Udviklingsbiologi

THE INTERNATIONAL BESTSELLER: a deep dive into the science and nature of aging

Charles Darwins banebrydende værk som ligger til grund for al biologisk evolutionsteori. Når man læser Darwins bog, forbavses man over hans alsidighed, viden og kombinationsevne. Han er naturhistoriker af det helt store format og så kendte han store dele af jorden". Få andre bøger har skabt en sådan storm af kontroverser som Arternes Oprindelse. Darwins teori om, at arter stammer fra andre arter ved en gradvis evolutionær proces – og at gennemsnitsniveauet for hver art øges ud fra grundtanken om at – kun den bedst egnede overlever (”the survival of the fittest”), hvilket fik debatten til at tage nye højder. Den senere accept af Darwins teorier, revolutionerede det videnskabens forløb. Darwins bidrag til den moderne videnskab, er altafgørende for, hvordan vi ser verden i dag - og næsten umulig at evaluere. Arternes oprindelse bør læses af alle med interesse indenfor biologi og for verdens evolution. Ligesom bogen har bidraget til heftig debat og fortolkning indenfor områder som filosofi og teologi. Bogen regnes for det vigtigste bidrag til biologien i videnskabens historie.Den originale version af Darwins "Arternes Oprindelse" udgives af Paludans Forlag, hvor bogen indgår i serien blandt klassiske historiske værker.

A book for men and women from middle age to advanced years who have suddenly and unexpectedly become confronted with the huge effects that the male prostate can have on the body. It is a tale of what can happen to both men and women when the prostate transforms over time as the body changes, free of any of the minor or major taboos surrounding those involved.The book presents both a subjective and an objective account, from a female and a male perspective, of what the prostate is and of the physical, psychological and social effects that changes to the prostate can bring as one ages or reaches old age. The latest medical, psychotherapeutic and social measures available to help men with prostate issues and their partners are discussed. It also addresses the therapeutic taboos that have previously prevented us from attempting a systemic approach to the physical, psychological and social transformation that men and women undergo when they reach middle age and beyond.

One of today's most accomplished biologists and gifted storytellers reveals the rules that regulate all lifeHow does life work? How does nature produce the right numbers of zebras and lions on the African savanna, or fish in the ocean? How do our bodies produce the right numbers of cells in our organs and bloodstream? In The Serengeti Rules, award-winning biologist and author Sean Carroll tells the stories of the pioneering scientists who sought the answers to such simple yet profoundly important questions, and shows how their discoveries matter for our health and the health of the planet we depend upon.One of the most important revelations about the natural world is that everything is regulated—there are rules that regulate the amount of every molecule in our bodies and rules that govern the numbers of every animal and plant in the wild. And the most surprising revelation about the rules that regulate life at such different scales is that they are remarkably similar—there is a common underlying logic of life. Carroll recounts how our deep knowledge of the rules and logic of the human body has spurred the advent of revolutionary life-saving medicines, and makes the compelling case that it is now time to use the Serengeti Rules to heal our ailing planet.Bold and inspiring, The Serengeti Rules illuminates how life works at vastly different scales. Read it and you will never look at the world the same way again.

This detailed volume compiles numerous methods to explore fly oogenesis. Beginning with updated protocols from isolating and staining the ovary to numerous imaging techniques and genetic protocols for cell-specific assessment and CRISPR-mediated mutagenesis, the volume continues by detailing techniques from assessing cytoskeletal structures to uncovering protein-protein interactions, with closing chapters exploring how Drosophila oogenesis can be used in the classroom and in outreach programs to increase interest in biomedical research, STEM education, and STEM careers. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step and readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Drosophila Oogenesis: Methods and Protocols serves as an ideal guide for both new and expert researchers working with this robust and versatile model organism.

