Kernefysik

In the summer of 1964, a reclusive young professor at the University of Edinburgh wrote two scientific papers which have come to change our understanding of the most fundamental building blocks of matter and the nature of the universe. Peter Higgs posited the existence an almost infinitely tiny particle - today known as the Higgs boson - which is the key to understanding why particles have mass, and but for which atoms and molecules could not exist.For nearly 50 years afterwards, some of the largest projects in experimental physics sought to demonstrate the physical existence of the boson which Higgs had proposed. Sensationally, confirmation came in July 2012 at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN in Geneva. The following year Higgs was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics. One of the least-known giants of science, he is the only person in history to have had a single particle named for them.This revelatory book is 'not so much a biography of the man but of the boson named after him'. It brilliantly traces the course of much of twentieth-century physics from the inception of quantum field theory to the completion of the 'standard model' of particles and forces, and the pivotal role of Higgs's idea in this evolution. It also investigates the contested history of Higgs's responsibility for the breakthrough when there were others close by, and explains why the boson is named for him alone. Competition between institutions and states, Close shows, then played as much of a role in creating Higgs's fame as his work itself. Drawing on conversations with Higgs over a decade (a figure generally as elusive as his particle) this is a superb study of a scientist and his era - and of how scientific knowledge advances.

Data analysis and instrumentation applications require an excellent knowledge of the interactions between radiation and matter, radiation and particle detectors, the principles and conditions of detector operation, as well as the limitations and advantages. This book provides abundant information about the energy deposition in detecting systems, the performance and optimization of detectors. It also addresses the situation where detectors (scanners of various types, etc.) have to be modified and improved to full optimization by the users. Furthermore, the book offers a description of detectors and techniques used in medical physics and covers physics principles and instrumentation knowledge needed in radioprotection and nuclear engineering.This book will benefit graduate (MSc and PhD) and final year BSc students as a reference and a supplement for courses in particle/astroparticle/space physics and instrumentation. A large part of it is directed toward courses in medical physics. The book can also be used by researchers in experimental particle physics at low, medium and high energy who are dealing with instrumentation.

Code stoned. Debug sober. Document drunk. And never trust the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.Michael Luis Bolaño is the scion of Mexican oil wealth gone to rut in Texas. Sherman Spartacus Katz is the hyperliterate son of evangelical eccentrics from the North Georgia mountains. One hopes to restore what's been lost, the other to attain what never was. Together at a major Technical Institute they are trained as engineers; together in the dark they study forbidden teachings. By graduation, they're formidably competent, and wholly rogue.Michael hopes to unwind an operation grown too large for comfort, but not until they've finally cleaned their money and moved it into the banking system. Sherman stays awake for days on meth, building baroque machines, designing powerful drug analogues, and chasing scientific glory. The DEA and FBI circle, aware that there's something rotten in Atlanta. A bulk LSD sale goes sideways, but opens new opportunities of an entirely different nature. Carried away by events increasingly beyond their control, the two find themselves targets of governments, industry, and old friends unable to resist the allure of incredible power.They meanwhile talk ceaseless smack, seek out spergy love, deal with sadistic professors, supercharge wheelchairs, hack compulsively, and avoid a possibly demoniacal snapping turtle. midnight's simulacra is a picaresque technical thriller.

Originally published in 1977, this book presents an extended introduction to the theory of hadrons, the elementary particles which occur in the atomic nucleus. The main emphasis is on the theory of the complex angular momentum plane 'Regge theory', which has grown from Regge's demonstration in 1959 that it is useful to regard angular momentum as a complex variable when discussing solutions of the Schrodinger equation for non-relativistic potential scattering. This theory helps to classify the many different particles which have been discovered in recent years, to explain the forces between these particles and to predict the results of high-energy scattering experiments. Regge theory thus serves as a unifying concept drawing together many different features of high-energy physics. This monograph is intended primarily for research students just beginning to concern themselves with particle physics, but more experienced workers will also find much to interest them in this detailed survey of the basic ideas and results of Regge theory.

This book serves as an introduction to boundary plasma physics, providing an accessible entry point to the topic of plasma exhaust in magnetic confinement devices. While it delivers a concise, rigorous, and comprehensive account of all the major scientific topics relevant to those working on the subject, it also remains accessible and easy to consult due to its modular and compact structure. Beginning with the basic kinetic and fluid descriptions of plasma, and advancing through plasma-surface interactions, filamentary transport and plasma detachment, to conclude with a discussion of divertor configurations, this book represents a necessary and timely addition to the literature on the fast-growing field of boundary plasma physics. It will appeal to experienced theoreticians or experimentalists looking to enter the field as well as graduate students wishing to learn about it.

