Organisk kemi

Green Gasoline covers a range of new technologies being used to produce green gasoline products and compares them to traditional fuels in terms of sustainability.

This book provides an up-to-date overview of the biological functions of melanins, their biotechnological production, and their industrial applications. The melanins form a group of polymeric pigments found in most organisms. These natural products are generated by the oxidation of phenolic and indolic molecules yielding melanins, which include eumelanin, pheomelanin, pyomelanin, and the allomelanins. These pigments have diverse biological functions, including photoprotection, thermoregulation, antioxidation, virulence, and metal ion sequestration. Melanins have physicochemical properties that have proven useful in the optical, electronic, material, agriculture, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and medical industries. The chapters in this book provide an in-depth analysis of the current issues and challenges in this field. Topics covered include the properties, biogenesis, and evolution of melanosomes. The book also addresses the synthesis and industrial production of melanins by microorganisms. The metabolic pathways for the synthesis of several types of polymeric pigments in microorganisms and their role in pathogenesis are reviewed. The large-scale production and purification of melanins to provide this product for industrial applications is a formidable challenge. Two chapters present and discuss the state-of-the-art used for the generation of microbial melanin-production strains and the processes for the biotechnological synthesis and purification of these pigments. Melanins are polymers that can interact with metals, a chapter reviews this capacity in the context of technological applications, including electrochemical energy storage and metal recovery. These polymers are materials having favorable characteristics for photonic applications, including UV blocking and broadband absorption. The current advances in the application of these pigments in optically active materials are presented and discussed.

This second volume in this set of books discusses various sustainable approaches in textiles and the fashion sector with a focus on consumerism and the supply chain. Sustainability is one of the important aspects in today's industrial context, and is no exception to textiles and fashion. Sustainability and strict adherence to the principles of sustainability has become as one of the essential needs again for any industrial sector including textiles and fashion. There are countless measures in terms of various approaches to make the textiles and fashion sector sustainable. These measures, but not limited to, ranging from innovating and implementing new fibres and raw materials, introducing innovative manufacturing methods, chemicals, processes to focus on all the possible stages of a textile product's life cycle from cradle to grave. These approaches include making the textiles and fashion sector circular and also development of new products from sustainable raw materials/processes or combination of both.

The Practical book is an attempt to give to students of practical Pharmaceutical organic chemistry the benefit of some 11 years of experience in the teaching of the subject. The new procedures and many specialized techniques are incorporated into this book. Furthermore, new experiments for the elementary student have emanated; have been tried out with large classes of undergraduate students over several sessions with gratifying success and have now been included in the present text-book.

Catalytic processes are highly essential for the sustainable development of organic mimics and thus symbolize the more economical impact. Therefore, study of these methodologies is of immense interest. To develop new chemistry, there is very much need of designing and synthesizing unexisting catalysts with various substituents for effective methodologies. As discussed above, metal-NHC complexes (palladium and copper-NHCs) are novel class of universal nucleophilic complexes capable of promoting different organic modifications. Recently, these have come into light as most successful class of catalysts in organometallic chemistry. Magnificent complexes have been finding tremendous applications in the field of catalysis viz., C¿H activation, C¿C, C¿O and C¿N bond formations etc. Since last two decades, these complexes have gained a terrific impact on organocatalysis. In the past few years, a great deal of literature showed benzimidazolium NHCs as more stable complexes displaying wonderful reactivity and sensing properties for good catalytic properties. Hence, this area stimulated us to prepare new benzimidazole bearing Pd(II)-PEPPSI and Cu(I)-NHC complexes for cross-coupling reactions.

This third edition is a comprehensive and extended study about the best known approaches for preparing the main types of glycosides, covering the classic and more recent glycosylation reactions used for preparing simple and challenging glycosides currently used as potent antiviral and antineoplastic drugs, or fluorogenic substrates used for enzymatic detection in cell biology.  Besides, this new edition provides more examples of the glycosidic methodologies followed for preparing complex glycoconjugates such as glycoproteins and glycosphingolipids and gangliosides used as adjuvants or as synthetic vaccines candidates.Also, additional mechanistic evidence is presented for better understanding of the glycosylation reaction, trying to identify the variables mainly depending on protecting and leaving groups, as well as catalyst and reaction condition which altogether directs the anomeric stereo control.A chapter on the glycoside hydrolysis is included in view of the increasing interest in the use of biomass as a natural and renewable source for obtaining important intermediates or products used in food or valuable materials.The author includes information in the characterization of glycosides section with the aim of giving additional tools for the structural assignment through NMR, X-Ray and mass spectra techniques.

