Atomfysik og molekylær fysik

Historisk spændingsroman om kapløbet om at skabe verdens første atombombe. LOS ALAMOS, JULI 1945. I et ørkenlandskab i New Mexico kæmper en række af verdens førende atomforskere med at konstruere det våben, som vil ændre verden for altid. Deriblandt Niels Bohr og en ung dansk ingeniør, David Adler. For David Adler bliver kapløbet om at udvikle atombomben et personligt drama om magt, hemmeligheder og kærlighed. Ligesom Niels Bohr må Adler træffe et valg i et moralsk dilemma med uoverskuelige konsekvenser. Steffen Jacobsen fik i 2013 sit store gennembrud med Trofæ, den første af en række spændingsromaner med makkerparret Michael Sander og Lene Jensen. "Er man til krimi, spænding og storstilede forbryderjagter, er man i godt selskab hos Steffen Jacobsen. Hans seje politifolk og detektiver sætter alle sejl til med risiko for liv og lemmer for at opklare de blodige, voldsomme og tilsyneladende usammenhængende hændelser, der udgør Jacobsens komplekse plot. Hans krimier er page-turners i bogstavelig forstand - og det kan være problematisk, for de er ikke korte!" - Fra portrættet på forfatterweb.dk

Stort set ALT I UNIVERSET er sammensat af blot 92 GRUNDSTOFFER!Følg den store videnskabsdetektiv SHERLOCK OHMS, mens han udforsker alt om grundstofferne i denne kloge, sjove og lærerige bog.Masser af overraskende og spændende viden om, hvad dine omgivelser består af. Sjove tegneserier, som viser de geniale videnskabsmænd, der opdagede hver enkelt grundstof. Nemme og spændene videnskabelige eksperimenter, du selv kan udføre.En prisvindende introduktion til det periodiske system med masser af vidunderlige illustrationer.En flot og indbydende bog om et svært emne. Den virker meget grundig i sin formidling, og illustrationerne og de sjove fakta-bokse gør emnet forståeligt og interessant. Kan også bruges som opslagsværk.Bøger som formidler naturvidenskabelige emner, kan vi ikke få nok af.- LektørudtalelsenDen fedeste bog!- Johan Olsen

‘Hverdagsmad fra River Cottage’ er den ultimative grundkogebog for alle, der har en holdning til den mad, de spiser til daglig. Heri er samlet Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstalls bedste bud på økonomisk, sund og velsmagende hverdagsmad – og alle kan være med. Den frygtløse kok Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall er kendt fra DR2’s programserie ‘River Cottage’, hvor han har lært danskerne om bedre madvaner, bæredygtighed og vigtigheden af gode råvarer. Ifølge Hugh er det nemlig sådan, at ændrer man menneskers holdning til mad, ændrer man deres holdning til livet! Og det er netop udgangspunktet for denne kogebog fra River Cottage, der med massevis af lækre opskrifter og tips til hverdagen giver et bud på en sundere hverdagskost for alle. Det er mad med holdning og velsmag.

In the summer of 1964, a reclusive young professor at the University of Edinburgh wrote two scientific papers which have come to change our understanding of the most fundamental building blocks of matter and the nature of the universe. Peter Higgs posited the existence an almost infinitely tiny particle - today known as the Higgs boson - which is the key to understanding why particles have mass, and but for which atoms and molecules could not exist.For nearly 50 years afterwards, some of the largest projects in experimental physics sought to demonstrate the physical existence of the boson which Higgs had proposed. Sensationally, confirmation came in July 2012 at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN in Geneva. The following year Higgs was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics. One of the least-known giants of science, he is the only person in history to have had a single particle named for them.This revelatory book is 'not so much a biography of the man but of the boson named after him'. It brilliantly traces the course of much of twentieth-century physics from the inception of quantum field theory to the completion of the 'standard model' of particles and forces, and the pivotal role of Higgs's idea in this evolution. It also investigates the contested history of Higgs's responsibility for the breakthrough when there were others close by, and explains why the boson is named for him alone. Competition between institutions and states, Close shows, then played as much of a role in creating Higgs's fame as his work itself. Drawing on conversations with Higgs over a decade (a figure generally as elusive as his particle) this is a superb study of a scientist and his era - and of how scientific knowledge advances.

