Optik

Her er en bog som giver dig et indblik i de gamle malemetoder, hvordan man fremstillede farver og andre produkter og hvilke teknikker man brugte.Samtidig er det en beskrivelse af forskellige farvesystemer og nogle teknikker som kan bruges i forbindelse med de nye maleprodukter til kunstnere.

This study started in February, 2013 at the Collider-Accelerator Department of BNL. During the study, the technique of independent component analysis (ICA) was first introduced to RHIC for a systematic estimation of RHIC BPM noise performance and turn-by-turn (TBT) beam position monitor (BPM) data based optics measure- ment. The beta-beat response matrix based global correction scheme and the method of arc beta-beat correction using horizontal closed orbit at sextupoles were developed for RHIC. These techniques were successfully demonstrated in two beam experiments with a total of 4 hours' beam time. In the meantime, various software packages were developed to facilitate the beam experiments and future studies.

This book highlights the methods to engineer dissipative and magnetic nonlinear waves propagating in nonlinear systems. In the first part of the book, the authors present methodologically mathematical models of nonlinear waves propagating in one- and two-dimensional nonlinear transmission networks without/with dissipative elements. Based on these models, the authors investigate the generation and the transmission of nonlinear modulated waves, in general, and solitary waves, in particular, in networks under consideration. In the second part of the book, the authors develop basic theoretical results for the dynamics matter-wave and magnetic-wave solitons of nonlinear systems and of Bose¿Einstein condensates trapped in external potentials, combined with the time-modulated nonlinearity. The models treated here are based on one-, two-, and three-component non-autonomous Gross¿Pitaevskii equations. Based on the Heisenberg model of spin¿spin interactions, the authors also investigate the dynamics of magnetization in ferromagnet with or without spin-transfer torque. This research book is suitable for physicists, mathematicians, engineers, and graduate students in physics, mathematics, and network and information engineering.

This book highlights the photogalvanic effects at low dimensions, surfaces, and interfaces, more specifically 2D materials, such as graphene and monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides. Although the phenomenology of the photogalvanic effects, which can be simply seen as photoresponse nonlinear-in-electric field, have been well-established, the microscopic understanding in each material system may vary. This book is a quick reference and a detailed roadmap starting from phenomenology and continuing with the ultimate low dimensional materials, in which the photogalvanic effects can offer a rich platform at the second-order response to an electric field. A general phenomenology of photogalvanic effect is provided in the first chapter, together with the photon drag effect which also generates a photocurrent like the photogalvanic effect, but with some distinct features, as well as somewhat puzzling similarities. Next two chapters explain these effects in graphene, starting with a necessary related background on graphene, then a particular focus on its specific phenomenology, microscopic theory, and experimental results. In a similar fashion, in chapters four and five, a necessary background for the photogalvanic effects in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides, with symmetry analysis, microscopic theory, and experimental results is presented, along with the Berry curvature dependent photocurrent, which can also play an important role in 2D semiconductors. The second-order photogalvanic effects that have been covered so far in graphene and monolayer transition metal chalcogenides have already excited the 2D semiconductor optoelectronic research community by several means. It seems that the interests on the photogalvanic effects will continue to escalate in near future.

This book presents various design theories and methodologies for silicon-based high-sensitivity broadband receivers, including millimeter-wave radiometer chips and photoelectric receivers, which are core elements in imaging systems, data centers, and telecommunication infrastructures. As a key module in application systems, the high-sensitivity broadband receiver, not only attracts the attention of engineers and researchers in the radio-frequency and optoelectronic fields, but also garners significant interest from other disciplines, including optics, communications, and security. The book introduces various silicon-based critical design technologies aim to overcome the limitations inherent in silicon devices, distinctly enhancing sensitivity with a broad bandwidth. These innovative design methodologies, initially proposed and subsequently validated through meticulous measurements, represent a pioneering contribution. The book provides readers with detailed insights into design intricacies and considerations. Its audience includes undergraduate and graduate students with a specific interest in RF/optoelectronic receiver technology, along with researchers and engineers engaged in the study of imaging systems, data centers, or other communication applications.

