Miljøkemi

This book discusses the present and the future perspectives of NMR techniques for environmental evaluations.

This book serves as a great reference for engineering technicians and researchers in a wide range of fields, including emergency management, public safety science, risk management, emergency communication, and transportation optimization. This book carried out researches about the public emergency behavior guidance strategies and methods for major chemical accidents. They put forward the classification model of emergency evacuation events, the selection of public emergency guidance strategies, the quantitative assessment of emergency response risk as well as the characteristics of sub-regional evacuation based on a wide range of theories, including safety engineering, social science, behavioral science, etc. Methods, such as case statistics and analysis, field research as well as modeling and simulation, were applied. Five chapters were covered by the book, including introduction of study background, statistics and analysis of hazardous chemical leakage accidents and emergency evacuation response in China in recent ten years, shelter-in-place risk assessment for high-pressure natural gas wells with hydrogen sulphide, dynamic emergency route planning, and characteristics analysis of sub-regional evacuation.

This book provides an authoritative overview of emerging pollutants in sewage sludge and soils. It traces the latest research and new trends on the characterization, removal and treatment of such pollutants in urban and industrial sewage sludge and soils. The book covers topics such as antibiotic resistance, fate and environmental impact of contaminants of emerging concern, environmental transmission of human pathogenic viruses and their effect on soil, and the repercussion of various emerging pollutants on biodiversity. It also offers a case study of the epidemiology-based surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater and sludge.The book appeals not only to researchers and professionals working with emerging contaminants, but also to policy makers and a broader audience interested in learning more about the effects of these contaminants in human and environmental health.

This two-volume set provides an extensive review of the abundant past and recent literature on the atmospheric chemistry in the Mediterranean region. -The books document the experience gained on the atmospheric composition over the Mediterranean basin and close areas after six decades of research, starting from early studies of radioactive aerosol fallouts and intense desert dust events in the 1960s, followed by studies of aerosols collected during oceanographic cruises in the early 1980s, and including subsequent knowledge from various surface monitoring stations, intensive campaigns, satellite climatologies, laboratory studies, as well as chemistry-transport and climate models. -Through ten thematic sections, the authors examine the sources and fates of atmospheric pollutants over the Mediterranean basin and what we know about the main impacts of the regional atmospheric chemistry. -This overview not only considers the full regional cycle of both aerosol and reactive gases including emissions, transport, transformations, and sinks, but also addresses their major impacts on air quality and health, on the radiative budget and climate, on marine chemistry and biogeochemistry . - The volumes are an initiative from the ChArMEx project that has federated many studies on those topics in the 2010-2020decade, and update the scientific knowledge by integrating the ChArMEx and non-ChArMEx literature. -The books are contributed by a large pool of well-known authors from the respective fields, mainly from France and Greece, but also from six other Mediterranean and eight non-Mediterranean countries. All Chapters have been peer-reviewed by international scientific experts in the corresponding domains. Volume 2 focuses on emissions and their sources, recent progress on chemical processes, aerosol properties, atmospheric deposition, and the impacts of air pollution on human health, regional climate and ecosystems. Recommendations for future research in these fields are finally proposed. The targeted audience is the academic community working on atmospheric chemistry and its impacts, especially teams having an l interest in the Mediterranean region, which includes many countries and institutes worldwide.

Novel Materials and Water Purification introduces recent approaches to the fabrication of novel materials for water purification and discusses several significant applications including removal of heavy metals and pharmaceuticals.

This book covers edge-point applications in science and engineering. The chapters discuss the functional properties of advanced engineering materials and biomolecules, improving the comprehension of their chemical physical properties and potential for new technological and medicinal applications. The book presents a small number of experimental techniques and computational simulation models from basic concepts of classical/quantum mechanics, physics, chemistry, biology, statistical methods that can predict important applications and properties of these materials/biomolecules. The content shows how improving design of new systems helps in addressing future world problems (health, energy, food, environment, transportation, housing, clothing, etc.), i.e., almost every aspects of our daily lives. 

This book mainly investigates the adsorption of anionic diclofenac sodium on natural clay minerals, the adsorption of anionic chloramphenicol on natural clay minerals and the behavior of surface and interface modification or adsorption on clay minerals. It has significant guidance for learning the transfer and fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the soil. It develops an efficient, low-cost adsorbent material and provides theoretical basis and valuable reference for the effective prevention of groundwater contamination of PPCPs in the field of environmental engineering.