This book provides a comprehensive introduction to photoelectron angular distributions and their use in the laboratory to study light-matter interactions. Photoelectron angular distribution measurements are useful because they can shed light on atomic and molecular electronic configurations and system dynamics, as well as provide information about quantum transition amplitudes and relative phases that are not obtainable from other types of measurements. For example, recent measurements of molecular-frame photoelectron angular distributions have been used to extract photoelectron emission delays in the attosecond range which can provide ultra-sensitive maps of molecular potentials. Additionally, photoelectron angular distribution measurements are an essential tool for studying negative ions.Here, the author presents a detailed, yet easily accessible, theoretical background necessary for experimentalists performing photoelectron angular distribution measurements to better understand their results. The various physical influences on photoelectron angular distributions are revealed through analytical models with the use of angular momentum coupling algebra and spherical tensor operators. The classical and quantum treatments of photoelectron angular distributions are covered clearly and systematically, and the book includes, as well, a chapter on relativistic interactions. Furthermore, the primary methods used to measure photoelectron angular distributions in the laboratory, such as photodetachment electron spectroscopy, velocity-map imaging, and cold target recoil ion momentum spectroscopy, are described. This book features introductory material as well as new insights on the topic, such as the use of angular momentum transfer theory to understand the process of photoelectron detachment in atoms and molecules. Including key derivations, worked examples, and additional exercises for readers to try on their own, this book serves as both a critical guide for young researchers entering the field and as a useful reference for experienced practitioners.

This book describes insight mechanisms for designing molecular probes and methods that these agents can be used for medical diagnosis in preclinical animal models via optical, MRI and PET imaging. The book has a wealth of schemes of synthesis and methods deduced from pioneers in the field, making it possible to immerse into real-world molecular imaging. Written for graduate student training and practitioners, this book will serve as a teaching material and/or reference for anyone interested in exploring the power of chemical synthesis of imaging agents.

This volume focuses on recent developments in metallacrown chemistry. While the field was established in 1989 by Professor Vincent Pecoraro and numerous applications had been proposed, there has been a recent surge in the practical applications for this class of molecules. Written by leaders in the metallacrown chemistry field this book addresses recent developments. The single-molecule magnet properties of metallacrowns are presented along with discussions on their ability to bind DNA, as well as their potency to serve as building blocks for supramolecular structures. The volume is not only intended for those who work directly in the field of metallacrowns but it also appeals to those working in the aligned fields of metallamacrocyclic chemistry, self-assembly chemistry, and supramolecular chemistry. This dedicated volume serves as an encyclopedic reference for those wishing to gain insight into the field.

Ce livre explique en termes simples le processus de mise en service de l'Algorithme Aniostropique Analytique avec un linac 2100CD 6MV Energy Photon. Avant qu'un nouvel algorithme de calcul dans un système de planification de traitement puisse être utilisé cliniquement, un processus complet de mise en service et d'évaluation est nécessaire. En effet, la précision de la dose calculée est très importante pour la qualité et la fiabilité de la planification et de l'administration de la radiothérapie.Ce livre traite ensuite de la comparaison avec l'algorithme Pencil Beam après le processus de mise en service avec des cas cliniques de cancer du sein et du poumon.Ce livre sera très utile aux étudiants en physique médicale, aux internes, aux physiciens médicaux cliniciens et aux enseignants.

Este livro explica, em termos básicos, o processo passo a passo de colocação em funcionamento do Algoritmo Anisotrópico Analítico com um Linac 2100CD 6MV Energy Photon. Antes de um novo algoritmo de cálculo num Sistema de Planeamento de Tratamento poder ser utilizado clinicamente, é necessário um processo de colocação em funcionamento e uma avaliação abrangentes. Este livro aborda ainda a comparação com o algoritmo Pencil Beam após o processo de comissionamento com casos clínicos de mama e pulmão. Este livro será muito útil para estudantes de física médica, residentes, físicos clínicos médicos e professores.

Questo libro illustra in termini elementari il processo di messa in funzione dell'algoritmo anisotropo analitico con un linac 2100CD a 6MV di energia fotonica.Prima che un nuovo algoritmo di calcolo in un sistema di pianificazione del trattamento possa essere utilizzato clinicamente, è necessario un processo di messa in funzione e una valutazione completa. Questo libro prosegue discutendo il confronto con l'algoritmo Pencil Beam dopo il processo di messa in servizio con casi clinici di mammella e polmone. Questo libro sarà molto utile a studenti di fisica medica, specializzandi, fisici medici clinici e insegnanti.

V ätoj knige w osnownyh chertah opisywaetsq poshagowyj process wwoda w äxpluataciü analiticheskogo anizotropnogo algoritma na linake 2100CD s änergiej fotonow 6 MV. Prezhde chem nowyj algoritm rascheta w sisteme planirowaniq lecheniq mozhet byt' ispol'zowan w klinicheskih uslowiqh, neobhodimo prowesti wsestoronnij process wwoda w äxpluataciü i ego ocenku. Tochnost' rasschitannoj dozy ochen' wazhna dlq kachestwa i nadezhnosti planirowaniq i prowedeniq luchewoj terapii. Dalee w knige rassmatriwaetsq srawnenie s algoritmom Pencil Beam posle wwoda w äxpluataciü na primere klinicheskih sluchaew molochnoj zhelezy i legkih.