This book provides an overview of the latest developments and future challenges in enzyme inhibitor research. It discusses the general enzyme inhibitory principles and mechanisms in enzyme activity regulation and application of enzyme inhibitors in different areas and sectors. The major areas of applications of enzyme inhibitors covered in this book are human health management, agriculture, food processing and research, which leads to drug discovery or enzyme activity mechanisms. The book also identifies the gaps in the existing knowledge and opens up new research ideas in this important area. Currently, most enzyme inhibitors are reported to inhibit various classes of enzymes. These enzyme inhibitors are the focus of the scientific community because they may answer an increasing array of questions in the research area of biological sciences, including biochemistry, medicine, physiology, pharmacy, agriculture, ecology etc. It also serves as a useful tool in the study of enzyme structures and reaction mechanisms and in the development of technologies in agriculture, food processing, and health management. Chapters in this book cover topics such as plant-derived inhibitors of serine proteases, pancreatic lipase (PL) inhibitors from indigenous medicinal plants, amylase inhibitors and their applications in agriculture and food processing industries and advances in silico techniques used in the study of enzyme inhibitors.   The book will serve as a valuable resource for students and researchers in Life Sciences, agriculture, medicine, food processing, and allied industries. 

This book discusses the chemistry and applications of pyridine derivatives. The library of pyridine derivatives is growing steadily with numerous synthetic analogues already described and the identification of new, naturally occurring pyridine-based compounds. The book includes ten chapters organized into two parts. The first part focuses on the numerous types of reactions that arise from pyridine derivatives. The second part examines the pharmaceutical applications of pyridine derivatives as well as their usefulness as sensors for metal cations and extracting agents for platinum group metals.

Green Chemistry - New Perspectives is at the frontiers of this continuously evolving interdisciplinary science, and publishes research that attempts to reduce the environmental impact of the chemical enterprise by developing a technology base that is inherently non-toxic to living things and the environment. The book covers all aspects of green chemistry, including chemical synthesis, nano synthesis, eco-friendly processes, biomass, extraction techniques, environmental remediation, and energy, making it a unique reference resource. This will continue to encourage scientists around the world to develop novel synthetic methods or improve the existing ones to circumvent some of the problems and favours all aspects of green chemistry. This book is intended for academia, professionals, scientists, as well as graduate and undergraduate students without any geographical limitations.

A Schiff base (imine -N=CH-) is a part of a popular group of organic compounds prepared form primary amines and aldehyde. Many studies have been carried out on Schiff bases not only as organic compounds but also as ligands for metal complexes. In this context, this book provides a comprehensive, interdisciplinary review of Schiff base compounds, with an emphasis on the latest advances. It compiles research results, commentary, reviews, and more dealing with preparation, spectroscopy, crystallography, (asymmetric) synthetic roles, physical properties (magnets, optics, etc.), computational chemistry, and theoretical chemistry. The book focuses on Schiff base and its strong connection to organic chemistry, biochemistry, and polymer materials chemistry. It covers three topics: Schiff base of organic chemistry, Schiff base of inorganic chemistry, and Schiff base of functional or biological materials.

V uchebnike rassmotren sowremennyj laboratornyj sintez gibridnyh peptidow i peptidnyh mimetikow, pokazana wazhnost' i oblast' primeneniq ätih materialow. Kniga predstawlqet soboj sowremennoe izlozhenie dizajna i sinteticheskih metodow, a takzhe aktual'noe opisanie poslednih dostizhenij w oblasti gibridnyh peptidow i peptidnyh mimetikow i ih raznoobraznogo primeneniq. Kniga budet predstawlqt' znachitel'nyj interes dlq studentow, izuchaüschih himiü, biotehnologiü, spektroskopiü i materialowedenie na urowne bakalawriata i magistratury. Kniga budet polezna dlq issledowatelej w akademicheskih i promyshlennyh krugah, rabotaüschih s polimerami, foldamerami, gibridnymi peptidami i peptidnymi mimetikami.