Research has shown that students improve their problem-solving skills by working through puzzles, even from infancy. Children love working their way through a jigsaw, and as they watch the big picture emerging, they develop a sense of fulfilment and accomplishments. It is amazing how much students learn from wordsearches and puzzles.The goal is making Physics as a subject more accessible to more students. The path is through anagrams as brain teasers, wordsearches as builders of key vocabulary, crossword puzzles as concept keys, and the mind-maps to create the bigger picture, helping students appreciate why they are learning a topic.It promises to be an exciting journey. Why not start your students on the first step.Bon voyage!

This book highlights the fundamentals and advances in measurement science and technology applied in nuclear power engineering. Inspection of main parameters is an essential part of the operation and control of nuclear power plants. Measurement science and technology in nuclear engineering have experienced fast upgrades with the rapid advancements in computer science, sensors, lasers, and other related technologies. The book not only describes basic theories and widely used techniques but also presents novel experimental findings, newly applied techniques, and future trends that emerge with the higher and more specialized requirements of today¿s nuclear power plants and other nuclear projects. The book serves as a valuable information source for scientists and a good handbook for engineers. It also contains well-arranged questions and exercises after each chapter, which makes it an excellent textbook for undergraduate and graduate students in nuclear science and technology.Additional questions and answers via app: Download the Springer Nature Flashcards app free of charge and use exclusive additional material to test your knowledge.

On July 4, 2012, physicists at the Large Hadron Collider in Geneva madehistory when they discovered an entirely new type of subatomic particle that many scientists believe is the Higgs boson. For forty years, physicists searched for this capstone to the Standard Model of particle physics?the theory that describes both the most elementary components that are known in matter and the forces through which they interact. This particle points to the Higgs field, which provides the key to understanding why elementary particles have mass. In Higgs Discovery, Lisa Randall explains the science behind this monumental discovery, its exhilarating implications, and the power of empty space.

This book proposes and develops the equilibrium compound nucleus post-fission theory, a powerful tool for studying the fission process and making numerical calculations of post-fission nuclear data. It begins with a detailed historical background on fission theory and covers fundamental concepts, such as the Bohr-Wheeler formula and time dependent nuclear density functional theory.The authors explain the kinematics of heavy-ion collisions and develop a heavy-ion spherical optical model. They also present the theoretical methods for calculating the yield, kinetic energy distribution, and angular distribution of fission fragments in the initial state of fission. In addition, readers are provided with the method for calculating the prompt neutron and prompt gamma-ray data as well as the proportion of the isomeric state nucleus and independent yield from the initial yield of the fission fragments. Using the nuclear decay data of the fission products, a method for calculating the cumulative yield and decay heat of the fission fragments is also given. A fission delayed neutron simplification model is proposed and the theoretical method for calculating the total contribution of three fission channels to post-fission nuclear data is provided.This book concludes with a step-by-step guide on numerical calculations for post-fission nuclear data and a Fortran program for optimizing the best theoretical model parameters. It is ideal for both junior and senior researchers in nuclear physics, as well as graduate students who are interested learning about the subject. Given the current interest in post-fission and the tremendous experimental and theoretical efforts in studying it, this book serves as a timely and comprehensive resource for the nuclear physics community.

This thesis describes how the rich internal degrees of freedom of molecules can be exploited to construct the first ¿clock¿ based on ultracold molecules, rather than atoms. By holding the molecules in an optical lattice trap, the vibrational clock is engineered to have a high oscillation quality factor, facilitating the full characterization of frequency shifts affecting the clock at the hertz level. The prototypical vibrational molecular clock is shown to have a systematic fractional uncertainty at the 14th decimal place, matching the performance of the earliest optical atomic lattice clocks. As part of this effort, deeply bound strontium dimers are coherently created, and ultracold collisions of these Van der Waals molecules are studied for the first time, revealing inelastic losses at the universal rate. The thesis reports one of the most accurate measurements of a molecule¿s vibrational transition frequency to date. The molecular clock lays the groundwork for explorations into terahertz metrology, quantum chemistry, and fundamental interactions at atomic length scales.