A trace element refers to a type of chemical element whose concentration in the environment is very low. Different types of trace elements have been divided into two categories, namely, essential trace elements and non-essential trace elements. Natural processes and anthropogenic activities are responsible for the release of trace elements in the environment. Arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and lead (Pb) are some of the trace elements that deteriorate the quality and properties of soil. The biogeochemistry of trace elements from soils to rivers is studied for its impact on aquatic ecosystem toxicity. Microbes are crucial in the biogeochemical cycling of trace elements. The global biogeochemical cycle of trace elements is dependent on the speciation, mobility and bioavailability of microbes. This book provides a detailed explanation of the various trace elements found in the environment along with their biogeochemical and biotechnological aspects. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Atmospheric chemistry refers to the branch of atmospheric science that studies the chemical processes, which take place in the Earth's atmosphere as well as the composition of planetary atmospheres. It also studies the factors that influence the components of the atmosphere and its related environmental effects such as biogeochemical cycling, climate and air quality. It plays an integral role in the study of chemical processes that occur in the gas and particle phases for predicting their impact on environmental pollution and global climate change. Atmospheric chemistry helps to address multiple issues including ozone depletion, greenhouse gases, acid rain, global warming and photochemical smog. This area of study is also crucial in regulating climate change. For instance, aerosol particles directly impact the climate by radiative forcing, modifying carbon uptake, and (indirectly) modifying clouds. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of atmospheric chemistry and environmental pollution. Scientists and students actively engaged in this field will find it full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Over the years, the uses and applications of rare earth elements (REEs) diversified in various fields such as catalysis, production of magnets, glasses, alloys, and electronics. This book consists of fifteen chapters, which present recent advances and outlook on REEs and their oxides/salts in catalytic organic transformations, biomedical applications, bioremediation and environmental impacts.

The introduction of contaminants, due to rapid urbanisation and anthropogenic activities, into the environment causes unsteadiness, distress to the physico-chemical systems including living organisms, which possibly is threatening the dynamics of nature as well as the soil biology by producing certain xenobiotics. Hence, there is an immediate global demand for the diminution of such contaminants and xenobiotics which can otherwise adversely affect the living organisms. Some toxic xenobiotics include synthetic organochlorides such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and some fractions of crude oil and coal. The advancements in microbiology and biotechnology has lead to the launch of microbial biotechnology as a separate area of research and contributed dramatically to the development of the areas like agriculture, environment, biopharmaceutics, fermented foods, etc. The evolution of new metabolic pathways from natural metabolic cycles has enabled the microorganisms to degrade almost all different complex and resistant xenobiotics found on Earth. Hence, microbes stand an imperative, efficient, green and economical alternative to conventional treatment technologies. This book comprises chapters dealing with various bioremediation strategies with the help of different groups of microorganisms along with detailed graphical/ diagrammatical representations. It also focuses on the use of microbial biotechnology and highlights the recent developments in microbial biotechnology in the area of agriculture and environment.  Furthermore, it contains a detailed comprehensive account for the microbial treatment technologies from unsustainable to sustainable which includes chapters prepared by professionals, several researchers, scientists, graduate students and postdoctoral fellows across the world with expertise in environmental microbiology, biotechnology, bioremediation, and environmental engineering. The research presented also highlights some of the significantly important microbial species involved in remediation, the physiology, biochemistry and the mechanisms of remediation by various microbes, and suggestions for future improvement of bioremediation technology. This book would serve as a quick reference book for graduate and postgraduate students pursuing their study in any branch of life sciences, microbiology, health sciences and environmental biotechnology as well as researchers and scientists working in laboratories and industries involved in research related to microbiology, environmental biotechnology and allied researches.

This book highlights the significance and usefulness of nanomaterials for the development of sensing devices and their real-life applications. The book also addresses various means of synthesizing functional materials, e.g., hydrothermal deposition process, electrospinning, Ostwald ripening, sputtering heterogeneous deposition, liquid-phase preparation, the vapor deposition approach, and aerosol flame synthesis. It presents an informative overview of the role of functional materials in the development of advanced sensor devices at the nanoscale and discusses the applications of functional materials in different forms prepared by diverse techniques in the field of optoelectronics and biomedical devices. Major features, such as type of advanced functional, fabrication methods, applications, tasks, benefits and restrictions, and saleable features, are presented in this book. Advanced functional materials for sensing have much wider applications and have an enormous impact on our environment.

This book contains a collection of original papers presented at the 14th International Symposium on Environmental Radiochemical Analysis held in York in September 2022.