This book presents an overview of the recent advancements for the synthesis of small- and medium-sized azaheterocycles, including pyrroles, indoles, pyrimidines, pyridines, pyrrolidines, imidazoles, pyrazoles, pyrazolines, lactams, and 1,2,3-triazoles, which are significant scaffolds for compounds with pharmaceutical uses. The book also discusses various properties and performance attributes of azaheterocycles including their bioactivity and synthetic strategies. Given the contents, the book will be a valuable reference for students, researchers, and professionals interested in organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry.

Bachelor Thesis from the year 2019 in the subject Chemistry - Organic Chemistry, grade: 4.0 = A, University of Cape Coast, language: English, abstract: Dichapetalum madagascariense. Poir belongs to the family Dichapetalacease. In this present study, the antibacterial activity of the ethyl acetate extract of the root was investigated by soxhlet extraction process. Agar well diffusion method was employed to evaluate antibacterial activity of extracts against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. The root extract was effective in causing inhibition of some of the test bacteria. The highest and least inhibitory activities were observed against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa respectively, while Escherichia coli was resistant. The extract was more effective in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus as compared to the standard antibiotic used as a positive control. The solvent for extraction, ethyl acetate, did not affect the biological activity of the crude extract.

The majority of individuals who consume fresh fruit, such as lime, sweet lemon, mango, and pineapple, do not take into account the nutritional analyses of the juice composition, citric acid content, total soluble solids, and sugar concentration and its nutritional qualities. The goal of the investigation was to look at the nutritional analyses of the selected acidic and sub-acidic citrus fruits' juice content, citric acid content, total soluble solids, and sugar concentration. So, the current study reached a decision based on observations that every fruit has distinctive features with great nutritional value, and daily fruit consumption strengthens the immune system to fend off numerous diseases.

Herbal formulations, Phytochemistry and Pharmacognosy combines the principles of natural medicines with refined modern technology that helps the development of more ecofriendly, better effective, easily available, and affordable drug discovery process.The drug discovery process accelerates the design of new leads for various life-threatening diseases. Natural medicines have been an integral part of drug discovery process, and these not only play a major role as a template for the drug discovery but also offer holistic approach for better management of various diseases.The main purpose of this book is to provide the classical and applied knowledge in drug discovery and broadly cover the related aspects such as herbal formulations, phytochemistry and pharmacogenetic research.

This book presents experimental work conducted on the International Space Station (ISS) in order to characterize metals and alloys in the liquid state. The internationally recognized authors present and discuss experiments performed in microgravity that enabled the study of the relevant volume and surface related properties free of the restrictions of a gravity-based environment. The collection serves also as a handbook of space experiments using electromagnetic levitation techniques. A summary of recent results provides an overview of the wealth of space experiment data, which will ignite further research activities and inspire academics and industrial research departments for their continuous development. 

Chalcone derivatives are easily development and synthesized to produce an assortment of heterocyclic compounds with diverse structures. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to describe the most recent substituted chalcones synthesis. Different functionalized heterocycles containing nitrogen, sulfur or phosphorus were prepared via the reaction of different chalcones with a variety of nucleophilic reagents or organophosphorus ylides. The most significant of chalcone compounds were the subject of certain documented biological research.

This book is part of 7 books which covers whole chemistry for the Board as well competitive exams. We have divided total chemistry syllabus in to 7 books each one will come in every phase. All of these books are designed to keep in mind the requirements of CBSE board as well IIT entrance exam syllabus. This Book consists of Nomoreclass concepts and previous IIT questions.

I don't have my name on anything that I don't really do. -Heidi Klum Can the organic chemists associated with so-called "e;Named Reactions"e; make the same claim as supermodel Heidi Klum? Many scholars of chemistry do not hesitate to point out that the names associated with "e;name reactions"e; are often not the actual inventors. For instance, the Arndt-Eistert reaction has nothing to do with either Arndt or Eistert, Pummerer did not discover the "e;Pummerer"e; rearrangement, and even the famous Birch reduction owes its initial discovery to someone named Charles Wooster (first reported in a DuPont patent). The list goes on and on... But does that mean we should ignore, boycott, or outlaw "e;named reactions"e;? Absolutely not. The above examples are merely exceptions to the rule. In fact, the chemists associated with name reactions are typically the original discoverers, contribute greatly to its general use, and/or are the first to popularize the transformation. Regardless of the controversial history underlying certain named reactions, it is the students of organic chemistry who benefit the most from the cataloging of reactions by name. Indeed, it is with education in mind that Dr. Jack Li has masterfully brought the chemical community the latest edition of Name Reactions.