"This book aims to highlight 100 incredibly interesting colors that the average human could live their life unaware of. These colors exist in the strangest of places, and serve the most specific functions in nature, or were human-made with one particular goal in mind"--

This book focuses on advanced optical properties and applications of tellurite glasses and tellurite glasses doped with rare-earth nanoparticles. The initial chapter presents the current state of the art in tellurite glass development, focusing on those compositions doped with nanoparticles based on rare-earth elements such as neodymium and erbium. The book then discusses various linear and nonlinear optical properties (e.g., refractive index, absorption, optical susceptibility) of these glasses in the visible and ultraviolet spectral regions. Finally, it looks at a selection of recent technological applications of doped tellurite glasses, such as highly efficient laser glass, novel temperature sensors, and advanced optical fiber material. Featuring comprehensive and up-to-date data sets, along with a topical discussion of promising new areas of application, this book is particularly suitable for researchers and industry professionals working in the field of glass manufacturing foroptics and laser applications.

This book provides an alternative approach to time-independent perturbation theory in non-relativistic quantum mechanics. It allows easy application to any initial condition because it is based on an approximation to the evolution operator and may also be used on unitary evolution operators for the unperturbed Hamiltonian in the case where the eigenvalues cannot be found. This flexibility sets it apart from conventional perturbation theory. The matrix perturbation method also gives new theoretical insights; for example, it provides corrections to the energy and wave function in one operation. Another notable highlight is the facility to readily derive a general expression for the normalization constant at m-th order, a significant difference between the approach within and those already in the literature. Another unique aspect of the matrix perturbation method is that it can be extended directly to the Lindblad master equation. The first and second-order corrections are obtained for this equation and the method is generalized for higher orders. An alternative form of the Dyson series, in matrix form instead of integral form, is also obtained. Throughout the book, several benchmark examples and practical applications underscore the potential, accuracy and good performance of this novel approach. Moreover, the method's applicability extends to some specific time-dependent Hamiltonians. This book represents a valuable addition to the literature on perturbation theory in quantum mechanics and is accessible to students and researchers alike.

This book highlights the dynamical behavior of self-similar waves in graded-index waveguides in (1+1)-dimensions and (2+1)-dimensions. The mechanism to control these optical similaritons by tailoring the tapering profile is presented. Various nonlinear waves like rogons, butterfly-shaped, and dromion-like waves and their controllable behavior are discussed in detail. The phenomenon of unbreakable Parity-Time symmetry of some of these waves has been delineated for different variety of solvable potentials. Compression of these exotic waves has been demonstrated for dispersion decreasing fiber and periodic management of dispersion and nonlinearity parameters. Competing cubic-quintic nonlinearity scenario and its potential implication on the dynamics of these similaritons has been described in detail. Symbiotic self-similar rogue waves have been discussed in (2+1)-dimensional garded-index waveguide. The book also includes numerical simulations that complement these analytical insights.

This book, now in an extensively revised second edition, provides information on the basic science and tissue interactions of dental lasers and documents the principal current clinical uses of lasers in every dental discipline. The applications of lasers in restorative dentistry, endodontics, dental implantology, pediatric dentistry, periodontal therapy, and soft tissue surgery are clearly described and illustrated. Information is also provided on laser-assisted multi-tissue management, covering procedures such as crown lengthening, gingival troughing, gingival recontouring, and depigmentation. The closing chapters look forward to the future of lasers in dentistry and the scope for their widespread use in everyday clinical practice.When used in addition to or instead of conventional instrumentation, lasers offer many unique patient benefits. Furthermore, research studies continue to reveal further potential clinical applications, and new laser wavelengths are being explored, developed, and delivered with highly specific power configurations to optimize laser¿tissue interaction. This book will bring the reader up to date with the latest advances and will appeal to all with an interest in the application of lasers to the oral soft and/or hard tissues.

This thesis describes how the rich internal degrees of freedom of molecules can be exploited to construct the first ¿clock¿ based on ultracold molecules, rather than atoms. By holding the molecules in an optical lattice trap, the vibrational clock is engineered to have a high oscillation quality factor, facilitating the full characterization of frequency shifts affecting the clock at the hertz level. The prototypical vibrational molecular clock is shown to have a systematic fractional uncertainty at the 14th decimal place, matching the performance of the earliest optical atomic lattice clocks. As part of this effort, deeply bound strontium dimers are coherently created, and ultracold collisions of these Van der Waals molecules are studied for the first time, revealing inelastic losses at the universal rate. The thesis reports one of the most accurate measurements of a molecule¿s vibrational transition frequency to date. The molecular clock lays the groundwork for explorations into terahertz metrology, quantum chemistry, and fundamental interactions at atomic length scales.

This book highlights the dynamical behavior of self-similar waves in asymmetric dual-core waveguides. The proposed dual-core waveguide consists of two closely spaced adjoining fibers in which one fiber is active and the other is passive. Due to the linear coupling between them, the dynamics of the wave propagating through the passive core can be controlled by manipulating the dynamics of the wave propagating in the active core.  The optimal pulse compression or amplification of these waves as the length of the fiber tends to infinity is presented. The exact Mobius transform self-similar solutions that propagate through these waveguides self-similarly are subject to simple scaling rules. The book includes experiments conducted to corroborate the analytical predictions.

This book primarily focuses on the authors¿ research and practical achievements in the field of photonic integrated phased arrays in recent years. Firstly, a comprehensive introduction on the concept, operation principles, and research progress of photonic integrated phased arrays is introduced. Then, detailed explanations of the optical antenna and array design in photonic integrated phased arrays are given. Combined with design cases of silicon-based optical phased arrays with different scales, the design methods for achieving low sidelobes are deeply researched, and the test principle and design of photonic integrated phased arrays are elaborated. Finally, the design, implementation, and test of photonic integrated phased arrays are illustrated through a detailed case study on the development of a silicon-based optical phased array chip and verify its short-distance space optical communication based on the chip.This book is dedicated to integrating the theory, design, processing, and test cases of photonic integrated phased arrays, and it provides a valuable reference for researchers and designers in the field of optical phased array technology.

This book delves into optics and photonic materials, describing the development of an intelligent all-optical system capable of replicating the functional building blocks of the biological brain. Starting with an analysis of biological neuronal dynamics and traversing the state of the art of neuromorphic systems developed to date, the book arrives at a description of neural networks realized through spatial soliton technology.After a brief introduction to the biology of neural networks (Chapter 1), the book delves into the description of the neuromorphic problem emphasizing the peculiarities of optical hardware developed to date. (Chapter 2). Chapter 3 is dedicated to the description of psychomemories , which represent the modeling of human learning according to the theories of modern neuro-psychology. This chapter provides the prerequisites for understanding how solitonic neural networks (SNNs) are able to learn and how they approach biological models. Chapter 4 focuses on the experimentation of solitonic optic neurons in thin layers of lithium niobate. Optical techniques for supervised and unsupervised learning are discussed. The entire chapter is accompanied by theoretical, simulative and experimental results. This chapter explains how an X-junction neuron is able to establish synapses, modify them, or erase them. The erasure of solitonic structures represents an important innovation in the field of nonlinear optics. Finally, Chapter 5 reports on the implementation of a network of neurons capable of processing information and storing it exactly as a human episodic memory does. The chapter ends with a number of insights into the lines of research that are currently being pursued on the basis of the results obtained.The book is meant for graduate students and researchers in the fields of optics, photonic applications, and biology. However, the main beneficiaries of this book are senior researchers in the fieldof nonlinear optics and artificial intelligence. To fully understand the results, it is important to have a basic knowledge of optical physics and neuron biology.

This book covers electrostatic properties of hyperbolic metamaterials (HMMs), a fascinating class of metamaterials which combine dielectric and metal components. Due to the hyperbolic topology of the isofrequency surface in HMMs, the so-called resonance cone direction exists, and as a result, propagation of quasi-electrostatic waves, or more commonly, electrostatic waves close to the resonance cone with large wave vectors, is possible. However, the investigation of electrostatic wave properties in HMMs is largely overlooked in most works on the subject, and the purpose of this monograph is to fill this gap. This book gives a thorough theoretical treatment of propagation, reflection, and refraction of electrostatic waves in HMMs of various dimensions and geometries. It will be of interest to students and researchers who work on electrical and optical properties of metamaterials.

