Biokemi

Although additives are regularly used in the food industry to improve the organoleptic properties or extend the shelf life of food products, some additives are known to be potentially hazardous if consumed in excess. Increasingly, consumers are avoiding these types of products, highlighting an overall trend toward developing a green and sustainable economy and the emergence of natural additives with equal or greater benefits than synthetic ones. This book is an introduction to the use of natural food additives. It includes eleven chapters that discuss emerging compounds used as food additives and active packaging, molecular gastronomy, enzyme production in the food industry, and much more.

This second edition volume expands on the previous edition with new discussions on the latest techniques used to study molecular chaperones and the stress response. The chapters in this book cover such as analysis of the initiation and regulation of the stress response; the role of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) in gene expression through chromosome-immunoprecipitation; features of chaperone function and biology; the emerging role of the extracellular HSPs; and the use of chaperones as biomarkers. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.Cutting-edge and thorough, Chaperones: Methods and Protocols, Second Edition is a valuable resource for all researchers who want to learn more about this interesting and developing field.

It can be concluded that the phytochemical screening of aqueous and methanolic extract of Brassica oleracea (white cabbage) showed that the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, tannins, quinones and phenols, and the absence of saponins and glycosides were respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the methanolic extract of Brassica oleracea (white cabbage) revealed that the IC50 with minimum concentration and more effective radical scavenging activity when compared to standard and aqueous extract. The MTT assay of the methanolic extract of Brassica oleracea (white cabbage) yields the value of LC50 at a concentration of 125 µg/ml with cell viability of 52.22%. 76% mortality occurs for the methanolic extract of Brassica oleracea (white cabbage) when compared to control DMSO. From the data obtained, it can be concluded that the white cabbage of Brassica oleracea can be used as a possible source of treatment for problems associated with oxidative stress as well as strong anticancer activity.

Bread and leavened bakery products have been essential to human nourishment for millennia. Traditionally, bread production has relied on the use of sourdough as a leavening agent and to impart a characteristic quality to baked goods. In recent years, improved understanding of the biodiversity and microbial ecology of sourdough microbiota, the discovery of new species, the improved management and monitoring of its meta-community and the commercialization of innovative products have vastly expanded the potential of sourdough fermentation for making baked goods. For example, raw materials such as cereals, pseudo-cereals, ancient grains, and gluten-free substrates, as well as a large number of baked good varieties (e.g., typical and industrial breads, sweet baked goods, gluten-free products) may benefit from advances in sourdough fermentation. In addition, biotechnological tools and culture properties have been discovered to improve both the shelf life and the sensory and textural qualities of baked goods, as well as their nutritional and health-promoting properties.Now in its second edition, the Handbook on Sourdough Biotechnology remains the only book dedicated completely to sourdough biotechnology with the contribution of the most experienced researchers from the field. It reviews the history of sourdough and the potential of sourdough fermentation in the production of bread and baked goods. A thorough discussion of the various processing steps includes the chemical properties of the raw matter, the taxonomy, diversity, and metabolic properties of starter yeasts and lactic acid bacteria, and the effects of sourdough fermentation on the shelf life and the sensory, textural, nutritional, and health-promoting properties of baked goods.

HASSELT: HANDBUCH DER TOXIKOLOGIE HBBD. 1

This edited book highlights the molecular basis of various enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, defense mechanisms and adaptation strategies employed by plants to avoid the stressful conditions. Special focus is given to gene expression, omics and other latest technologies such as CRISPR-Cas mediated genome editing applications for defense related studies in plants. Environmental stresses such as drought, salinity or floods etc. induce the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which causes severe damage to cell membrane integrity by accelerating lipid peroxidation. To counteract the detrimental effect of ROS, plants are inherited with an intricate and vibrant antioxidant defense system, comprised of enzymatic (catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, guaiacol peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase etc.), and non-enzymatic (glutathione, ascorbate, a-tocopherol, carotenoids, flavonoids etc.) antioxidants, which scavenge and/or reduce excess ROS and improve plant tolerance to various stresses. Stress tolerance in most crop plants is positively correlated with an efficient antioxidant system. Therefore, studying the efficiency of antioxidant defense systems in plants is necessary for facilitating the plant's nature of adaptation against challenging environments. This book is of interest to teachers, researchers and academic experts. Also, the book serves as additional reading material for undergraduate and graduate students of biotechnology and molecular biology of plants.

