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Aluminum alloys and aluminum matrix composite materials have become the first choice to replace steel materials due to their high specific strength. The penetration rate of light alloys in new energy vehicles, the aerospace industry, and the rapid rail transit industry is increasing quickly. The reduction in energy consumption resulting from structural weight reduction is the key element for sustainable development. For example, every 100 kg reduction in car mass can save 0.6 L of fuel per 100 kilometers and reduce the emission of 800-900 g of carbon dioxide. For every 10% reduction in the weight of new energy vehicles, their range can be increased by 5.5% (for every 10 kg reduction in the weight of pure electric vehicles, their range can be increased by 2.5 km). The comprehensive proportion of aluminum alloys in automobiles will reach about 26% by 2040. The vigorous development of the automotive manufacturing industry has provided a huge application scenario for aluminum alloy profiles, aluminum alloy castings, and forgings. In addition, the use of aluminum in aerospace and high-speed rail is even more widely recognized. This Special Issue summarizes research on and the application of aluminum alloys of typical composition, including AlZnMgCu, AlCu, AlMn, and even Ti-aluminum alloys.

This reprint combines 11 quality review and research articles on active and intelligent food packaging polymers. We anticipate that the contributions gathered within this Special Issue not only reflect the current state of the field but also serve as a catalyst for future advancements. Together, we aim to unravel the intricacies of active and intelligent food packaging, paving the way for a safer, more sustainable, and technologically enriched future in the realm of food preservation.

The Special Issue "Recycled Materials in Civil Engineering Application" aims to discuss the preparation and characterization of new ecologically friendly materials containing recycled materials or waste that could be used in specific engineering applications. Using waste and materials obtained through recycling is a key part of decreasing current waste. In concrete and other composite materials, recycled materials such as plastics, steel and other metals, ash, glass, ceramics, and industrial wastes see the most use. The application of recycled materials or waste to the production of new materials is consistent with the idea of sustainable construction. Using recycled materials to synthesize composite materials saves the use of natural resources and has a positive influence on environmental protection. Unfortunately, the production of composite materials containing waste, by-products, or recycled materials requires a substantial amount of research, and is a very relevant issue for materials engineers and chemists. For this reason, in this Special Issue we publish the latest research results in the field of the synthesis of composite materials, in particular cement-based composites and their physicochemical and mechanical properties, as well as their impact on the natural environment.

Recently, the construction industry has shown great interest in the use of a variety of industrial by-products and waste, as well as used consumer products. The Special Issue "Recycled Materials for Concrete and Other Composites" presents the results of the latest research on the synthesis of composite materials produced using various types of waste materials, in particular, mortars and concretes, and their physicochemical and mechanical properties. The topics of the published articles also cover a number of other aspects, including the efficiency of the production of composite materials containing waste materials, their resistance to corrosion, the interactions of wastes and plasticizers, and the leaching of metal ions from the produced composites. Both interesting and practical solutions and the results of laboratory tests are presented. The published research clearly shows that the use of waste and recycled materials for the production of composite materials is a key element in reducing the consumption of natural resources and the amount of waste generated, which has a positive impact on environmental protection. The topics of published scientific works are relevant for both scientists and engineers from the construction industry.

A convenient introduction to the fast-developing areas of green synthesis of metal nanoparticles, metal oxides and metal sulphides. Suitable for advanced undergraduates, postgraduates, and other researchers.

Water chemistry, water sources, water pollutants, and microbiological contaminants are all covered in the book. The basic concepts of water chemistry are well taught. Along with stormwater management and green infrastructure, the book also examines the theoretical underpinnings of a number of water treatment and analysis procedures. Graduate and advanced undergraduate students, environmental researchers, chemists, and lab technicians who work in water and environmental laboratories could all benefi t from this book. Chemical engineers and operators are the primary target audience for the majority of books on the market, thus both technicians and chemists can gain a lot from this book.