This book focuses on the recent innovations and therapeutic potentials of regenerative medicine and discusses the applications of stem cells, biomaterials, and tissue engineering in regenerative medicine. The book covers essential aspects of regenerative medicine, including tissue microenvironment, immunological perspectives, stem, and non-stem cell-mediated approaches, imaging techniques, biomarkers, and 3D printing technology. It also reviews the applications of biosensing technologies in regenerative medicine, including biomanufacturing, organ-on-a-chip technologies, and as indicators of therapeutic efficacy. Further, it focuses on the regenerative medicine approaches for diseases of the central nervous system. It also provides the therapeutic potential of regenerative medicine to improve soft tissue and wound healing, cardiovascular, neural, bone, and orofacial regeneration.¿

This is the first book on captive animal behaviour, applied to welfare. It enables all aspects of zoo husbandry and management (nutrition, enclosure design, handling and training, enrichment, population management) to be based on a sound knowledge of the species, its evolutionary and natural history.

Since the publication of the previous editions, there has been increased focus on the use of adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASC) and stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells in three-dimensional hydrogel-based scaffolds for the development of microphysiological systems (MPS) serving as in vitro humanized assays and alternatives to in vivo pre-clinical animal models. This third edition volume discusses of the latest technology and advancements in the field of human-derived ASC and SVF. The chapters in this book are organized into four parts. Part One focuses on human ASC¿s isolation, characterization, and differentiation. Part Two describes the isolation and characterization of ASC and SVF from canine, feline, and murine tissues. Part Three looks at hydrogels, scaffolds, and microphysiological systems, and Part Four talks about the new assays and applications using ASC. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.Cutting-edge and comprehensive, Adipose-Derived Stem Cells: Methods and Protocols, Third Edition is a valuable resource for both novice and experts researchers interested in learning more about this important and developing field.

This book reviews all important aspects of plant genome editing to shed new light on these genome editing technologies together in crop improvement and sustainable agriculture. The book is divided into three areas: the first of which reinterprets plant genome studies from an overview perspective, examining the safety and risk assessment of plants as well as breeding-related outcomes. The second area discusses recent advances in the understanding of crop improvement. A wide range of plant stress tolerance in relation to plant genome editing is then addressed, before turning attention to specific species approaches including rice, maize, wheat, and soybean. The entire book is devoted to an updated knowledge of plant genome editing technologies from all aspects of plant biology and agronomy as we move toward advancements in sustainable life research. The book will be highly recommended for agriculture biologists, agronomists, plant pathologists, and all related research areas.

This collection explores the use of pluripotent cells to generate early embryo-like structures in vitro, with the resultant 3D embryo-like structures in vitro phenocopying many of the developmental landmarks and 3D architectures seen normally in vivo. The protocols gathered herein cover diverse aspects of the topic and exemplify some of the key developments and improvements in the field. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step and readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Embryo Models In Vitro: Methods and Protocols serves as an ideal guide to these exciting and innovative advances in developmental biology.

This detailed volume explores techniques for the isolation, purification, and establishment of in vitro germ cell (GS) systems at different stages of development in a variety of organisms, including chickens, mice, rats, and humans. The book additionally describes cutting-edge analytic and informatic tools to study germ cell development at the single cell level and meiotic recombination. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step and readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Germ Cell Development: Methods and Protocols provides new insight into the understanding of basic biological aspects of germ cell biology, as well as the opportunity for in vitro manipulation of germ cells for toxicology studies and for genetic intervention.