Classical mechanics is the basis for any university-level study of technical-scientific disciplines. But most existing manuals use a technological and engineering approach, with basic aspects sometimes insufficiently highlighted. This book introduces the concepts and applications of classical mechanics into Newtonian formalism. Newtonian dynamics is useful for solving applied physics and engineering problems, but also a fascinating theory anchored in questions posed since the times of the Greek philosophers, regarding space, the flow of time, measurable physical quantities, the physical principles with the mathematical structure needed to describe the Universe, etc. The author aims to encourage students to think about these fundamental aspects and how they will be addressed in modern physics, including the successes and limitations of Newton's mechanics. The book is designed to mirror the progress of the students using it, with earlier chapters assuming nomore than basic high school instruction and later ones geared toward subsequent enhanced understanding. The book is designed for students of undergraduate programs in physics, mathematics, chemistry, and engineering who will deal with modern physics, as they will benefit from an approach in which the aspects of classical mechanics are introduced in a propaedeutic approach towards relativistic physics and quantum mechanics.

Quantum reality, a field at the boondocks of science, dives into the baffling and interesting universe of the quantum domain, where the central laws of physical science take on a dreamlike and mind-bowing nature. It is an excursion into the concealed, the world that exists at scales past the compass of our faculties, yet assumes a urgent part in forming the universe as far as we might be concerned. In this portrayal, we investigate how quantum the truth is reshaping how we might interpret the concealed world and the significant results it holds. At the core of quantum the truth is the idea of quantum mechanics, a hypothesis created in the mid twentieth century that depicts the way of behaving of particles at the nuclear and subatomic scale. It presents a degree of capriciousness and vulnerability that challenges our old style instincts about the actual world. In the quantum domain, particles can exist in various states at the same time, convey momentarily over tremendous distances, and show ways of behaving that oppose old style material science. One of the most notorious elements of quantum mechanics is the idea of superposition. This implies that a molecule, like an electron, can exist in an express that is a mix of numerous conceivable outcomes. For example, an electron can be both turning clockwise and counterclockwise all the while until noticed, so, all in all it falls into one of these states. This innate indeterminacy is a basic part of quantum reality and has been tentatively approved on many times. Snare is one more dazzling feature of quantum reality. At the point when two particles become snared, their properties become connected so that changes to one molecule promptly influence the other, no matter what the distance isolating them. This peculiarity, broadly depicted by Einstein as "creepy activity a ways off," has been shown through investigations and difficulties our customary comprehension of causality. Quantum mechanics has prompted the improvement of advancements that are basic to our cutting edge world, like semiconductors and lasers. However, its suggestions stretch out a long ways past innovation. Quantum reality has significant ramifications for how we might interpret the universe, from the way of behaving of issue and energy to the idea of existence. Quantum material science assumes a focal part in molding how we might interpret the concealed universe of subatomic particles and the crucial powers that oversee them. It gives bits of knowledge into the beginning and development of the universe, from the minutes soon after the Huge explosion to the arrangement of worlds and the puzzling dull matter and dim energy that comprise the vast majority of the universe. In addition, quantum the truth is instrumental in the advancement of arising innovations, including quantum registering, which can possibly change fields as different as cryptography, drug revelation, and environment demonstrating. Quantum PCs influence the extraordinary properties of quantum bits, or qubits, to perform complex estimations at speeds impossible with old style PCs. In any case, quantum the truth isn't without its difficulties and secrets. The peculiarity of wave-molecule duality, where particles can show both molecule like and wave-like properties, presently can't seem to track down a far reaching clarification. The understanding of quantum mechanics stays a subject of discussion, with different translations, like the Copenhagen translation and many-universes speculation, offering alternate points of view on the idea of

This thesis presents significant new observations of nuclear wobbling, and thus expands our understanding of nuclear triaxiality and its prevalence in the nuclear chart. Triaxial nuclear shapes are a very rare phenomena and their experimental identification often relies on two unique signatures - nuclear wobbling motion and chiral rotation. While nuclear chirality is a well-studied phenomenon, experimental observations of wobbling nuclei are rather limited. With the identification of 135Pr and 187Au as wobblers, this work establishes triaxiality to be a general phenomenon present in different regions of the nuclear chart, irrespective of any particular spin or deformation. A major focus of this work is the detailed investigation of the different kinds of wobbling modes. Depending on the geometry of the nuclear system, wobbling can be classified into two types - longitudinal and transverse. This work has, for the first time, reported evidence of the possible coexistence of both forms of wobbling in a single nucleus. Another important result reported in this work is the very first observation of co-existing chiral and wobbling modes in the 135Pr nucleus. This thesis details the experimental methods that led to this breakthrough, along with pertinent theoretical interpretations.