This book consists of chapters written by international experts on various aspects of single molecule toroics (SMTs).The chapters cover a broad range of relevant topics and highlight the latest advances performed in the field. An up-to-date overview of the emerging SMT architectures is presented while particular attention is given to not only the magnetism and relaxation effects involved but also to the respective applications in advanced electronics and memory devices. The role that lanthanides play -especially that of dysprosium- is discussed, while a thorough analysis using theoretical/ab initio calculations is provided. Since SMTs have grown out of single molecule magnetism (SMM), it is an expanding and topical subject and the present book will engender excitement and interest amongst chemists, physicists, theoreticians and materials scientists. The volume will be of great interest to researchers and graduates working on this topic and particularly those involved in lanthanide chemistry, magnetism and theory. 

This book presents an in-depth exploration of complex metal oxides, focusing on their applications in photocatalysis and biomedical materials. It highlights the practical importance of complex metal oxides, which have gained significant attention in recent years due to their diverse range of properties. The book specifically delves into the most representative series of compounds based on stable structural types of minerals, such as perovskite, fluorite, pyrochlore, corundum, and rutile. It also emphasizes the scientific interest in the pyrochlore mineral structure, which has been shown to exhibit photocatalytic activity.Recent studies have revealed that some compounds with the pyrochlore structure can act as promising candidates for photocatalysis. Additionally, the book highlights the use of photocatalysis in producing biomedical materials based on natural polymers. These materials possess a unique combination of components assembled in a specific structure, which makes them highly attractive for regenerative medicine associated with cell/tissue regeneration stimulation. Overall, this book offers a comprehensive analysis of the potential of complex metal oxides, particularly those with the pyrochlore structure, and is particularly useful for those researchers working in the fields of green chemistry and biomedical materials science.

"Functional Nanomaterials for Healthcare" is a collection showcasing cutting-edge research in advanced nanomaterials for healthcare applications. As healthcare evolves through science and innovation, these articles provide the latest insights into nanomaterial applications. Researchers have tailored nanomaterials for improved diagnostics, medical imaging, precise drug delivery, tissue engineering, and groundbreaking theranostics. This compilation, written by experts, explores advanced nanomaterial synthesis, functionalization, characterization, and diverse medical uses. Dive into this significant contribution to the field, offering a comprehensive overview of the latest innovations in healthcare nanomaterials for researchers, students, and healthcare professionals.

The current endeavor of publishing a reprint on the astounding field of research on carbon dots has its roots in the launch of the Special Issue entitled "Catalytic methods for the synthesis of carbon nanodots and their applications". Ever since this Special Issue was launched on 29th August 2022, it has attracted great attention from researchers worldwide. Grateful thanks are due to Dr. Nimala Kumar Jangid and coworkers from India; Dr. Syed Hadi Hasan and coworkers from India; Dr. Lerato L Mokoloko and coworkers from South Africa; Dr. Siti Kastom Kamarudin and coworkers from Malaysia; Dr. Selvaraj Roomani and coworkers from India; Dr. Ahmad Umar and coworkers from India, Saudi Arabia and USA; Dr. Ramon Moreno-Tost and coworkers from Spain; Dr. Jae Hong Kim and coworkers from South Korea and Japan; Dr. Yong RokLee and coworkers from India, South Korea and UAE; and Dr. Joydeep Das from India for their scientific contributions. In a duration of 14 months, 12 state-of-the-art papers were published. Out of the 12 papers published, 4 were comprehensive reviews and 8 were original research articles. This shows the enthusiasm that this research topic has aroused globally.

This reprint consists of 12 papers, of which 2 are editorials and 10 are research papers. We hope to share the experimental and research results in this field and inspire new ideas for the design and applications of hydrogels.

In this Special Issue, seven original research articles, two review articles, and one protocol show the impact of female researchers in the field of analytical science. Analytical methods are necessary in dentistry, medicine (both human and veterinary), archaeology, the pharmaceutical industry, food science and technology, and environmental sciences, and these are only a few examples. The multidisciplinary role of chemistry is reflected in all important advances from research groups in technological progress, proving that analytical chemistry is the key issue in scientific progress. In parallel with this outstanding role of analytical chemistry in a variety of scientific fields, we would particularly like to reflect the impact of female researchers in the field of analytical chemistry in this Special Issue to serve as a motivational guide for girls and women pursuing a STEM career. Therefore, we invited well-established scientists to share the results of their research with the scientific community through this Special Issue, which aimed to compile manuscripts written or lead by women analytical chemists.