Vi er som mennesker et evolutionært mirakel. De evner og færdigheder, vi besidder, har skabt det liv på jorden, vi kender til i dag. Mennesket har udviklet sig til at skabe interpersonelle forhold til hinanden, vi har skabt samfund, store økonomiske systemer og vi har bekriget hinanden over hele kloden. Men selv mirakler kan være fejlbehæftede - og det må man sige, gør sig gældende for mennesket og den menneskelige biologi. Vores kroppe går i stykker og knogler brækker, og det uanset om man er rig eller fattig. Vi rejser rundt til alle dele af verden, koloniserer store landområder, men må se os slået af endemiske og epidemiske sygdomme, som vores skrøbelige kroppe ikke kan stå imod.Lewis Dartnell tager os med på en rejse igennem verdenshistorien med den menneskelige krop som medium. Han kommer omkring den magtfulde, europæiske fyrsteslægt, Habsburg-familien, hvis enorme magt blev stadfæstet af deres interfamiliære ægteskaber rundt omkring i de europæiske monarkier, hvilket dog også førte til slægtens undergang grundet utallige familiesygdomme som følge af indavl. Og med et nutidigt syn på sagen kommer han også omkring klimakrisen og den menneskelige biologi. Den menneskelige hjerne er nemlig hardwired til at ignorere langsigtede konsekvenser. Det har rent evolutionært givet mening for os at overvurdere umiddelbare belønninger fremfor fremtidens konsekvenser af vores valg – i en farlig og usikker verden er det en fordel at gribe belønninger med det samme, da du måske ikke får chancen igen senere, eller at fokusere på en aktuel trussel frem for noget, der ligger langt ude i fremtiden. Og netop dette er også den samme mekanisme, der gør, at vi står over for en enorm fedmeepidemi over hele kloden.

This new volume of the book series Advances in Anatomy, Embryology and Cell Biology provides a complete and exhaustive overview of the morphofunctional organization of the mammalian carotid body, a polymodal chemosensory organ responsible for the maintenance of blood gas homeostasis. The authors review the state of the art of the neurochemical anatomy of carotid body¿s cell populations with a special reference to their structural and neurochemical plasticity. The essential role of this organ in the generation, progression and maintenance of cardiorespiratory and metabolic diseases in humans and other mammals is presented. Finally, the book summarizes current knowledge on the stem cell niche in the mammalian carotid body and discusses its contribution to replacement cell therapy and other potential applications in translational research. This book represents an essential reading for physiologists, anatomists, cell, and developmental biologists, as wellas physicians, veterinarians, and biomedical researchers.

This book covers a wide range of topics that illustrate the various functions of autophagy in stem cells and offers insights on the mechanisms by which autophagy can regulate stem-cell self-renewal and facilitate specific differentiation programs. Stem cells are unique cells present in most multicellular animals and are essential for their survival. They have two unique properties: the ability to self-renew and the ability to differentiate into one or more cell types. These characteristics of stem cells have found immense therapeutic potential in regenerative medicine. Autophagy is a crucial membrane trafficking pathway that is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis that involves sequestration of non-functional proteins, protein aggregates and damaged organelles in double-membraned vesicles called autophagosomes, which are subsequently targeted to the lysosome for degradation. The primary aim of this book is to provide knowledge of recent developments in our understanding of the role of autophagy in stem cells, including germline stem cells.Autophagy is considered a promising target for many diseases. Significant efforts are being developed to identify specific modulators of autophagy, which will aid in designing combinatorial therapeutic strategies that will allow significant improvements in regenerative medicine.

This book introduces cutting-edge studies on the spectrum of sex. The sex spectrum can be understood as an interwoven mechanism sustaining graded phenotypes between the two sexes. The book overviews three elements that develop the sex spectrum: genetics, the endocrine system, and the environment. Part I discusses the genetic regulation during sex determination, which often results in a mixture of two sexes or sex reversal. The evolutionary aspects of the genetic determinants are also discussed. Part II presents the involvement of endocrine regulation in the sex spectrum, which covers a broad range of phenotypic events, including sexual behavior and metabolism. Interestingly, sex hormones can also act as sex determinants. Finally, Part III shows that intrinsic factors, such as sex-determining genes and sex hormones, are not the only factors in sex development. The environment surrounding organisms, such as symbiosis and metabolism, act on the sex as critical factors, generating the sex spectrum. Determination and development of the two sexes have been a topic of great interest and a long-standing issue in biology. The book updates the conventional view that biological sex is fixed after birth and sets new perspectives for understanding sex as a spectrum manifested in multiple phenomena. Each chapter contributed by leading experts explains the sex spectrum in various organisms and their underlying mechanisms from the latest ongoing studies. The book provides a valuable resource for not only experts in developmental biology, physiology, and medical science, but also non-scientists and anyone interested in the topic.