This book concerns the theory of optimal transport (OT) and its applications to solving problems in geometric optics. It is a self-contained presentation including a detailed analysis of the Monge problem, the Monge-Kantorovich problem, the transshipment problem, and the network flow problem. A chapter on Monge-Ampère measures is included containing also exercises. A detailed analysis of the Wasserstein metric is also carried out. For the applications to optics, the book describes the necessary background concerning light refraction, solving both far-field and near-field refraction problems, and indicates lines of current research in this area. Researchers in the fields of mathematical analysis, optimal transport, partial differential equations (PDEs), optimization, and optics will find this book valuable. It is also suitable for graduate students studying mathematics, physics, and engineering. The prerequisites for this book include a solid understanding of measure theory and integration, as well as basic knowledge of functional analysis.

Light signals in optical waveguides can be used to transmit very large amounts of data quickly and largely without interference. In the industrial and infrastructural sectors, e.g. in the automotive and aerospace industries, the demand to further exploit this potential is therefore increasing. Which technologies can be used to effectively integrate systems that transmit data by means of light into existing components? This is a central question for current research. So far, there have been some technical limitations in this regard. For example, it is difficult to couple the signal of an optical waveguide to other optical waveguides without interruption. There is also a lack of suitable fabrication technologies for three-dimensional waveguides, as well as design and simulation environments for 3D opto-MID. This book addresses these and other challenges.

Metamaterials and metasurfaces are developing exciting new frontier researches on reconfigurable materials with promising applications on tunable and active devices. The combination of metamaterials and microsystems not only uncap the controllability limits of optical metamaterials, but also pave the way for vast applications. This book focuses on structural reconfiguration of metasurfaces and metamaterials using microsystems, which have previously been developed for tiny machines and droplets formations. It covers multi-disciplinary researches on reconfigurable metamaterials and metasurfaces revealing their potential applications on densely integrated devices with working frequencies ranging from GHz to infrared region. Topics like MEMS metamaterials, frequency selective surface, photonic reconfigurable metasurfaces, and microfluidic metamaterials are just a few examples, which present lively research communities within the scope of this book. This book is intended for undergraduate and graduate students who are interested in fundamental science and technology of micro-optics and artificial materials, researchers in the field of reconfigurable and tunable metamaterials, and engineers working on tunable lens, Lidar, beam steering devices, or other applications.

This book provides a comprehensive introduction to photoelectron angular distributions and their use in the laboratory to study light-matter interactions. Photoelectron angular distribution measurements are useful because they can shed light on atomic and molecular electronic configurations and system dynamics, as well as provide information about quantum transition amplitudes and relative phases that are not obtainable from other types of measurements. For example, recent measurements of molecular-frame photoelectron angular distributions have been used to extract photoelectron emission delays in the attosecond range which can provide ultra-sensitive maps of molecular potentials. Additionally, photoelectron angular distribution measurements are an essential tool for studying negative ions.Here, the author presents a detailed, yet easily accessible, theoretical background necessary for experimentalists performing photoelectron angular distribution measurements to better understand their results. The various physical influences on photoelectron angular distributions are revealed through analytical models with the use of angular momentum coupling algebra and spherical tensor operators. The classical and quantum treatments of photoelectron angular distributions are covered clearly and systematically, and the book includes, as well, a chapter on relativistic interactions. Furthermore, the primary methods used to measure photoelectron angular distributions in the laboratory, such as photodetachment electron spectroscopy, velocity-map imaging, and cold target recoil ion momentum spectroscopy, are described. This book features introductory material as well as new insights on the topic, such as the use of angular momentum transfer theory to understand the process of photoelectron detachment in atoms and molecules. Including key derivations, worked examples, and additional exercises for readers to try on their own, this book serves as both a critical guide for young researchers entering the field and as a useful reference for experienced practitioners.

This book presents the key technologies of coherent optical wireless communication, covers topics such as beam coupling, signal optical polarization control and distorted wavefront correction. It discusses the principle of coherent optical communication and heterodyne detection conditions. In this book, the array coupling receiving technology and large aperture coupling technology are introduced to realize the spatial optical fiber coupling; simulated annealing algorithm, particle swarm optimization algorithm and SPO algorithm are used to control the polarization state of the signal beam; and the correction of distorted wavefront of the signal beam by adaptive optics technology and wavefront sensorless adaptive optics technology are analyzed, and the influence of beam mode on coherent detection performance is elaborated. Both theoretical deduction and experimental results are included in this book, which can help readers further understand the theoretical knowledge.