The characteristics of nanoparticles, such as their size, shape, surface morphology, crystal structure, grain boundaries, and composition, can be tuned to match the intended use. Thus, the design of nanostructured materials with a wide range of applications in the engineering, chemistry, physics, ceramics, biotechnology, biomedicine, and environmental fields represents an active area of research. Nanostructured materials are now widely used in research and industry, and their particular properties enable advanced physicochemical, electrical, thermal, catalytic, coloristic, optical, and magnetic applications.The present Special Issue aims to provide a comprehensive overview of original research articles, communications, and reviews that focus on the development, characterization, and/or applications of nanoparticles and their composites.

Polyoxometalates (POMs) are a large and rapidly growing class of early-transition-metal oxide clusters. POMs are formed via acid-involved condensation reactions from monomeric oxometalate units, thus holding a special position (intermediate state) between monomeric oxometalate units and infinite metal oxide frameworks. POMs continue to show remarkable advances and unexpected surprises in both their fundamentals and applications. The chemical compositions (addenda atoms) of POMs are mainly Mo, W, V, Nb, and Ta, and the heteroatoms of POMs are more variable, including P, As, B, Al, Si, Ge, S, and so on. The wide range of chemical composition variability and the large amount of unusual structural types enable POMs to exhibit a large number of different properties, such as rich solution equilibria, significant chemical and thermal stability, strong acidity, and the ability to act as proton-electron sinks due to their fast and reversible proton-coupled redox processes. Based on their intrinsic multifunctional nature, POMs have significant applications in catalysis, medicine, and materials science, etc. POMs not only can be used widely in different disciplines but can also be combined with polymers, oxides, ionic liquids, or carbonaceous supports to construct new and advanced composite (hybrid) materials, which have important, extensive applications in catalysis, electrode materials, electrocatalysis, photocatalysis, and so on.

The use of polymer thin films is currently implemented in almost every aspect of modern life due to their cost-efficiency, lightness, flexibility, and unique physical and chemical properties. The reason for focusing research into polymer thin films is to understand their thermodynamic and kinetic mechanisms, such as interfacial interactions, flow behavior, film formation, relationships between deposition process parameters and the film structure, and other advanced functional properties. Thin polymer film research focuses on a wide range of industrial applications, including energy technologies, optics, sensors, microelectronics, medicine, biotechnology, etc.This Special Issue highlights and discusses studies on the formation of polymer films, their morphological analysis, and their use in various applications, including sensors, antifouling coatings, and coatings for harnessing solar energy. In addition, this Special Issue also includes two review papers on the latest research on polymer-waveguide-based optical sensors and the integration of antifouling and anti-cavitation coatings on propellers.

As an important unit operation, crystallization is a process in which nucleation, growth, agglomeration, and breakage are regulated to produce high-quality crystals and achieve efficient separation as well as purification. Since a crystallization process often presents the characteristics of strong coupling, nonlinearity, and large lagging, it is a challenge to rationally design a robust, well-characterized process to efficiently crystallize and prepare a high-quality crystalline product. The development of process analytical technology that can provide fast and accurate inline or online measurement is of great importance in the design and control of crystallization processes. Simulation technology, e.g., molecular dynamics simulation and hydrodynamics simulation, can provide time- or location-dependent insight into the process on multiple scales. These experimental and simulation tools can greatly help to further investigate crystallization processes. This Special Issue served to provide a platform for researchers to report results and findings in crystallization process technologies, simulation and process analytical technologies, and relevant crystallization studies.

The aim of this reprint is to provide more awareness of the use of bioplastics obtained from renewable resources in numerous aspects of our daily used items. This reprint presents recent progress in the use of innovative feedstock, full characterization of new biomaterials and innovative technologies used to produce innovative sustainable materials.

Among the strategies for reducing the negative effects on the environment affected by the uncontrolled consumption and low potential for the recovery of conventional plastics, the synthesis of new biodegradable and recyclable plastics represents one of the most promising methods for minimizing the negative effects of conventional non-biodegradable plastics. The spectrum of existing biodegradable materials is still very narrow. Therefore, to achieve greater applicability, research is being carried out on biodegradable polymer mixtures, the synthesis of new polymers, and the incorporation of new stabilizers for thermal degradation, alongside the use of other additives such as antibacterials or new and more sustainable plasticizers. Some studies analyze direct applications, such as shape memory foams, new cartilage implants, drug release, etc. The reader can find several studies on the degradation of biodegradable polymers under composting conditions. However, novel bacteria that degrade polymers considered non-biodegradable in other, unusual conditions (such as conditions of high salinity) are also presented.

