Biokemi

In 1912, Louis-Camille Maillard, a French physician and chemist, accidentally discovered the formation of yellow-brown color compounds when he heated sugars and amino acids together with wateror the Maillard reaction. Since then, Maillard reaction has received wide attention and has been extensively studied in the fields of food and medicine. The authors open this collection by discussing several factors that influence the Maillard reaction, highlighting its recently discovered functional properties.The origin of life on our planet is one of the issues that are on the top of biological agenda. As such, the authors propose that the abiogenic synthesis of prebiotic molecules could have taken place as early as in the interstellar gas-dust clouds, since several organic compounds (including formaldehyde and other aldehydes as well as ketones) were identified in space.In conclusion, two studies on the Maillard reaction of the glucose-asparagine physical mixture and ribose-albumin film are introduced by the use of a unique differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier-transform infrared combined technique. This technique can not only induce and accelerate the Maillard reaction, but can also detect continuous pathways and intermediates of the Maillard reaction.

Over the past decade, adipose tissue has received much attention for its immunological properties. Additionally, it has become increasingly apparent that adipose-secreted factors such as leptin, tumor necrosis factor-a, IL-6, adiponectin and more recently, resistin are implicated in some inflammatory and metabolic diseases. As such, Resistin: Structure, Function and Role in Disease opens by discussing resistins therapeutic properties. Because evidence appears to suggest that resistin is a proinflammatory cytokine, resistin may impact metabolic disease.Following this, the authors present experimental and clinical evidence indicating that resistin may have functions related to inflammation and oxidative stress. The circulating resistin level may be also useful as a marker of the effects of exercise.Resistin may also encourage vasculopathy through the promotion of macrophage scavenger receptors and CD36 atheroma macrophages expression, the formation of foam cells, as well as proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells. This causes endothelial dysfunction, resulting in limited nitric oxide and increased superoxide production.When present in the diseased vessel wall, resistin may orchestrate pro-atherosclerotic events, contributing to atherosclerosis progression towards plaque rupture. Thus, resistin may augment monocyte and macrophage infiltration, interfere in cell cross-talk and modulate the expression of various inflammatory cytokines leading to the acceleration of plaque growth.Based on the known sequential events of obesity preceding severe acute pancreatitis, the authors investigate resistin as a new potential predictive marker of fat necrosis and pancreatitis severity.

Dette kompendium er målrettet medicin- og tandlægestuderende på 4. semester.Desuden kan studerende på 1. semester have glæde af de mange oversigter i de to første kapitler, der handler om henholdsvis kemi og enzymer. Formålet med kompendiet er først og fremmest at tilvejebringe et overblik over biokemi med udgangspunkt i omsætningen af kostens hovedkomponenter: kulhydrat, fedt og protein. Et sådant overblik vil medføre, at udbyttet af den store detaljering i de traditionelle lærebøger i biokemi kan blive større for de studerende. Et andet formål er at etablere en tæt forbindelse til kemikurset på 1. semester (CKK), og derfor er de vigtigste begreber fra kurset præsenteret i kapitlerne “Kemisk opdatering” og “Enzymer” i begyndelsen af kompendiet. Der er lagt stor vægt på at formidle biokemien på pædagogisk vis, og derfor rummer kompendiet mange illustrationer og oversigter. Der er i bogens appendiks redegjort for vigtige aspekter af de såkaldte folkesygdomme: diabetes, overvægt, forhøjet kolesterol og misbrug af alkohol. Derudover er der i appendikset med et beregningseksempel omtalt aerob og anaerob træning.

In this collection, the authors develop a mathematical model of kinetics adsorption in solid microporous mediums. This approach allows for the introduction of two new terms in Ficks law: The first term characterizes the direct adsorption, represented by random function and dependent on the average speed but not on speed itself. The second characterizes the fluctuation of adsorbed quantity and heat dissipation, phenomena which are at the origin of irreversibility adsorption and desorption. Next, residual enzyme activity was investigated to monitor stabilization/destabilization of hen egg-white lysozyme at low, intermediate, and high water content in acetone at 25 oC. The results demonstrate that the stabilization/destabilization of lysozyme depends significantly on water content in acetone. Another study is presented with the goal of providing a thermochemical description of the stabilizing/destabilizing effects of organic solvents on the enzyme stability to elucidate what intermolecular processes produce the main effect on the stability and functions of the enzymes at low, intermediate, and high water content in organic liquids. Following this, the authors examine the part that acetone may play in increasing the use of lignocellulosic biomass through exploitation of all constituents, especially lignin. Examples include the use of acetone in studies of the chemical composition of LCB and the utility of acetone in organosolv pulping and pretreatment of LCB. With the commercialization of biorefineries, it is expected that acetone will continue to play a significant role in the processing of lignin, the most abundant natural aromatic polymer on earth with immense potential to reduce dependence on fossil-based aromatic products. The authors also propose an efficient acetone chemical sensor based on the analytical performances such as sensitivity, limit of detection (LOD), good linearity, and reproducibility. This proposed acetone chemical sensor was introduced by the implementation of ZnO/SnO2/Yb2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) as a successful electron mediator with glassy carbon electrode (GCE) assembly. The concluding paper presents an experimental system of isopropanol-acetone-hydrogen chemical heat pump (IAH CHP) for the recovery of low-grade (

Covers the understanding of the role of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) in the generation of antibody response to antigenic challenge.

Metabolome analysis is now recognized as a crucial component of functional genomic and systems biology investigations. Innovative approaches to the study of metabolic regulation in microbial, plant and animal systems are increasingly facilitating the emergence of systems approaches in biology.

This proceedings volume of the 9th Eurasia Conference details advances in chemical biology. It includes coverage of analytical chemistry, biochemical technology, bioinformatics, catalysis and nanotechnology, bioorganic and bioinorganic chemistry.