This thesis makes significant advances in the use of microspheres in optical traps as highly precise sensing platforms. While optically trapped microspheres have recently proven their dominance in aqueous and vacuum environments, achieving state-of-the-art measurements of miniscule forces and torques, their sensitivity to perturbations in air has remained relatively unexplored. This thesis shows that, by uniquely operating in air and measuring its thermally-fluctuating instantaneous velocity, an optically trapped microsphere is an ultra-sensitive probe of both mass and sound. The mass of the microsphere is determined with similar accuracy to competitive methods but in a fraction of the measurement time and all while maintaining thermal equilibrium, unlike alternative methods. As an acoustic transducer, the air-based microsphere is uniquely sensitive to the velocity of sound, as opposed to the pressure measured by a traditional microphone. By comparison to state-of-the-art commercially-available velocity and pressure sensors, including the world¿s smallest measurement microphone, the microsphere sensing modality is shown to be both accurate and to have superior sensitivity at high frequencies. Applications for such high-frequency acoustic sensing include dosage monitoring in proton therapy for cancer and event discrimination in bubble chamber searches for dark matter. In addition to reporting these scientific results, the thesis is pedagogically organized to present the relevant history, theory, and technology in a straightforward way.

This open access book is a pedagogical text on nuclear reactor experiments, covering almost all the experiments that can be carried out at the University Training Reactor, Kindai University (UTR-KINKI) with respect to reactor physics and radiation detection, and additionally including academic materials of test and research reactors, nuclear instrumentation, nuclear laws and regulations, in this main body. The book is an excellent primer for students who are interested in reactor physics, radiation detection, nuclear laws and regulations at universities, and the best textbook for students who have started to study the nuclear energy related fields to understand the basic theories and principles of the experiments in the fields of reactor physics and radiation detection.UTR-KINKI has been used for educational reactor experiments and basic research in a wide range of fields related to the use of radiation (neutrons, gamma-ray, beta-ray, alpha-ray, and X-ray), including reactor physics, radiation detection, radiation health physics, activation analysis, radiation biology, medical applications and archaeology. Also, UTR-KINKI has been actively engaged in nuclear education with its long history of operation, and has gained extensive experience in educational activities for undergraduate and graduate students, elementary, junior high and high school teachers, junior high and high school students, and general audiences.

"Thermogenic Molecules: Dietary Conversion of Adipose Tissue" by Anusha Jahagirdar is a comprehensive guide that delves into the molecular mechanisms underlying energy expenditure and obesity. The book covers topics related to the biology of adipose tissue, including brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT), and their respective roles in regulating energy expenditure and metabolism. The book provides a thorough understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of thermogenesis and how it contributes to energy expenditure. It discusses the role of mitochondria and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in thermogenesis, as well as the activation of thermogenesis by sympathetic nervous system and catecholamines. The book also explores the regulation of nutrient sensing pathways, such as AMPK, mTOR, and PPARs, and their impact on thermogenesis and adipose tissue function. Furthermore, the book delves into the impact of various dietary components on thermogenesis, including carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, and the role of ketosis in regulating energy expenditure. It also discusses the impact of exercise, cold exposure, and diet-induced thermogenesis on adipose tissue function and energy expenditure. The book also covers the link between obesity and various diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and cancer, and how pharmacological interventions and natural compounds can modulate adipose tissue function and metabolism to prevent and treat these conditions. Overall, "Thermogenic Molecules: Dietary Conversion of Adipose Tissue" is a valuable resource for researchers, students, and professionals in the field of metabolism, nutrition, and obesity, providing a comprehensive overview of the molecular mechanisms regulating energy expenditure and their role in preventing and treating obesity-related diseases.