Copper-based catalysts possess important applications in diverse reactions and have received considerable attention from material and catalysis researchers. A great challenge in this field is the facile synthesis of copper-based catalysts with enhanced catalytic activity, selectivity, and durability. This Special Issue of Catalysts, entitled "Synthesis and Applications of Copper-based Catalysts", presents state-of-the-art synthetic strategies for copper-based catalysts, as well as information on their structure and catalytic use in heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis, which is helpful for developing novel high-efficiency Cu-based catalysts and synthetic methodology, and for exploring their new catalytic applications.

This Special Issue of "Synthesis of TiO2 Nanoparticles and Their Catalytic Activity" contains 10 research and review articles, which present the recent advances in the synthesis and applications of TiO2 nanomaterials for photocatalytic water splitting, environmental remediation, antibacterial, and bioimplant. In this issue, photocatalysts such as Ti2O3, TiN, g-C3N4, and reduced graphene oxide could be combined with TiO2 to form heterojunctions, thus enhancing photocatalytic performance. Besides anatase TiO2, rutile TiO2 with oxygen vacancies also demonstrated marvelous photoluminescence emission properties. In addition, the cutting-edge progress in black TiO2 nanomaterials are summarized in this issue. The advances of TiO2 catalysis and generation mechanism of reactive oxygen species w/o light irradiation were also concluded to analyze the safety and complexity of Ti-oxides in disinfection and bioimplants.

This reprint covers the latest developments in the field of eco-polymeric materials and natural polymer processing and utilization, highlighting cutting-edge research focusing on the processing of advanced polymers and their composites. It demonstrates that the field of eco-polymeric materials and natural polymers is still gaining increased attention. Innovative approaches as well as advanced applications of eco-polymeric materials and natural polymers in different fields, such as energy, environment, biomedical, biomaterial, and engineering, are reported in this reprint.

Pavement materials such as asphalt mixtures, granular aggregates, and soils exhibit complex material properties and engineering performance under external loading and environmental conditions. For instance, the asphalt mixture shows highly nonlinear viscoelastic and viscoplastic properties at high temperatures, and it presents fatigue cracking damage and fracture properties at intermediate or low temperatures. Constitutive models based on mechanics theories have been the kernel of performance prediction of pavement infrastructures and materials. They lay down a solid foundation for material selection, design, pavement structural evaluation and maintenance decisions. Advances in mechanics modeling and associated experimental testing for pavement infrastructures and construction materials are emerging constantly, such as nonlinear viscoelasticity, viscoplasticity, fracture, and damage mechanics models. Meanwhile, various numerical modeling technologies are being developed and implemented to solve the multiscale and multiphysical equations. Examples include finite element, discrete element, and micromechanics or molecular dynamics simulations at different dimensions and scales. This reprint provides a unique platform, presenting novel studies and new discoveries in the areas of mechanics, numerical modeling and experimental testing of pavement infrastructures and materials.

Discover the latest advancements in the world of chemical organic compounds with our Special Issue, "Synthesis, Application, and Biological Evaluation." Leading researchers have converged to showcase a diverse array of synthesized compounds, nanostructures, and extractions from plant and animal sources. Explore in silico analyses and biological assessments utilizing cutting-edge methodologies. Highlights: 1) Outstanding Antibacterial Activity: Chitosan/Fe(III)/deferoxamine nanoparticles outperform conventional drugs, showing promise in in vivo and in vitro applications. 2) Innovative Nanocomposites: Poly(o-anisidine)/BaSO4 nanocomposites exhibit potential antibacterial capabilities with tunable characteristics. 3) Novel Compounds: Discover N-acyl-¿-amino acids, 4H-1,3-oxazol-5-ones, 2-acylamino ketones, and 1,3-oxazoles with remarkable antibacterial and antioxidant properties. 4) Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Explore hybrid molecules with enhanced anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity, outperforming standard drugs. 5) Osteoporosis Prevention: Ethanolic extracts of G. littoralis show promise in preventing osteoporosis. 6) Perfume Longevity: Deuterated ambrox extends perfume shelf life, a fascinating innovation in the fragrance industry.This Special Issue represents the cutting edge of chemical research and applications, offering solutions to global challenges. Join us in the pursuit of knowledge and innovation regarding chemical organic compounds.

