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The third volume of this Special Issue, similarly to the first two, covers a wide range of topics: obtaining and characterization of new materials, from the nano- to the macroscale, involving new alloys, ceramics, composites, biomaterials, and polymers, as well as procedures and technologies for enhancing their structure, properties, and functions. In order to be able to determine the future use of new materials, we first must understand their structure and ascertain their characteristics, utilizing modern techniques such as microscopy (SEM, TEM, AFM, STM, etc.), spectroscopy (EDX, XRD, XRF, FTIR, XPS, etc.), mechanical tests (tensile, hardness, elastic modulus, toughness, etc.), and understand their behavior (corrosion, thermal, DSC, STA, DMA, magnetic properties, and biocompatibility, both in vitro and in vivo), among many other areas of research.

Members of the Italian Association of Archaeometry (AIAr) are conducting an archaeometric study of the frescoes by Saturnino Gatti (1463-1518) in the apse of the Church of San Panfilo in Villagrande di Tornimparte (L'Aquila) as part of a second National Research Project. The research was as part of a 2020 scientific agreement between the AIAr and the Abruzzo Regional Secretariat of the Ministry for Culture and Superintendence of Archaeology, Fine Arts and Landscape for the provinces of L'Aquila and Teramo. This reprint aims to illustrate the results of this study. The macro-objectives were: To document the state of conservation of architectural building and painted surfaces; To analyse microclimate and inertia level of the church with respect to outdoor conditions; To understand degradation phenomena of pictorial surfaces and the mural structures; To identify non-original materials overlapping with pictorial surfaces during previous restoration works; To characterize original materials of the frescoes and "a secco" mural paintings; To identify the artistic technique and typical features of Saturnino Gatti and the other painters who worked on the frescoes in San Panfilo.

Biodegradable polymers are polymeric materials that self-destruct as a result of natural microbiological and chemical processes. Such materials have widespread applications.First of all, biodegradable materials are used in the field of biomedicine, including for the controlled delivery of drugs and the creation of implants for tissue engineering. The range of scaffolds used for in situ tissue engineering includes hydrogels, aerogels, films, nanoparticles, monolithic, fibrous, microporous, and 3D-printed scaffolds. Biodegradable materials may function at the time of implantation or perform the intended function and be integrated with the host after implantation.Other applications, such as those for environmental protection (packaging materials with controlled degradation rates) and agriculture, are also relevant. Edible and/or biodegradable packages formed from multiple compounds (composite materials) are being developed to exploit the functional properties of constituent materials and overcome their respective disadvantages.

Heterogeneous catalysis, exploiting photo- and electrochemical reactions, has expanded rapidly in recent decades, having undergone various developments, especially from both energetic and environmental points of view. Photocatalysis plays a pivotal role in such applications as water splitting and air/water remediation. Electrocatalysis can be found in a large array of research fields, including the development of electroanalytical sensors, wastewater treatment, and energy conversion devices (e.g., batteries, fuel and solar cells, etc.). Therefore, the fine control of the synthetic procedures, together with extensive physicochemical characterisations of the tailor-made catalytic nanomaterials, are of fundamental importance to achieving the desired results. The present book will include recent enhancements in oxide/metal nanoparticles for photocatalytic and electrocatalytic applications, especially in the fields of pollutants abatement and energy conversion.

With the development of society, large amounts of solid waste (slag, sludge, tailing, electronic waste, etc.) are generated every year. Each type of waste contains specific metals, such as As, Cr, V, Cu, Pb, and Zn, which are valuable resources and are also harmful to the environment. Recently, problems regarding the environment have increasingly attracted widespread attention. If metals in wastes are not recovered effectively, not only are resources wasted, but the environment is also seriously polluted. The current processes for recovering metals (V, Cr, Ti, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, Al, As, Nb, Mg, Au, etc.) from wastes include gravimetric, magnetic, floatation, pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, bioleaching, chlorination, electrolysis methods, etc. To minimize production costs and environmental impacts, it will be more and more necessary to use cleaner and more economical methods to recover metals from wastes. The purpose of this Special Issue is to focus on the current state-of-the-art ideas, methods, technologies, etc., for utilizing waste.

This volume focuses on recent developments in metallacrown chemistry. While the field was established in 1989 by Professor Vincent Pecoraro and numerous applications had been proposed, there has been a recent surge in the practical applications for this class of molecules. Written by leaders in the metallacrown chemistry field this book addresses recent developments. The single-molecule magnet properties of metallacrowns are presented along with discussions on their ability to bind DNA, as well as their potency to serve as building blocks for supramolecular structures. The volume is not only intended for those who work directly in the field of metallacrowns but it also appeals to those working in the aligned fields of metallamacrocyclic chemistry, self-assembly chemistry, and supramolecular chemistry. This dedicated volume serves as an encyclopedic reference for those wishing to gain insight into the field.