This book delivers an outline to graduate, undergraduate students, and researchers, as well as academicians who are working on lead toxicity with respect to remediation. It covers sources of lead contamination and its impact on human health and on prospective remediation through multi-disciplinary approaches with application of recent advanced biological technology. Lead is among the elements that have been most extensively used by man over time. This has led to extensive pollution of surface soils on the local scale, mainly associated with mining and smelting of the metal and addition of organic lead compounds to petrol. Release of lead to the atmosphere from various high-temperature processes has led to surface contamination on the regional and even global scale. In addition, plants grown on lead-rich soils incorporate lead, and thus, the concentration of lead in crop plants may be increased. Lead enters in the food chain through consumption of plant material. A high concentration oflead has been found to be harmful to vegetation. As the lead concentration increases, it adversely affects several biological parameters and eventually renders the soil barren. This edited book brings together a diverse group of researchers to address the challenges posed by global mass poisoning caused by lead contamination of soil and plants. The book sheds light on this global environmental issue and proposes solutions to contamination through multi-disciplinary approaches. This book contains three sections. The first section describes the different sources and distribution of lead in soil and plant ecosystems. The second section explains the health risks linked to lead toxicity. The third section addresses sustainable lead toxicity mitigation strategies and the potential applications of recent biological technology in providing solutions. This book is a valuable resource to students, academics, researchers, and environmental professionals doing fieldwork on lead contamination throughout the world.

Essential oils are simply the volatile oils of plants. These are concentrated liquids contain many terpenes, alkaloids and alcohols etc. Various compounds of essential oils have bioactive properties such as antimicrobial, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-viral and anti-fungal etc. This book describes the sources of essential oils, extraction and production method, characterizing tools, bioactivity, and various applications in the field of industries, daily usage, agriculture, health, and food.

This book provides an overview of biosurfactants as biobased compounds, and highlights novel applications in several industries, including biotech, food processing, cosmetic, oil recovery/petroleum, pharmaceutical, detergent and textile. In the past few decades, biosurfactants have emerged as promising alternative surface-active agents to chemical surfactants due to their high biodegradability, low toxicity, multi-functionality under extreme pH and temperature conditions, long-term physicochemical stability, and their production from renewable sources. This book presents the fundamental aspects (classification, structure, genetics, and properties) of biosurfactants and how their features contribute to the global bioeconomy.Chapters from expert contributors discuss the latest screening, purification and characterization methods of new biosurfactants and biosurfactant-producing fungi and bacteria, including extremophiles. Particular attention is given to the role of biosurfactants in the formulation of sustainable agrochemicals, and their application as eco-friendly mosquitocidal agents, and biopesticides. Readers will discover a perspective on the antiviral activity of biosurfactants, in which the latest in vitro and in silico studies are discussed. Readers will also find more about the foremost therapeutic attributes of biosurfactant-mediated nanoparticles as next-generation drug delivery systems.Given its breadth, this book appeals to a wide readership, from students and academic researchers to scientists and professionals from industry, interested in the study and application of microbial surfactants.

This book covers the remarkable progress in the field of electrospun nanofibrous materials synthesis that has been made in recent years for clean water production. The goal is to offer comprehensive and substantial contents in each chapter, entailing the electrospinning principle, novel materials and methods, properties, characterization, and applications, such as adsorption, catalysis, and membranes. The book is instrumental in terms of showing the scale-up production of desired fibers that ensure the control of the structure¿properties relationship for developing effective water treatment technologies. Every chapter ends with a special section for highlighting research challenges and breakthroughs, so that scientists can explore these opportunities and discover new directions for future developments. Material scientists, nanotechnologists, chemists, engineers, water specialists, and environmentalists will be inspired by the information on electrospun nanofibrous materials tobe found in the book. The wide variety of new ideas and recommended future reading will encourage early-career scientists working in this field to design new experiments and practices. The book is useful for college and university-level students enrolled in project courses in materials science and related fields.

In accordance with the global needs of heavy metal-contaminated site remediation, this book systematically introduces the latest theories and technical achievements of microbial and chemical treatment for the chromium pollution in the chromium slag and chromium-contaminated soil, combined with the author's research achievements over the decades. The book focuses on the biological and chemical behavior of chromium in soil, microbial, and chemical remediation for the chromium-contaminated soil and the cases of chromium-contaminated site remediation project. This book is used by the scientific researchers and engineering technicians engaged in chromium chemical industry and environmental protection. It is also used as a textbook and reference book for graduate students in environmental science and engineering, soil science, chemistry and chemical engineering, and other related fields.