Photocatalysis is an advanced technique that transforms solar energy into sustainable fuels and oxidizes pollutants via the aid of semiconductor photocatalysts. The main scientific and technological challenges toward effective photocatalysis are the stability, robustness, and efficiency of semiconductor photocatalysts. For major practical applications in energy conversion (i.e., hydrogen evolution, CO2 reduction, and oriented synthesis) and environmental remediation (i.e., air purification and antibacterial and wastewater treatment), highly efficient and stable photocatalysts need to be developed. This Special Issue collects published original researches on synthesizing novel photocatalytic materials and their application in energy conversion and environmental remediation.

When the author began working on phosphors based on rare-earth elements, he lacked an introductory textbook that explained the fundamental chemistry, basic optical properties, and magnetic characteristics of lanthanide elements. This book provides a concise overview of the rare-earth elements and is divided into two parts. In the first part, the reader receives an overview of solid-state chemistry and fundamental physical properties of these elements. Key topics of the first part include the separation chemistry of lanthanides, their chemical behaviour and physical properties. Then relevant compound classes are illustrated, crystal structures are systematically explained. The second part focuses on the optical and magnetic properties on relevant examples, also discussing many applications. Students and researchers new to the topic of "Rare-Earth Elements" receive a comprehensive introduction to understand basic optical and magnetic properties and incentives for deeper studies.

Pyrazoles are considered privileged structures in medicinal chemistry due to their remarkable biological activities and occurrence in many low-molecular-weight compounds present in several marketed drugs (e.g., Celebrex® and Viagra®). Pyrazoles are also found within a variety of agrochemicals (fungicides, insecticides, and herbicides) and are versatile scaffolds for synthetic manipulations. The structural features of pyrazoles (mainly tautomerism, with possible implications for their reactivity), as well as their diverse applications, have stimulated the work of several research groups towards the synthesis and functionalization of pyrazole-type compounds and the study of their properties.This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue entitled "Recent Advances in the Synthesis, Functionalization and Applications of Pyrazole-Type Compounds II" published online in the open-access journal Molecules. The second edition of this Special Issue presents some of the most recent advancements in pyrazoles' chemistry. Ten original research articles and five reviews discuss new organic reactions and methodologies for the synthesis and functionalization of pyrazoles (including their reduced forms, pyrazolines), their use as ligands for the preparation of complexes, structural aspects and properties, and their applications in different fields.

In recent years, there have been significant advances made in emulsion science in order to improve the quality and performance of different emulsion-based products using new techniques and structural designs. Emulsion systems have been employed for many years to develop a wide variety of commercial emulsified products, including food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic products. Furthermore, this type of colloidal system has been utilized as a vehicle for the encapsulation and delivery of different bioactive compounds, such as antioxidants, vitamins, and fragrances. Therefore, a new generation of advanced emulsions may lead to products with enhanced quality and functionality.

This book provides an accessible overview of the historical background of the chemistry of flexible metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and their features.

This Special Issue covers various aspects of materials engineering in the topic of the fabrication of hybrid and composite materials. It mainly focuses on the novel developments of new processing methodologies for the fabrication and modification of carbon and related hybrid and composite materials for magnetic, electronics, prosthetic and optoelectronics applications. These composite and hybrid materials composed mainly of the molecular structure of fullerenes, graphene, carbon fibers and nanotubes as well as metallic nanoparticles of great potential applications in nanotechnology. The Special Issue collected ten research articles describing diverse research topics of different carbon base materials like single-wall carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, fullerenes, multi-wall carbon boron nitride and graphene hybrids and nanocomposites. We would like to thank all authors whose contributions are included in this Special Issue for their excellent work, and for their inspiring and interesting articles.