Geofysik

RADIO 4 BOOK OF THE WEEKFINANCIAL TIMES 2023 BOOK OF THE YEARTHE TIMES SCIENCE BOOK OF THE YEAR: 'This beautifully written, sweeping guide shows how the deep movement of the seas have ruled our lives in unexpected ways over millennia.''The world needs a 'David Attenborough for physics' and Helen Czerski is a prime contender - she's brilliant, clear, passionate, modern and inspiring.' - Emma Freud, BBC Radio 4 Loose Ends'A dazzle of stories beautifully told...Outstanding ... Her readers will see the seas anew.'Horatio Clare, Telegraph'Excellent and important.' Spectator'Czerski is a wonderful writer ... Blue Machine really does change the way you see the world.' Daily Mail'In Helen Czerski's hands, the mechanical becomes magical. An instant classic.'Tristan Gooley, author of How to Read Water'Blue Machine is quite simply one of the best books I have ever read.'Dr George McGavin, zoologist, entomologist and broadcaster'A fascinating dive into the essential engine that drives our world.'Gaia Vince, science journalist, broadcaster and author of Nomad Century All of the Earth's ocean, from the equator to the poles, is a single engine powered by sunlight - a blue machine. Earth is home to a huge story that is rarely told - that of our ocean. Not the fish or the dolphins, but the massive ocean engine itself: what it does, why it works, and the many ways it has influenced animals, weather and human history & culture. In a book that will recalibrate our view of this defining feature of our planet, physicist Helen Czerski dives deep to illuminate the murky depths of the ocean engine, examining the messengers, passengers and voyagers that live in it, travel over it, and survive because of it. From the ancient Polynesians who navigated the Pacific by reading the waves to permanent residents of the deep such as the Greenland shark that can live for hundreds of years, she explains the vast currents, invisible ocean walls and underwater waterfalls that all have their place in the ocean's complex, interlinked system. Timely, elegant and passionately argued, Blue Machine presents a fresh perspective on what it means to be a citizen of an ocean planet. The understanding it offers is crucial to our future. Drawing on years of experience at the forefront of marine science, Helen Czerski captures the magnitude and subtlety of Earth's defining feature, showing us the thrilling extent to which we are at the mercy of this great engine. ................................... 'Helen Czerski weaves together physics and biology, history and science, in a beautifully poetic way.'Professor Alice Roberts

This book provides a systematical investigation on the reservoir characteristics and percolation mechanism of ultradeep carbonate gas reservoirs, including reservoir characteristics and classification, gas storage and percolation capacities, gas-phase and gas-water two-phase percolation mechanism, microscale complex gas-water relationship, reservoir sensitivity characteristics, and gas production characteristics of heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs. Some advanced and improved experimental techniques and analytical methods are introduced and applied, including comprehensive evaluation technique of storage and percolation capacities, ultra-high temperature and pressure physical simulation experiment technique, microscopic visualization technique based on CT scanning and microelectronics lithography, and physical simulation technique for heterogeneous reservoir development. In addition, it summarizes strategies for the efficient development of ultradeep carbonate gas reservoirs based on these theoretical research results. The key techniques and methods introduced in this monograph satisfy the need for efficient development of ultradeep carbonate gas reservoirs and provide theoretical basis and methodological value for investigations on similar gas reservoirs. This book serves as a reference for engineering technical professionals, researchers, and graduate students who are engaged in the exploration and development of carbonate gas reservoirs.

Powerful solar explosions, such as flares and coronal mass ejections, greatly disturb the electromagnetic environment around the Earth and the atmosphere. They may even impact various social systems¿communications, positioning, electric power supply, aviation and activities in space. Such variations in the space environment, which can influence human activities, are called ¿space weather.¿ The space weather disaster caused by a solar explosion is a potential risk in modern society. To reduce and mitigate space weather impacts, it is essential to understand the structure and dynamics of the solar¿terrestrial environment and to predict the variations. This book comprehensively describes space weather, from the basics of related sciences to the possible social impacts. It was compiled based on a national research project on solar¿terrestrial environment prediction conducted in Japan recently. It consists of four parts: the linkage between space weather and society; the magnetosphere of the Earth and space weather prediction; solar storms and space weather prediction; and long-term prediction of solar cycle activity and climate impacts. Each chapter covers the basics and applications of each area, which helps readers gain a broad understanding of the subject matter throughout the book. In addition, readers are able to select and read the topics they are most interested in. It is especially valuable for undergraduate and graduate students and young researchers studying space weather and related topics, and is further helpful for experts in various industries related to space weather disasters. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence (machine translation by the service DeepL.com). The present version has been revised technically and linguistically by the authors in collaboration with a professional translator.