In "Potent Compounds from Seagrasses Against Deadly Vectors," author D Monisha delves into the fascinating world of seagrasses and their potential as sources of natural compounds for controlling disease vectors such as Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti. These mosquitoes are responsible for transmitting deadly diseases such as dengue, malaria, and Zika, and finding effective ways to control their populations is a pressing global health challenge. Monisha's book provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of research on seagrass compounds with mosquito larvicidal activity. She explores the various species of seagrasses and their unique biochemical profiles, as well as the methods used to extract and isolate bioactive compounds.Drawing on her own research and that of other scientists in the field, Monisha discusses the potential applications of seagrass compounds as larvicides and the challenges involved in developing them into effective and safe mosquito control agents. She also highlights the importance of conservation efforts to protect seagrass ecosystems and the potential benefits that could be derived from sustainable seagrass harvesting."Potent Compounds from Seagrasses Against Deadly Vectors" is a must-read for anyone interested in the fascinating world of natural product discovery and the fight against mosquito-borne diseases.

This detailed volume explores a wide variety of applications of yeast surface display, an extensively used protein engineering technology. Beginning with detailed protocols for the construction and efficient selection/screening of yeast surface display libraries, as well as for the analysis of individual yeast-displayed protein variants, the book continues with protocols describing the selection of yeast surface display libraries for binding to mammalian cells or to extracellular matrix as well as protocols for a broad spectrum of specialized yeast surface display applications, demonstrating the versatility of this display platform. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible methodologies, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Yeast Surface Display serves as a comprehensive resource that enables the implementation of this powerful and versatile technique in virtually any molecular biology laboratory, even in the absence of any prior yeast surface display experience.

The known world you know could not exist without electromagnetic energy. The term radiation refers to energy in the electromagnetic spectrum, visible light, ultraviolet light and infrared are non-ionizing radiations. Gamma rays are photons, which are type of elementary particles traveling at the speed of light with zero mass and zero charge, have much shorter wavelengths, are called ionizing radiations because they are capable of producing ions by knocking electrons out of the normal orbits of atoms or molecules. Ultraviolet light plays important part of our daily lives than most people realize, where it is a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelength from 10 nm to 400 nm, shorter than of visible light, but longer than x-rays or it is a form of non-ionizing radiation emitted from the sun and artificial sources and its beneficial effect is production of a vitamin D. Only a few studies are available in literature about the effect of radiation on structure and antioxidants of seeds. For this reason, this book is interesting for scientist and who works in agriculture, pharmacology and bioengineering because it contains new and not available research data.

Active Site-directed Enzyme Inhibitors provides readers with a quick and efficient reference for obtaining effective active site-directed inhibitors for any of the enzymatic reactions under study without a need to resort to costly library screening- and biostructure-based techniques.

This book will present information on Pantanal vegetation including an updated checklist of flora, useful plants, ecological aspects and some topics never published for this region, such as lichens. It aims to be a reference for researchers, graduate and undergraduate students as well as stakeholders and decision makers interested in the flora and vegetation of one of the world's largest tropical wetlands.

Renal failure (RF) is a disease in which the kidneys are no longer enable to process the body wastes. There are two types of RF acute renal failure and chronic renal failure. Dialysis is a process by which the problems from impairment of renal function is filled and divided into two types peritoneal and hemodialysis. The book is designed to investigate the levels of MDA and CoQ10 in serum of RF patients predialysis and postdialysis, by taking the serum of 40 RF patients and compare the results with healthy normal people. The level of MDA was significantly (P