Epigenetic modifications comprise heritable gene expression changes that occur without alteration of the DNA sequence and 'co-act' with genetic factors to shape development processes and evolutionary trajectories. Multicellular organisms receive different types of environmental stimuli/stresses that trigger epigenetic modifications during development. These environmentally driven mechanisms represent an underlying cause of phenotypic diversity, especially in metazoans. This book aims to present some of the latest epigenetic insights into the development of metazoans (including humans) as an intersection between their ecology and evolution.

This book renders a comprehensive understanding of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from their embryonic development through adult maintenance to aging, in the studies conducted in zebrafish and mammals. Hematopoiesis provides a paradigm for understanding the development, maintenance, regeneration, aging and malignant transformation of mammalian organs. Sitting at the apex of the hematopoiesis hierarchy tree, HSCs orchestrate their proliferation, self-renewal, and differentiation to produce all the blood cell lineages throughout life, which represents the best example for somatic stem cell studies. In this book, key regulatory mechanisms for HSC self-renewal and differentiation are overviewed in an array of fields including epigenetics, metabolism and microenvironment regulation. It also highlights the HSC heterogeneity and clonal dynamics from the recent advanced single-cell technologies. This book elaborates on the research history of HSC studies and reveals how the insights from HSC studies shed light on their clinic application. It presents great value from the bench to the clinic.

This fully updated volume collects laboratory techniques and tests to assess the risks to embryo-fetal development from drug exposure during early developmental stages. Beginning with a section detailing basic principles of teratogenicity, the book continues with application of in vitro models for teratogenic screening to predict toxicity in embryonic animals and humans, as well as a variety of well-established in vivo animal model tests, which offer solutions for evaluating the efficacy and the teratogenicity of compounds in preclinical trials before human safety testing. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step and readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Teratogenicity Testing: Methods and Protocols, Second Edition serves as an ideal guide to tests that can be performed in cells, organs, tissues, and animal models for evaluating toxicity and/or safety of compounds in early developmental stages with the goal of estimating, preventing, or minimizing the teratogenic potential of drugs.

This detailed volume collects updates on the technical advances in hematopoietic stem cell research and incorporates new techniques focused on the molecular/genetic, cellular, and whole organism levels. Exploring methods that apply stress to hematopoiesis, the book also contains chapters focused on better understanding the role of hematopoietic niches and their cellular components, as well as in vivo models that test and quantitate stem cell function and are key to further development of therapeutic applications. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step and readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and up-to-date, Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Methods and Protocols serves as a valued addition to laboratories focused on understanding hematopoietic stem cell biology and the therapeutic advances that can be derived from it.

This handbook reviews the clinical applications of stem cell-based therapy. The book covers the clinical applications of stem cells in cardiovascular diseases, neurological and ocular diseases, pediatrics, and the role of cancer stem cell-derived exosomal microRNA payload in lung cancer. The chapter reviews emerging stem cell therapy and tissue engineering approaches in neurodegenerative diseases. The book further examines the applications of stem cells in various fields of dentistry, and for the regeneration of oral and non-oral tissues. The chapters also explore the application of 3D bioprinting in conjunction with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of bone defects and state-of-the-art technology for bone and cartilage regeneration using mesenchymal stem cells. The book presents stem cell-based therapy against renal, pancreatic, and kidney diseases and examines the advantages of a novel hepatic stem for cirrhotic liver repair and regeneration. Lastly, the book provides methodological and procedural advancements in stem cell-based therapy, including the applications of single-cell sequencing in stem cell research. This handbook is a major one-stop reference for researchers working in regenerative medicine, cellular pharmacology, stem cell research in general, and those involved in specific areas of adult stem cells as well as embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells.