kältemittel Eingang in das Lehrbuch gefunden. Weiter wurden Erweiterungen und Ergänzungen zum besseren Verständnis der Lösungswege vorgenommen.

Previous ed. published: Amsterdam; Boston: Elsevier, 2002, under title: Modelling in transport phenomena.

Globale Wirtschaft, Wohlstandgrundsätze wie Hauswärme und Mobilität werden in Politik und Medien zunehmend und meist radikal auf dem Altar der Klimarettung geopfert. Vorbei an Physik, Thermodynamik, und technische Vielfalt, werden jeweils monopolartige, universelle Lösungen dekretiert: Automobilantriebe nur noch elektrisch, rückwärtslaufende, luftsaugende "Wohnungs-Kühlschränke" als Heizofen, Strom für die große und kleine, sehr vielfältige Industrie nur noch aus Windrädern und Solarpaneelen, obwohl ihr Beitrag seit Jahrzehnten nahezu vernachlässigbar bleibt.Dieses Buch entzaubert, auf Basis nachvollziehbarer Zusammenhänge aus Physik und Thermodynamik, solche gefährlichen Klima-Märchen. Wind und Sonne sind gut, aber bei weitem nicht genug. Das Buch beschreibt vielfältige, klimagerechte Kraftstoffe aus Pflanzenresten, Algen, Altölen und Fetten, es beschreibt "grünen" Wasserstoff als Speicher- oder als Zwischenspeichermedium. Es beschreibt aber auch überraschende, unerwartete Energieszenarien, die aus Verkettung sonst üblichen thermischen Maschinen zustande kommen: ein Düsenjet-Strahltriebwerk kombiniert mit einem Dampf-Kraftwerk, ein Panzer mit Dieselmotor als mobiles Heiz- und Kraftwerk?

These proceedings highlight the latest advances in fundamental research, technologies and applications of hydrogen energy and fuel cells. In recent years, energy conversion between electricity and hydrogen energy has attracted increasing attention as a way to adjust the load of the grid. These conference records discuss and exchange cutting-edge findings and technological developments in fields such as new proton exchange membrane electrolysers, new electrode materials and catalysts, renewable energy, off-grid/grid-connected water electrolysis for hydrogen production, key materials and components of fuel cells, high-temperature solid oxide water electrolysis, energy storage technologies and research, CO2 hydrogenation to methanol, nitrogen to ammonia and other applications with industrial potential.The main topics of the proceedings include:1) Policies and strategies for hydrogen energy and fuel cells;2) Advanced proton exchange membranes, electrodes and catalyst materials for water electrolysis;3) Advanced hydrogen compression, storage, transportation and distribution technologies;4) Safety and related standards;5) Manufacture and R&D of key materials and components of fuel cells and stack systems.

This book highlights the latest advances in fundamental research, technologies and applications of hydrogen energy and fuel cells. In recent years, energy conversion between electricity and hydrogen energy has attracted increasing attention as a way to adjust the load of the grid. This book discusses and exchanges cutting-edge findings and technological developments in fields such as new proton exchange membrane electrolyzers, new electrode materials and catalysts, renewable energy, off-grid/grid-connected water electrolysis for hydrogen production, key materials and components of fuel cells, high-temperature solid oxide water electrolysis, energy storage technologies and research, CO2 hydrogenation to methanol, nitrogen to ammonia and other applications with industrial potential. The main topics of the proceedings include: 1) Policies and strategies for hydrogen energy and fuel cells; 2) Advanced proton exchange membranes, electrodes and catalyst materials for water electrolysis; 3) Advanced hydrogen compression, storage, transportation and distribution technologies; 4) Safety and related standards; 5) Manufacture and R&D of key materials and components of fuel cells and stack systems.

This book introduces a comprehensive framework tailored for dissecting complex systems across diverse disciplines. What defines a complex system? How can we harness information to quantify its order, structure, and intricacy? Delving into phenomena from the intricate processes in physical systems to the dynamic behaviours in cellular automata and pattern formation, readers will uncover the profound interplay between physics and information theory. This intricate relationship provides fresh insight into physical phenomena, reimagining them through the lens of information. Notably, the book demystifies how seemingly opposing forces¿rising order and increasing disorder¿coexist, ultimately shedding light on the second law of thermodynamics as an outcome of deterministic, reversible dynamics beneath the surface. Geared towards graduate students, this book presumes an undergraduate foundation in mathematics and physics, ensuring a deep, engaging exploration for its readers.

This book highlights the theories and research progress in gaseous detonation research, and proposes a universal framework theory that overcomes the current research limitations. Gaseous detonation is an extremely fast type of combustion that propagates at supersonic speed in premixed combustible gas. Being self-sustaining and self-organizing with the unique nature of pressure gaining, gaseous detonation and its gas dynamics has been an interdisciplinary frontier for decades. The research of detonation enjoyed its early success from the development of the CJ theory and ZND modeling, but phenomenon is far from being understood quantitatively, and the development of theories to predict the three-dimensional cellular structure remains a formidable task, being essentially a problem in high-speed compressible reacting flow. This theory proposed by the authors¿ research group breaks down the limitation of the one-dimensional steady flow hypothesis of the early theories, successfully correlating the propagation and initiation processes of gaseous detonation, and realizing the unified expression of the three-dimensional structure of cell detonation. The book and the proposed open framework is of high value for researchers in conventional applications such as coal mine explosions and chemical plant accidents, and state-of-the-art research fields such as supernova explosion, new aerospace propulsion engines, and detonation-driven hypersonic testing facilities. It is also a driving force for future research of detonation.

Geothermal Energy Engineering: Technology Transfer from the Oil and Gas Industry focuses on geothermal energy technology, engineering, field, and operational topics as seen from an oil and gas industry perspective. To accelerate development of an important source of clean energy during the energy transition, proven oil and gas technologies can pivot towards geothermal energy production, for both power generation and direct heat applications. The book's chapters are written by world-renewed subject matter experts who address practical applications optimized in the oil and gas industry that can be adapted to accelerate geothermal energy production. The book progresses from an introduction to geothermal energy, cover types of geothermal and hybrid systems, address geothermal subsurface characterization, exploration, drilling, completion and production, facilities and project management, and includes analysis of technical and economic aspects of geothermal systems, gaps and future opportunities.

The book provides an integrated energy/exergy analysis method to identify the energy utilization issues and systematically propose the cost-effective energy-saving and CO2 mitigation/capture solution. There is a strong market needs on energy-saving and greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction. CO2 mitigation/capture will achieve economic benefit of fuel, power, and carbon tax saving as well as environmental GHG reduction.The book is a professional book for energy-saving and GHG gas mitigation technology in oil & gas, oil refining, and chemical industry. It is an integrated technical book that combines energy utilization theory and practical method, including: thermodynamic analysis for unit operation and process units; energy and exergy calculation for various process streams and utilities; three-link energy/exergy analysis model; energy/exergy balance of equipment, process units, and entire plant; approach and technology of energy saving; optimization of pipeline and equipment; pinch energy-saving technology and its application; CO2 capture and utilization with 8 case studies incorporated for all different scenarios; key energy-saving technologies such gas turbine, FCCU regeneration CO combustion and energy recovery, flue gas turbine system optimization, low-grade heat recovery and utilization.  The book is intended for engineers and professional personnel who are working in process engineering, EPC companies, chemical and petrochemical plants, refineries, oil & gas production facilities, power generation plant. It can also be a professional reference or textbook for undergraduate or graduate-level university students and teaching personnel of chemical, energy, and process engineering faculties of universities. 

In a chemical industry, cooling towers are important pieces of equipment in the heat exchange process. This continuously operating equipment is used to generate the transfer of mass and energy in the water cooling process. The aim of this study was to calculate the performance of two cooling towers, one with forced mechanical draft and the other with induced mechanical draft, used in the chlorine cooling process. Experimental studies were carried out to obtain data over fourteen days, with daily averages of four readings for each of the towers. Using the following measuring equipment: digital infrared laser thermometer, analogue dry bulb and wet bulb hygrometer and digital anemometer, the variables were obtained and the results of yield (%), approach (¿C), heat given off by the water (kcal/h) and air speed (m/s) at the tower inlets and outlets were calculated. It can be concluded that both in terms of thermal efficiency and heat delivered by the water, the mechanical draft tower proved to be more effective than the induced draft tower. The approach analysis showed that both towers had total averages close to ideal.

52 Weeks of Newlywed Devotions for Navigating a God-Centered MarriageGift EditionMarriage is a journey of both hills and valleys, and newlyweds are just beginning this great adventure. By following God and making him the center of their marriage from the start, couples can avoid rockier paths and create stronger foundations. In this spiritual and practical devotional, marriage coaches Chris and Jamie Bailey speak to the challenges that every newlywed couple faces and provide both inspiration and guidance.Newlywed Couple's Devotional features:52 Weekly Devotions that explore common issues and themes every couple experiences, such as intimacy, love, commitment, household duties, finances, and moreEveryday Scripture and Reflective Bible Studies that provide practical solutions to bringing marriages closer to GodAction-Oriented Discussion Prompts that hold couples accountable for maintaining their God-anchored vowsWeekly Prayers that are specific and relevant to the topics discussedBeautiful Hardcover Book with Embossed Cover perfect for wedding giftingWhether couples are just getting back from their honeymoons or renewing their vows, this timeless devotional offers essential navigation tools for finding God in their marriages.