Cholesterol is an essential component of the plasma membrane. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2), although a minor phospholipid, is the most abundant membrane phosphoinositide. Both lipids play key roles in a variety of cellular functions including as signalling molecules and major regulators of protein function. Studies on these important lipids have traditionally focused on the effect of each lipid individually. Accumulating evidence indicates, however, that these lipids may cross-regulate each other¿s levels. Furthermore, it is becoming evident that cholesterol and PI(4,5)P2 can act together to modulate protein function and biological processes. This book provides an overview of cellular functions and molecular mechanisms in which cholesterol and PI(4,5)P2 functions extend from parallel existence to crosstalk. It includes four sections. The first section introduces the reader to cholesterol and PI(4,5)P2. The second section demonstrates the mutual influence of these two critical lipids on their levels. The third section, divided into two parts, describes the co-modulation of protein function by cholesterol and PI(4,5)P2. The first part focuses on ion channels and the second - on lipid transfer proteins. The fourth section highlights other cellular processes at the intersection of cholesterol and PI(4,5)P2 involvement. Collectively, the book portrays the emerging relationship between cholesterol and PI(4,5)P2 in a broad array of biological systems and processes. The book will be of interest to a wide audience of research scientists with an interest in the biophysical properties of lipids and the physiological consequences of their presence in biological systems, as well as graduate students, postdoctoral trainees, basic and clinical researchers, and pharmaceutical scientists. Specifically, the content will be relevant to researchers in the fields of biochemistry, molecular biophysics, pharmacology, neurobiology, cardiovascular biology, among others.Provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge of the interplay between cholesterol and PI(4,5) P2Provides an overview of the emerging relationship between cholesterol and PI(4,5)P2 in biological systems and processesDiscusses cellular processes and molecular mechanisms where lipid functions extend from parallel existence to crosstalk

This book is a comprehensive guide to many important fungal species with a focus on their phytochemistry, potential sources of bioactive compounds, known chemistry and toxicology.

This reference book compiles recent developments and perspectives on second and third-generation bioplastics. It discusses commercialized bioplastics like polylactic acid (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs).

On 20 October 2022, the day that Radboud University celebrated its 99th anniversary, Dr. Katalin Karikó received a Radboud honorary doctorate in recognition of her scientific contributions to developing mRNA-based vaccines. This edition includes the laudatio of the honorary supervisor and the speech of the honorary doctor.Karikó spent years researching medical applications of mRNA. Her dream was to develop synthetic mRNA and use this to cure cancer, strokes, and influenza. Eventually, after years of toil, rejection, and criticism from colleagues, she and fellow researcher Drew Weissman demonstrated that it is possible to trigger an immune response in the body with mRNA without the body turning against the mRNA itself. With this breakthrough, a new revolutionary technique was born.Thanks to Karikó's scientific work, BioNTech/Pfizer and Moderna were able to develop the current mRNA vaccines against COVID-19. A prime example of the beneficial impact that fundamental research can eventually have on society.Honorary supervisor Floris Rutjes, Professor in Organic Synthesis: "With courage and determination, she pursued her scientific vision for a very long time, and by doing so, she has ultimately made a significant contribution to the fight against viral diseases."

Born-Oppenheimer (BO) theory and its treatment for solving molecular Schr¿odinger Equation(SE), as proposed1 in 1927 and later on with Huang2 in 1954, has been the cornerstoneof our understanding of chemical processes employing quantum chemistry. The triumphof BO treatment lies on the huge mass difference of electrons and nuclei allowing us toseparate their motions while studying molecular quantum mechanics. The approximationallows us to study the electron dynamics which parametrically depends on the nuclearpositions. In the limiting situation of such mass differences (me MN), the BOapproximation could able to describe some of the chemical processes satisfactorily thatmainly occur at lower energy regimes of ground electronic state. However, nature exhibitsa whole range of molecular phenomena where we observe a violation of such a'celebrated' approximation. These situations arise whenever electronic and nuclear motiongets coupled owing to different reasons that leads to what is known as nonadiabaticevents. Simplest instances are photosynthesis, vision, charge transfer chemical reactions,solar energy conversion and photochemical reactions, all of which involve electronicallyexcited states and thus, cannot be fully accounted for if considered solely from a BO per-spective. Owing to such range of nonadiabatic phenomena, failure of BO approximationis encountered quite often in nature rather than rarely.

Every year, fungus, weeds, insects, plant diseases, and rodents cause billions of dollars inagricultural losses across the globe. During storage and usage, they also cause the degradation,fracturing, and destruction of textiles as well as other textile materials, wood, leatherette,plastics, acrylics, and other similar products, causing significant economic disruption.Chemical compounds, particularly organic molecules, have played a major role in this battle. Theutilization of organic compounds of different kinds has yielded spectacular results in the fields ofagriculture and hygiene. The high economic efficiency obtained with the use of insecticides,herbicides and fungicides in industry and agriculture has favored fast growth of pesticidescience, and technological production and usage of pesticides has risen significantly in mostindustrialized nations.