Radiobiology is a field of medical science that studies the action of ionizing radiation on biological tissues and their cellular and molecular components. Ionizing radiation can cause severe harmful impacts in living beings but it can also provide health benefits for treating cancer and thyrotoxicosis through radiation therapy. Ionizing subatomic particles can be classified into five types, namely, alpha particles, beta particles, positrons, gamma rays and X-rays. The most common impact of ionizing radiation is that it may induce cancer with a latent period of years or decades after exposure. The administration of high doses of ionizing radiation can cause visually dramatic radiation burns and may prove fatal due to acute radiation syndrome. Therefore, controlled doses of ionizing radiation are administered for medical imaging and radiotherapy. There are four factors that determine the success or failure of standard clinical radiation treatment. These factors include repair of DNA damage, redistribution of cells in the cell cycle, repopulation, and reoxygenation of hypoxic tumor areas. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of radiobiology. Scientists and students actively engaged in the study of ionizing radiation will find it full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

This third book on Quark-Gluon plasma and heavy ion collisions follows the previous ones, published in 1988 and 2005, that described theoretical proposals for a large program, and then the QGP discovery at RHIC.The present one describes the rather mature field, with extensive program at RHIC and LHC colliders and corresponding theory. QGP turns out to be a strongly coupled medium made up of quarks and gluons, existing in exploding fireballs. It is the hottest form of matter created in a laboratory. Other subjects discussed in the book are QCD vacuum structure, including topological solitons and nonperturbative phenomena. It also includes some recent progress in theory of hadrons, bridging hadronic spectroscopy with partonic observables.

This book describes the forcefields/interatomic potentials that are used in the atomistic-scale and molecular dynamics simulations. It covers mechanisms, salient features, formulations, important aspects and case studies of various forcefields utilized for characterizing various materials (such as nuclear materials and nanomaterials) and applications. This book gives many help to students and researchers who are studying the forcefield potentials and introduces various applications of atomistic-scale simulations to professors who are researching molecular dynamics.

This monograph is a collection of scientific papers published by the staff of the International Department of Nuclear Physics, New Materials and Technologies, the Laboratory of Engineering Profile of L.N. Gumilev Eurasian National University and the Laboratory of Solid State Physics of Astana Branch of the Institute of Nuclear Physics of DOE RK, devoted to the study of defect formation mechanisms arising from the irradiation of heavy ions in structural materials based on ceramics. Special attention in the monograph is paid to non-destructive methods of evaluation of radiation damage in ceramics, arising as a result of interaction with heavy ions, as well as the kinetics of their changes depending on the irradiation dose and type of irradiation.This monograph was supported by the Committee of Science of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan within the framework of grant project AP08051975 "Study of radiation resistance and evaluation of applicability of nitride ceramics as structural materials for nuclear power engineering".

Questa monografia è una raccolta di articoli scientifici pubblicati dal personale del Dipartimento Internazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Nuovi Materiali e Tecnologie, del Laboratorio di Profilo Ingegneristico dell'Università Nazionale Eurasiatica L.N. Gumilev e del Laboratorio di Fisica dello Stato Solido della Filiale di Astana dell'Istituto di Fisica Nucleare del DOE RK, dedicati allo studio dei meccanismi di formazione dei difetti derivanti dall'irradiazione di ioni pesanti nei materiali strutturali basati sulla ceramica. Nella monografia si presta particolare attenzione ai metodi non distruttivi di valutazione dei danni da radiazioni nella ceramica, derivanti dall'interazione con gli ioni pesanti, nonché alla cinetica dei loro cambiamenti in funzione della dose di irradiazione e del tipo di irradiazione.Questa monografia è stata sostenuta dal Comitato scientifico del Ministero dell'Istruzione e della Scienza della Repubblica del Kazakistan nell'ambito del progetto AP08051975 "Studio della resistenza alle radiazioni e valutazione dell'applicabilità delle ceramiche nitrurose come materiali strutturali per l'ingegneria nucleare".

Cette monographie est un recueil d'articles scientifiques publiés par le personnel du département international de physique nucléaire, des nouveaux matériaux et technologies, du laboratoire de profil d'ingénierie de l'université nationale eurasienne L.N. Gumilev et du laboratoire de physique de l'état solide de la branche d'Astana de l'institut de physique nucléaire du DOE RK, consacrés à l'étude des mécanismes de formation de défauts résultant de l'irradiation d'ions lourds dans les matériaux structurels à base de céramiques. La monographie accorde une attention particulière aux méthodes non destructives d'évaluation des dommages causés par les rayonnements dans les céramiques, résultant de l'interaction avec les ions lourds, ainsi qu'à la cinétique de leurs changements en fonction de la dose d'irradiation et du type d'irradiation.Cette monographie a été soutenue par le Comité des sciences du ministère de l'éducation et des sciences de la République du Kazakhstan dans le cadre du projet de subvention AP08051975 "Étude de la résistance aux rayonnements et évaluation de l'applicabilité des céramiques à base de nitrure en tant que matériaux structurels pour l'ingénierie de l'énergie nucléaire".