This book is about the technology of using fluid production or injection and pressure measurement signals from wellbores and relating those signals to the subsurface geology and subterranean reservoir properties. It is aimed at students of well-testing and practicing petroleum engineers or geoscience professionals for subsurface characterization and modeling.The topics include the art and science of well-test analysis, pattern recognition of rate and pressure signals, and a quantitative approach for estimating important subsurface geological parameters for subsurface aquifers and reservoirs containing oil, gas, and geothermal resources. The book is also particularly of value as a guide to asset managers actively developing unconventional reservoirs and CCUS.

From the geological mysteries of shale formations to cutting-edge techniques in gas extraction, this book unveils the essential knowledge to harness the potential of shale gas. The book integrates various data types such as outcrop, well logs, core data, etc.) for hydrofracturing¿from basin-scale to nano-pore-scale. The book included a wealth of information on the latest advancements, industry practices, environmental considerations, policies, and more. In a world increasingly conscious of environmental concerns, "Cleaner Energy from the Earth" offers a fresh perspective on the utilization of shale gas as a cleaner fossil fuel alternative. This comprehensive book takes the reader on a captivating journey through the science, technology, and innovation driving shale gas exploration and exploitation towards a greener future. Whether you're a seasoned industry professional, a student, or a curious reader, this book provides a comprehensive and accessible resource for all levels of expertise.

This book contains the papers selected by the Scientific Committee and represented at the XIII International Conference "Solar-Terrestrial Relations and Physics of Earthquake Precursors", which was hold at the Institute of Cosmophysical Research and Radio Wave Propagation, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kamchatka. The papers describe the investigation results in the fields of atmosphere, ionosphere and magnetosphere physics. Mechanisms of transformation of solar wind energy into the energy of magnetospheric-ionospheric processes, effects of the processes in the Earth core on the lower and upper atmosphere, seismo-electromagnetic, seismo-electric and seismo-acoustic effects at different frequency ranges in the Earth crust, atmosphere and ionosphere are under consideration. Modern methods for geophysical data collection, processing, transfer and exchange as well as organisation issues of seismic activity monitoring are presented.The Conference "Solar-Terrestrial Relations and Physics of Earthquake Precursors" has 25 years of history. Scientists from Russia, Japan, Hungary, China, India, USA and other countries participate in it. In a traditional way, the Conference includes three sections: atmosphere physics, geophysical fields and their interaction, physics of earthquake precursors.

This textbook presents the principles and methods for the measurement of radioactivity in the environment. In this regard, specific low-level radiation counting and spectrometry or mass spectrometry techniques are discussed, including sources, distribution, levels and dynamics of radioactivity in nature. The author gives an accurate description of the fundamental concepts and laws of radioactivity as well as the different types of detectors and mass spectrometers needed for detection. Special attention is paid to scintillators, semiconductor detectors, and gas ionization detectors. In order to explain radiochemistry, some concepts about chemical separations are introduced as well. The book is meant for graduate and advanced undergraduate students in physics, chemistry or engineering oriented to environmental sciences, and to other disciplines where monitoring of the environment and its management is of great interest.

This volume proposes an integral approach to studying the geophysics of Earth. It is motivated by a variety of phenomena from nature with deep and direct impacts in our lives. Such events may evolve across a large range of spatial and time scales and may be observed in the ocean, the atmosphere, the volcanic surface as well as underground.The physical laws dictating the evolution of such phenomena lead to the unifying theme of this manuscript, that is, the mathematical and computational modeling of flows and waves. Consequently, the underlying models are given in terms of Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) whose solutions are approximated using numerical methods, thus providing simulations of the aforementioned phenomena, as well as the appropriate geophysical validation and interpretation.

The book presents the most relevant research of the participants of the VII International Conference of Young Scientists "Complex Investigation of the World Ocean" (CIWO-2023). This conference was held at Saint Petersburg State University in May 15-19, 2023 (Saint Petersburg, Russia). It covers a wide range of fundamental and applied marine and limnology studies combined in eight sections: Ocean Physics, Ocean Biology, Ocean Chemistry, Marine Geology, Marine Geophysics, Marine Ecology and Environmental Management, Physical and Biological interactions (interdisciplinary section), Oceanological Technology and Instrumentation. The aim of this book is to show the relevance of the marine research due to the crucial role of the World Ocean in determining climate change on Earth, huge resources (fish resources, oil, gas and ore deposits, etc.) and intensive development of infrastructure in coastal and offshore zones. All these topics were marked within the framework of realization of the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021-2030). The studies presented in the book covers the wide spectrum of different the most important marine and limnology issues: thermohaline structure of water body and interactions between ocean and atmosphere, dynamic of the ocean, marine ice in polar regions, biodiversity of the marine ecosystems, adaptation of marine life to climate changes, geological and geophysical investigations in oil and gas regions, sedimentation, paleooceanology and biostratigraphy, hydrochemistry of estuary regions and carbon fluxes, microplastic pollution of the ocean, eutrophication and etc.

This book focuses on proposing a tsunami early warning system using data assimilation of offshore data. First, Green's Function-based Tsunami Data Assimilation (GFTDA) is proposed to reduce the computation time for assimilation. It can forecast the waveform at Points of Interest (PoIs) by superposing Green's functions between observational stations and PoIs. GFTDA achieves an equivalently high accuracy of tsunami forecasting to the previous approaches, while saving sufficient time to achieve an early warning. Second, a modified tsunami data assimilation method is explored for regions with a sparse observation network. The method uses interpolated waveforms at virtual stations to construct the complete wavefront for tsunami propagation. Its application to the 2009 Dusky Sound, New Zealand earthquake, and the 2015 Illapel earthquake revealed that adopting virtual stations greatly improved the tsunami forecasting accuracy for regions without a dense observation network. Finally, a real-time tsunami detection algorithm using Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) is presented. The tsunami signals of the offshore bottom pressure gauge can be automatically separated from the tidal components, seismic waves, and background noise. The algorithm could detect tsunami arrival with a short detection delay and accurately characterize the tsunami amplitude. Furthermore, the tsunami data assimilation approach is combined with the real-time tsunami detection algorithm, which is applied to the tsunami of the 2016 Fukushima earthquake. The proposed tsunami data assimilation approach can be put into practice with the help of the real-time tsunami detection algorithm.

This book is the result of an elaborate project initiated by the Joint Technical Committee (JTC-1) of 1) the International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 2) the International Association for Engineering Geology and the Environment, 3) the International Society for Rock Mechanics, and 4) the International Geotextile Society, with the focus on natural slopes and landslides. The framework of the book sets out the steps, based on recent disaster experiences in the twenty-first century, leading to the assessment of earthquake-induced landslide hazards. It contains: 1) important cases of landslides triggered by earthquakes around the world; 2) investigation into the characteristics of ground motion site response; 3) methods to determine landslide susceptibility and triggering thresholds and their comparative study; and 4) commentary on the production of earthquake-induced landslide hazard maps. All the contents are the result of the latest research on related areas. The book is a valuable resource for researchers, designers, consultants, academicians, government officials, and all others who are involved in the mitigation of coseismic landslides. The book contributes toward the development of a new chapter in disaster prevention and mitigation of landslides induced by earthquakes. 

Different physical or geophysical methods provide information about distinctive physical properties of the objects, e.g., rock formations and mineralization. In many cases, this information is mutually complementary, which makes it natural for consideration in a joint inversion of the multiphysics data. Inversion of the observed data for a particular experiment is subject to considerable uncertainty and ambiguity. One productive approach to reducing uncertainty is to invert several types of data jointly. Nonuniqueness can also be reduced by incorporating additional information derived from available a priori knowledge about the target to reduce the search space for the solution. This additional information can be incorporated in the form of a joint inversion of multiphysics data.Generally established joint inversion methods, however, are inadequate for incorporating typical physical or geological complexity. For example, analytic, empirical, or statistical correlations between different physical properties may exist for only part of the model, and their specific form may be unknown. Features or structures that are present in the data of one physical method may not be present in the data generated by another physical method or may not be equally resolvable.This book presents and illustrates several advanced, new approaches to joint inversion and data fusion, which do not require a priori knowledge of specific empirical or statistical relationships between the different model parameters or their attributes. These approaches include the following novel methods, among others: 1) the Gramian method, which enforces the correlation between different parameters; 2) joint total variation functional or joint focusing stabilizers, e.g., minimum support and minimum gradient support constraints; 3) data fusion employing a joint minimum entropy stabilizer, which yields the simplest multiphysics solution that fits the multi-modal data. In addition, the book describes the principles of using artificial intelligence (AI) in solving multiphysics inverse problems. The book also presents in detail both the mathematical principles of these advanced approaches to joint inversion of multiphysics data and successful case histories of regional-scale and deposit-scale geophysical studies to illustrate their indicated advantages.

This book includes new results of theoretical and experimental studies of various scales of the processes occurring on the earth including the lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere. Intensive development of research in these areas is due to several factors: 1) the widespread introduction of computer technology, allowing the calculation of complex phenomena; 2) the invention and improvement of a new generation of geophysical instruments such as remote observation systems based on ships, aircraft, and satellites, providing a large amount of data to objectively reflect a broad picture of the processes; and 3) the development of measurement techniques, creating opportunities for controllable and reproducible laboratory data acquisition for generation of new ideas and concepts. Their recent developments have facilitated our research and understanding of these academic fields. The book enriches the understanding of the geophysical processes taking place in various environments (lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere), including the anthropogenic one, and it further contributes to their development. This book is a valuable resource for specialists working in the oil, gas, and engineering industry to improve their understandings of the field.

This book encompasses the most challenging topics in earthquake engineering and seismology aiming at seismic risk reduction and reveals the outstanding progresses made in Europe in the past four years. Earthquakes pose a significant threat to countries around the world. But, equipped with the right knowledge and tools, engineers and seismologists can support policy and decision makers and building officials in creating a safer future for all of us. In this paradigm, the Third European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (3ECEES) is organized in Bucharest (Romania) in September 2022 by the Romanian Association for Earthquake Engineering, Technical University of Civil Engineering of Bucharest and National Institute for Earth Physics. This outstanding scientific event is the third in a series started in 2006 in Geneva, Switzerland and continued in 2014 in Istanbul, Turkey.The papers included in this book are written by the most prominent contemporary European scholars in the two-folded fields of 3ECEES. The Distinguished Nicholas Ambraseys, along with 28 invited lectures providing the best knowledge in the fields of earthquake engineering and seismology, are shared with the general readership of this book. The book is organized in three parts, as follows: (1) Seismicity, engineering seismology and seismic hazard, (2) Seismic risk assessment and mitigation, and (3) Structural earthquake engineering. The 29 contributed papers for this book are shared among these three parts almost equally.Chapter "e;The Challenge of the Integrated Seismic Strengthening and Environmental Upgrading of Existing Buildings"e; is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

Managing Disaster Risks to Cultural Heritage presents case studies from different regions in the world and establishes a framework for understanding, identifying, and analysing disaster risks to immovable cultural heritage.

This book mainly introduces overview of ¿Destruction of the North China Craton¿, a major research plan of NSFC. It summarizes the scientific ideas, core key scientific issues, scientific research objectives, and models of the major research plan of "Destruction of the North China Craton". From the perspective of major national needs and scientific discipline development, the book focuses on the following aspects: the temporal and spatial distribution range, process, and mechanism of the NCC destruction; the properties, structure, and interaction of materials in different spheres in the earth during craton destruction; the shallow effect of craton destruction; and the control mechanism of mineral resources, energy, and disasters. The book also makes a strategic prospect for the study of global dynamics and improves human understanding of the formation and evolution of continents.

This book provides the basic know-how and guidance to effectively exploit non-destructive geophysical technologies and apply them in the underground mining environment to optimise mineral extraction and to contribute to safer mining. The effective application of these technologies can enable a better understanding of the unseen orebody and the surrounding rock mass ahead of the mining face; the potential benefits of applying in-mine geophysics is demonstrated through a selection of case studies conducted in deep-level hard rock mines in South Africa. This book also offers valuable insight and training material for students in a variety of relevant mining disciplines like geology, rock engineering, mining engineering, mine planning and mineral resource management.