This book constitutes the process of recrystallization and steam distillation. This book also includes the determination of various analysis parameters for fats and oils like acid value, saponification value and iodine value. Majorly, synthesis of various organic intermediates and products are included in this book. Students will be able to develop skills to evaluate fats/oils, purify compounds by physical methods and to perform chemical reactions to afford pure organic products. This book will be helpful to students to gather knowledge and skill of organic name reactions, mechanism and concept of product formation. This book is designed especially for pharmacy, allied science, and basic science students. It covers all experiments that are required to understand as per PCI syllabus of organic chemistry for B. Pharm. first year, second year and diploma courses as well as for B. Sc, M. Sc and B. Tech students. The editor and authors are confident that this book will satisfy the necessity of students, teachers and researchers.

This book comprehensively reviews the phytochemistry, functional properties, and health-promoting effects of bioactive compounds found in oil processing by-products, and it also explores the food and non-food applications of these by-products. Several oilseeds, vegetables, and fruits are cultivated for their oils and fats, wherein the oil extraction industry generates a huge amount of waste (meal or cake). The valorisation of this waste would be very beneficial not only from the economic and environmental perspectives, but also for the potential applications in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries, in which phytochemicals derived from vegetable oil and oilseed processing by-products play an important role in, for instance, extending the shelf life of several products and providing added-value properties with their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.In this work, expert contributors discuss about the added-value of biowaste from common and non-traditional vegetable oils and oilseeds processing, as well as fruit oils processing, and offer an extensive overview of the different bioactive compounds found in extracts from oil processing by-products and their chemical composition. The book also collects several examples in which oil processing by-products are integrated into industrial activities such as food production, livestock production and in pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. Professionals and scholars alike interested in the recycling of agro-industrial wastes derived from vegetable oil and oilseed processing by-products will find this book a handy reference tool.

Textile-based compression therapy is used in a range of applications, such as for athlete and sport recovery, enhanced proprioception, compression spacesuits, and in the management of chronic diseases. This book provides an overview of compression devices and products, testing methods to measure the properties of materials used in compression devices, and design considerations based on dynamic body measurements. It also includes a model for predicting pressure and details the challenges in applying compression for various applications.Chapters in this book:Discuss the science behind compression therapyDelve into the materials used in compression devices and products and assesses their performance based on their properties and structureCover theoretical modeling to predict the pressure exerted by compression devices on the human bodyConsider compression textile design based on dynamic body measurementsThis book is aimed at professionals and researchers in textile engineering, materials engineering, biotechnology, and the development of textile-based compression devices and products, and at such medical practitioners as phlebologists.

Compression Textiles for Medical, Sports, and Allied Applications provides an overview of compression devices and products. It includes testing methods to measure properties of materials, design considerations based on dynamic body measurements and a model for predicting pressure and challenges in application.

The aim of this book is to provide an overview of the situation regarding the biodegradable polymer along the value chain, identify and analyse existing practices for biodegradable plastics, assess the relevant legal, regulatory, economic and practical reasons for the importance of proper use and proper recycling of biodegradable plastics.

This book highlights recent research and advances in natural product chemistry written by promising young researchers in this field who have played a central role for recent innovative advancements.The book consists of seventeen chapters covering novel bioactive natural products, uncovering life phenomena with natural products, biosynthesis of natural products, total synthesis of complex natural products by innovative strategies, and drug discovery using natural products. Each chapter begins with a brief and easy-to-understand introduction, then presents the cutting-edge research in each individual specialty.This book is not only a practical and essential reference resource for natural product chemists, medicinal chemists, synthetic organic chemists, biochemists, pharmacologists, as well as the pharmaceutical and biotechnological industries, but is also a useful guide to understanding new and emerging trends in this field.