This book addresses the comprehensive understanding of Ni-rich layered oxide of lithium-ion batteries cathodes materials, especially focusing on the effect of dopant on the intrinsic and extrinsic effect to its host materials. This book can be divided into three parts, that is, 1. overall understanding of layered oxide system, 2. intrinsic effect of dopant on layered oxides, and 3. extrinsic effect of dopant on layered oxides. To truly understand and discover the fundamental solution (e.g. doping) to improve the Ni-rich layered oxides cathodic performance, understanding the foundation of layered oxide degradation mechanism is the key, thus, the first chapter focuses on discovering the true degradation mechanisms of layered oxides systems. Then, the second and third chapter deals with the effect of dopant on alleviating the fundamental degradation mechanism of Ni-rich layered oxides, which we believe is the first insight ever been provided. The content described in this book will provide research insight to develop high-performance Ni-rich layered oxide cathode materials and serve as a guide for those who study energy storage systems.

This thesis proposes useful tools, on-the-fly trajectory mapping method and Reaction Space Projector (ReSPer), to analyze chemical reaction mechanisms by combining the reaction route map and the ab initio molecular dynamics. The key concept for the proposed tools is the Cartesian distance between pairwise molecular structures, and a practical procedure to get the optimal distance is introduced. The on-the-fly trajectory mapping method tracks the distance function between reference structures and molecular structures along the trajectory. Although this method provides fruitful insight into dynamic reaction behaviors, the visualization of reaction routes into a low-dimensional space is still challenging because of the multi-dimensionality. ReSPer successfully constructs a low-dimensional reaction space defined by mathematically-selected principal coordinates representing mutual distance relationships in the full-dimensional space. ReSPer also enables us to project trajectories into the reaction space in the reduced dimension. In this thesis, these methods are applied to several reactions, including bifurcating and photochemical reactions, revealing dynamically-allowed reaction mechanisms. This thesis provides robust and versatile tools to elucidate dynamical reaction routes on the basis of the reduced-dimensionality reaction route map and will help control chemical reaction dynamics and select descriptors for machine learning.

The Water Reactor Fuel Performance Meeting (WRFPM) held in Asia has merged with TopFuel in Europe and LWR Fuel Performance in the United States to form the globally most influential conference in the field of nuclear fuel research. WRFPM2023 is organized by Chinese Nuclear Society (CNS) in cooperation with the Atomic Energy Society of Japan (AESJ), Korean Nuclear Society (KNS), European Nuclear Society (ENS), American Nuclear Society (ANS), the Interna-tional Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) with the support from China Nuclear Energy In¬dustry Corporation (CNEIC) and TVEL.Conference Topics:1. Advances in water reactor fuel technology and testing2. Operation and experience3. Transient and off-normal fuel behaviour and safety related issues4. Fuel cycle, used fuel storage and transportation5. Innovative fuel and related issues6. Fuel modelling, analysis and methodology

This book addresses the pursuit and further investigation of experimental results by analyzing classic examples from physics. The authors concentrate on the investigation of experimental results by examining case studies from the history of 20th and 21st century physics. Discussions on the discovery of parity nonconservation, the rise and fall of the Fifth Force, the search for neutrinoless double decay, supersymmetry and the expansion of the Standard Model, and measurements of the anomalous magnetic moment of the muons are provided. Experimental results may achieve acceptance to the point that even well known principles, such as conservation of energy and quantization, lose their status as accepted. Such principles and their options are treated on an equal footing as being pursuit worthy even though there is no plausible explanation as to why and how they might have failed.

This book provides a comprehensive overview of positron profilometry, specifically focusing on the analysis of defect depth distribution in materials. Positron profilometry plays a crucial role in understanding and characterizing defects in a wide range of materials, including metals, semiconductors, polymers, and ceramics. By analyzing the depth distribution of defects, researchers can gain insights into various material properties, such as crystal structure, defect density, and diffusion behavior. The author's extensive research spanning a period of two decades has primarily centered on subsurface zones. These regions, located beneath the surface and subjected to various surface processes, play a crucial role in generating defect distributions. Three experimental techniques and their data analysis are described in detail: a variable-energy positron beam (VEP) called sometimes a slow positron beam, a technique called implantation profile depth scanning (DSIP), and a sequential etching(SET) technique. The usability of these techniques is illustrated by many examples of measurements by the author and others.