This book comprehensively reviews the key topics in the area of nanocomposites and hybrid materials used for waste water treatment and purification. It covers materials chemistry, various synthesis approaches and properties of these nanomaterials for the different water purification techniques.  It provides new direction to the readers to better understand the chemistry behind these materials and the methods to improve their properties. This book will be a very valuable reference source for graduates and postgraduates, engineers, research scholars (primarily in the field of material science, water, nanoscience and nanotechnology), material scientists, researchers in the water-related area, scientists working in water treatment plans and pollution mitigation industries. 

This book describes the essential characteristics of graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, and its nanocomposite and their applications in water and wastewater treatment and other environmental issues. The book introduces each topic in detail, discusses the basic principles, and analyzes and summarizes recent developments in the field. Various topics covered in this book include role of graphene as a potential material in photocatalytic organic pollutant degradation, water splitting applications, capacitive de-ionization techniques, air purification, gas adsorption, and decontamination of pathogenic microorganisms. Given the contents, the book is useful for students, researchers, and professionals working in the area environmental science and materials, especially graphene oxide, graphene, and graphene nanocomposite.

This book summarizes the physiological effects of bicarbonate in plants and systematically introduces readers to a bidirectional isotope labeling tracer technique used to quantify the contribution of root-derived bicarbonate to total photosynthetic inorganic carbon assimilation in plants. This method helps to shed light on the role of dissolved inorganic carbon from the soil in overall photosynthesis, an aspect that has been underestimated or neglected entirely in the past. The book quantifies the capacity for root-derived bicarbonate assimilation in certain plant species and illustrates the coupling relationship between karstification and photosynthesis. Further, it demonstrates that root-derived bicarbonate utilization is as important as stomatal-derived inorganic carbon assimilation in biological evolution and plant adaptation to the environment. Using numerous models, it also illustrates carbon isotopic mixtures in complex inorganic carbon utilization and supplements the results with numerical calculations presented as tables and figures. In short, the book offers a strikingly new perspective on photosynthesis.

This book is intended to be used as a graduate textbook for students pursuing courses in food safety and technology, and food process engineering. It is a useful supplementary resource in sterilization of biomaterials and biomedical devices, and management of biological and biomedical wastes. It covers the fundamentals of sterilization and preservation. It further discusses the classification of foods, biomaterials, and microorganisms. The contents also present the supercritical carbon dioxide (SC CO¿) technology as one of the emerging technologies, which has great potential in the food and pharmaceutical industries. It discusses the SC CO¿ technology, its advantages over the prevalent methods for sterilization and stabilization, the processing techniques and selection of process parameters, and the effectiveness of the use of this technology for the aforementioned objectives. It also contains a few case studies. It is a useful textbook for students aspiring for specialized courses in the disciplines of food processing and preservation.

This book provides a comprehensive overview of current biosurfactant research and applications. Public awareness of environmental issues has increased significantly over the last decade, a trend that has been accompanied by industry demands for climate-friendly and environmentally friendly renewable raw materials. In the context of household products, biosurfactants could potentially meet this demand in the future due to their low ecotoxicity, excellent biodegradability, and use of renewable raw materials. The diversity of this class of molecules, which has only been marginally tapped to date, offers only an inkling of their future application potential. However, there are two main obstacles to their widespread commercial use on the growing surfactant market: the lack of attractive and competitive production technologies, and the limited structural diversity of commercially available biosurfactants. Addressing both of these core issues, this book will provide readers with a deeper understanding of the role of biosurfactants, including future opportunities and challenges.Chapter "e;Environmental Impacts of Biosurfactants from a Life Cycle Perspective: A Systematic Literature Review"e; is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

This detailed volume examines the complex study of the assessment of in situ bioavailability and toxicity of organic chemicals in aquatic systems with a toolbox of reliable techniques. Beginning with a section on approaches for chemical analytical and bioanalytical techniques in bioavailability research, the book continues with methods to monitor effects in situ and conduct bioassays to assess the effects of complex environmental samples. It concludes with descriptions of various computational models. Written for the Methods in Pharmacology and Toxicology series, chapters feature the kind of expert implementation advice that leads to greater success in the field. Authoritative and versatile, In Situ Bioavailability and Toxicity of Organic Chemicals in Aquatic Systems serves as an ideal guide to aid in tackling the challenge of analyzing and understanding chemical pollution in aquatic systems.

Current use of the ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) within biological wastewater treatment system is incomplete due to limitations of current culture-based techniques. This book offers an overview of new nitrification technologies via the use of AOB in the removal of ammonia nitrogen from wastewater. The application of new approaches based on AOB leads to greater ammonia nitrogen removal and results in more efficient wastewater treatment.

Simple, inexpensive experiments in the photochemistry of natural waters, suitable for home or lab.