Integrins are heterodimeric cell surface receptors which anchor cells to different extracellular matrix proteins or act as cell-cell receptors. They play pivotal roles not only across a wide range of physiological processes including tissue morphogenesis, wound healing, and regulation of cell growth, but also in numerous pathological conditions such as autoimmunity, infectious disease, and carcinogenesis.This book aims to provide readers a summary of the most important integrins and their respective biological functions. Readers will learn about knockout- and animal models to study the functionality of key collagen-, laminin-, and nephronectin-binding integrins. Additionally, the role of integrins in pathological tissue remodeling in joints and in developing and diseased cardiac tissue are discussed. Reviews of the current knowledge of the role of integrins in tissue and tumor fibrosis, angiogenesis and tumor progression are an important part of this work. Finally, the bookdiscusses integrins in the context of the immune system, how to target integrin-ligand interactions with antibodies, and the role of integrins as receptors for bacterial and viral cell invasion. Both experienced researchers and clinicians, as well as PhD students who wish to study the extracellular matrix and cell adhesion molecules will find ¿Integrins in Health and Disease - Key Effectors of Cell-Matrix and Cell-Cell Interactions¿ authoritative, easily accessible, and vastly informative.The series Biology of Extracellular Matrix is published in collaboration with the American Society for Matrix Biology and the International Society for Matrix Biology.

This volume of the Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, which celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2019, addresses the rapidly growing and evolving field of metabolomics. It has been compiled and designed to broaden and enrich your understanding as well as simplify a complicated picture of the diverse field of metabolomics. This is accomplished by chapters from experts in the field on basic principles as well as reviews and updates of analytical techniques. The variety and different perspectives of the NMR approaches are described in the chapters By David Wishart, Daniel Raftery and Ryan McKay, while mass spectrometry advances are covered by Charles R. Evans and Stefan Kempa. This book also reflects the state of the art in the application of metabolomics to cell biology (Marta Cascante and Ulrich Guenther) and chapters that share insights into the application of metabolomics in various diseases (Paola Turano and Claudio Luchinat, Rachel S. Kelly and Jessica Lasky-Su,Paige Lacy, and Angela Rogers. Relationships of metabolomics with drugs are highlighted by Robert Verpoorte (natural products drug discovery), by Oscar Millet and by Turano and Luchinat (perspectives in precision medicine) and by Daniel L. Hertz (drug-induced peripheral neuropathy). From the above list of diverse topics, we believe this book has interdisciplinary appeal and scholars with an interest in the role of metabolomics in achieving precision medicine will find it of particular or special interest.

This book is the first comprehensive compilation describing the importance of sandalwood in national and international markets, genetic resources, molecular markers, whole genome sequencing, and pathway genes involved in oil biosynthesis, aroma and fragrance. Application of various ¿omics¿ approaches in delineating genome architecture and annotation of genes is highlighted. This book comprises 10 chapters covered over 200 pages authored by the researchers involved in sandalwood genomics.The sandalwood, Santalum album is known for its unique fragrance and finest wood available for carving. Also, sandalwood is intertwined with Indian culture and it is the second most valuable and expensive tree in the world.

The 3rd edition of this textbook offers clear explanations of optical spectroscopic phenomena and shows how spectroscopic techniques are used in modern chemistry, biochemistry and biophysics.Topics included are: electronic and vibrational absorption fluorescence symmetry operations and normal-mode calculations electron transfer from excited moleculesenergy transferexciton interactions electronic and vibrational circular dichroismcoherence and dephasingultrafast pump-probe and photon-echo spectroscopy single-molecule and fluorescence-correlation spectroscopyRaman scatteringmultiphoton absorption quantum optics and non-linear opticsentropy changes during photoexcitationelectronic and vibrational Stark effects studies of fast processes in single moleculestwo-dimensional electronic and vibrational spectroscopyThis revised and updated edition provides expanded discussions of laser spectroscopy, crystal symmetry, birefringence, non-linear optics, solar cells and light-emitting diodes. The explanations are sufficiently thorough and detailed to be useful for researchers, graduate students and advanced undergraduates in chemistry, biochemistry and biophysics. They are based on time-dependent quantum mechanics, but are developed from first principles so that they can be understood by readers with little prior training in the field. Additional topics and highlights are presented in special boxes in the text. The book is richly illustrated with color figures throughout. Each chapter ends with a section of questions for self-examination.