This book focuses on green nanoremediation addressing aspects related to the use of nanomaterials generated through green synthesis protocols to efficiently restore polluted environs. Nanomaterials¿ characteristics such as large surface area, capacity to easily reach into contaminated sites, good reactivity, and possibility of being developed to present photocatalytic activity and/or to deal with targeted substances by chemical surface modification are useful specially to perform remediation. As an alternative to conventional physicochemical methods, the green-based synthesis protocols reject the use of harmful reagents, prevent waste production, apply renewable energy source and/or materials, and consider in first place offering the smallest negative impact possible to living beings and to the ecosystem. Green synthesis in nanotechnology field involves the use of seaweeds, bacteria, cyanobacteria, yeasts, fungi, plants (living ones, biomass, extracts) and/or bio-derived products to generate the nanomaterials. The introductory chapter will be dedicated to nanomaterials¿ characteristics that enable them to be used in environmental remediation. The first part of the book will be dedicated to organic and inorganic pollution and the threats they pose to living forms; advantages, disadvantages and mechanisms of nanoremediation; comparison between conventional strategies of environmental pollution remediation and the green nanoremediation; carbon-based and non-carbon-based green nanomaterials capable of promoting environs¿ remediation; cost/benefits of using nanomaterials and nanoinformatics to a safe nanotechnology. The second part will be dedicated to green nanoremediation of water and soil, microbe-based, algae-based and plant-based synthesis of nanomaterials to nanoremediation. This part will also contain chapters dedicated to relevant nanomaterials for green nanoremediation protocols, nano-phytoremediation strategies, strategies to evaluate the efficiency of protocols related to this kind of remediation, main interactions of green nanomaterials and microbes during nanoremediation and, as a consequence of it, biocompatibility of green nanomaterials. This book¿s main purpose is to offer readers extensive knowledge on green nanoremediation as a feasible strategy to fight pollution's harmful consequences and clean environmental pollution, but also present the challenges that should be surpassed.

This book will address the importance of the soil management concept, vis-à-vis chemical fertilizer use on soil. Historically, soil testing has been used to quantify bio availability of plant nutrients to field grown crops. However, contemporary soil tests are based on philosophies and procedures developed several decades ago without significant changes in their general approach. For a soil test to be accurate, one needs to clearly understand the physico-chemico-physiologic processes at the soil-plant root interface, and, an understanding of soils and plant root systems as polycationic systems is essential. It is this knowledge that leads to sound prescriptive soil management practices inasmuch as nutrient bioavailability vis-à-vis chemical fertilizers application is concerned, because, of all the factors that govern sustainability of crop production, the nutrient factor is the most important, yet, it is also the least resilient to effective management. The author¿s research spanning over three decades in Europe, Africa and Asia, establishes the fact that precise quantification of the nutrient¿s ¿buffer power¿ holds the key to a clear understanding of the plant bioavailability of some of the most important plant nutrients in crop production, such as, phosphorus, potassium and zinc. ¿The Nutrient Buffer Power Concept¿ attempts to clearly explain the bio availability of the three plant nutrients named above on the basis of the diffusion model, as that is the process by which these three important principal plant nutrients are absorbed from the soil by the plant root. Possibly, other plant nutrients which are taken up by the plant roots by the same diffusive model, would also conform to the principles of the concept. A thorough knowledge of thermodynamic principles on the part of the researcher is an absolute pre requisite for this. The book chronicles more than three decades of the professional journey of the author in Europe, Africa and Asia, understanding soil for human sustenance, and developing the revolutionary soil management concept, now globally known as, "The Nutrient Buffer Power Concept" , which has brought the author a string of international recognitions, including the nomination for the "Alternative Nobel Prize" (The Right Livelihood Award),of Sweden, and succour to millions to poor and marginal farmers across Africa, Asia and Latin America.

¿Für Lebensmittel, Kleidung, Medizin, Papier, Chemieprodukte sind und bleiben wir auf kohlenstoffhaltige Rohstoffe angewiesen. Um fossile Rohstoffe abzulösen, muss die Industrie auf nachhaltige Kohlenstoffquellen umsteigen. Infrage kommt Biomasse aus der Land- und Forstwirtschaft, die aber selbst begrenzt ist. Das Konzept der zirkulären Bioökonomie sieht deshalb die verstärkte Nutzung von Reststoffen, Bio-Abfällen und CO2 vor. Um die Umstellung der Wirtschaft bis zum Jahr 2045 zu erreichen, müssen Infrastruktur und Rahmenbedingungen zügig angepasst werden.Den kostenlosen Zugang zum Online-Kurs finden Sie direkt im Buch.