This book presents the state of the skill of understanding brassinosteroids (BRs) signaling plus crosstalk with phytohormone and their association in plant adaptation to abiotic stresses comprising physiological, biochemical, and molecular developments. Due to progressively adverse environmental conditions and scarce natural resources, high-efficient crops have become more important than ever. For the successful improvement of stress-tolerant plants, it is vital to understand the precise signaling appliances that plants practice to abide stresses as well as how much these mechanisms are convinced by phytohormone. However, it is also debatable on which step plants can attain brassinosteroids (BRs) signaling from an evolutionary viewpoint. BRs are involved in modulating a large array of important functions throughout a plant's life cycles. BRs are considered as one of the most important plant steroidal hormones that show a varied role in observing a wide range of developmental practices in plants. Our grip on brassinosteroids signaling has quickly extended over the past two decades, owing in part to the isolation of the constituents intricate in the signal transduction trail. The book proposes a useful guide for plant researchers and graduate students in connected areas.  

This edited book brings together comprehensive information on various aspects of the biofortification of staple crops. It addresses the present status of food and nutritional security and highlights the importance of micronutrients in human health, a historical account of biofortification, current approaches and challenges, crop-specific biofortification efforts and various breeding approaches, including conventional, and genomics enabled improvement.  It also explains the efficacy of biofortification, bioavailability, and future thrust. It is an inclusive source of information on different aspects of micronutrients in crops of global importance.  Malnutrition is a serious global issue, with millions of people being undernourished, several suffering from micronutrient deficiencies, and the adult population struggling with obesity. Despite significant economic progress, South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa are still home to an undernourished population. Nutrition-related health problems are related to hidden hunger and are widespread in the developing world. Women and preschool children are more vulnerable. Even though global food production has increased manifolds, estimates indicate that over 60% of the world's population is deficient in essential micronutrients such as iron, zinc, iodine, and selenium, often causing health problems and developmental delays. Linking agricultural production with human nutrition and health is crucial for ensuring nutrition security. Much research has been carried out to assess genetic diversity related to micro-nutrients in staple crops, their bioavailability, and the efficacy of biofortified germplasm. Biofortified varieties developed in different crops through conventional breeding are being up-scaled for reducing the micronutrient deficiencies in other countries.  This book is a ready reference for researchers, academicians, extension personnel, policymakers, students, and value chain stakeholders engaged in agriculture, nutrition, and health sectors promoting nutrition-sensitive diets.

Peptide and Protein Drug Delivery Using Polysaccharides offers an interdisciplinary discussion of polysaccharides applied in peptide and protein drug delivery. Chapters consider basic biology of different polysaccharides of current interest and their production at pilot and large-scale stages by various techniques including, but not limited to, cell and hairy root cultures. Other sections examine factors affecting polysaccharide absorption, metabolism, and excretion in nascent, encapsulated, or conjugated forms, with unique coverage of vaccine absorption, metabolism, and drug delivery. A final section considers analytical methods for detection in tissue fluids and homogenates. Accessible figures, tables, and graphical abstracts are included throughout to support understanding. Specific polysaccharides discussed for therapeutic purposes include cellulose, hyaluronic acid, heparin, carageenan, alginic acid, agar and myrrh, acacia, tragacanth, ghatti gum, chitin, chitosan, starch, glycogen and dextran.

This book focuses on the different compounds (polyphenols, sterols, alkaloids terpenes) that arise from the secondary metabolism of plants and fungi and their importance for research and industry. These compounds have been the backbone and inspiration of various industries like the food, pharmaceutical and others to produce synthetic counterparts. Furthermore, many of these compounds are still widely used to carry out specific functions in all these industries. This book offers a compilation of different texts from world leading scientists in the areas of chemistry, biochemistry, plant science, biotechnology which compile information on each group of secondary metabolism compounds, and their most important applications in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and textile industry. By showcasing the best uses of these compounds, the chemistry behind their production in plants and fungi, this book is a valuable resource and a "go to" artifact for various audiences. The new approach this book offers, by linking research and the application of these compounds, makes it interesting as an inspiration for new research or as a hallmark of what has been done in the secondary metabolism of plants and fungi in recent years. Although this book may be technical, it is also enjoyable as an integral reading experience due to a structured and integrated flow, from the origins of secondary metabolism in organisms, to the discovery of their effects, their high intensity research in recent years and translation into various industries. Beyond learning more on their chemistry, synthesis, metabolic pathway, readers will understand their importance to different research and industry.