Religionshistorie

How encounters with the Roman Empire compelled the Jews of antiquity to rethink their conceptions of Israel and the TorahThroughout their history, Jews have lived under a succession of imperial powers, from Assyria and Babylonia to Persia and the Hellenistic kingdoms. Jews and Their Roman Rivals shows how the Roman Empire posed a unique challenge to Jewish thinkers such as Philo, Josephus, and the Palestinian rabbis, who both resisted and internalized Roman standards and imperial ideology.Katell Berthelot traces how, long before the empire became Christian, Jews came to perceive Israel and Rome as rivals competing for supremacy. Both considered their laws to be the most perfect ever written, and both believed they were a most pious people who had been entrusted with a divine mission to bring order and peace to the world. Berthelot argues that the rabbinic identification of Rome with Esau, Israel's twin brother, reflected this sense of rivalry. She discusses how this challenge transformed ancient Jewish ideas about military power and the use of force, law and jurisdiction, and membership in the people of Israel. Berthelot argues that Jewish thinkers imitated the Romans in some cases and proposed competing models in others.Shedding new light on Jewish thought in antiquity, Jews and Their Roman Rivals reveals how Jewish encounters with pagan Rome gave rise to crucial evolutions in the ways Jews conceptualized the Torah and conversion to Judaism.

The edited collection offers a comprehensive and intricate exploration of Ottoman cash waqfs, extending its scope from the early modern era to the onset of the twentieth century. It delves into the historical evolution of these private Islamic financial institutions, shedding light on their enduring influence and drawing insightful parallels with both contemporary Middle Eastern and European financial systems. Leveraging newly uncovered data spanning various regions of the Ottoman Empire, this work scrutinizes the dynamic functions of waqfs, revealing their significant imprint on today's financial paradigms. It advances existing scholarship by employing quantitative methodologies and systematic analysis of these emergent datasets, facilitating a sophisticated, longitudinal study of cash waqfs within the broader spectrum of historical interest rate trends and global credit markets. The chapters trace the transformation of waqfs from entities primarily holding immovable assets to those managing movable assets (cash waqfs), delineating their role in generating revenue for diverse purposes. These encompass funding state debts, fostering infrastructure development, and extending microcredit to economically marginalized segments of society. Additionally, the book explores the challenges and failures encountered in the transition of financial institutions during the Ottoman era, particularly in the context of the emergence of large public banks. The concluding segment of the book offers a comparative analysis of financial systems across various countries, including the shift from private to public banking in Italy, and contemplates the potential applicability of waqf models in contemporary microcredit initiatives and sustainable development strategies. This volume will appeal to scholars of financial history, economic history, Ottoman studies, and Islamic finance.

Aarhus er ikke bare en af Danmarks ældste byer. Byens udvikling er uløseligt knyttet til byens kirker. Samtidig med Ribe og Slesvig opnåede Aarhus status som Danmarks første bispesæder. Dette fandt sted i år 948, altså knap 20 år før Kong Harald Blåtand proklamerede Danmark som et kristent rige. Et besøg i det indre Aarhus er på mange måder en fodrejse værd. Og for den vågne gæst er det ikke svært at spore en linje fra byens nutidige navne og lokaliteter bagud til en bevægende middelalderlig beretning om byudvikling og kirkebyggeri – og bagud til et magtspil, ikke at forglemme. Den historie ligger til grund for fortællingen om de to helgener, som byen først og fremmest skylder sin position: Sankt Clemens og Sankt Niels. Derfor vil stofområdet i bogen falde i flere afsnit. Der er desuden en nødvendig teologihistorisk forklaring på europæisk og dansk helgenvæsen. Endelig bliver læseren taget med på en byvandring i skrift og billeder, hvor altertavler og kalkmalerier i byens domkirke »Sankt Clemens Kirke« af indlysende årsager får et særligt kapitel. Hvilke helgener har man mon taget i ed, da man anlagde en ny bydel, Aarhus Ø, ude i vandet?Erling Agergaard (*1951) har i over 30 år foretaget indgående studier i middelalderkirker og -historie samt dansk og europæisk helgenvæsen og -biografier, også kaldet hagiografi. Studierne har givet sig udslag i nu fem værker (bl.a. Danmarks helgener) om emnet samt adskillige foredrag på både folkeligt og akademisk niveau.Bogen er rigt illustreret.

The life and works of the mysterious Indian yogin, Saraha, who has inspired Buddhist practitioners for over a thousand years.Saraha, “the Archer,” was a mysterious but influential tenth-century Indian Buddhist tantric adept who expressed his spiritual realization in mystic songs (dohās) that are enlightening, shocking, and confounding by turns. Saraha’s poetic verses made the esoteric ideas and practices of Vajrayāna accessible to a wide audience on the Indian subcontinent and served as a basis for the exposition, in Tibet, of mahāmudrā, the great-seal meditation on the nature of mind that permeates every tradition of Buddhism on the Tibetan plateau.This is the first book to attempt a thorough treatment of the context, life, works, poetics, and teachings of Saraha. It features a search for the “historical” Saraha through evidence provided by our knowledge of the medieval Indian context in which he likely lived, the biographical legends that grew up around him in Tibet, and the works attributed to him in Indic and Tibetan text collections; a consideration of the various guises in which Saraha appears in his writings (as poet, social and religious critic, radical gnostic thinker, and more); an overview of Saraha’s poetic and religious legacy in South Asia and beyond; and complete or partial translations, from Tibetan, of over two dozen works attributed to Saraha. These include nearly all his spiritual songs, from his well-known Dohā Trilogy to obscure but important expositions of mahāmudrā, as well as several previously untranslated works.

See how the thread of orthodoxy runs throughout the history of the church - even in the thousand years known as the "Dark Ages". If you study church history closely, you will see that there is a continuous thread of faithful, glorifying theology that gives God due honour, that takes Scripture as the principal authority over life and faith, and that nourishes our wonder and worship. Despite its somewhat derogatory name, we can see that the light of the gospel was by no means extinguished in the millennium between 500 and 1500. Iain Wright and Yannick Imbert outline the story of this time through the lives of ten key figures of the Medieval Church: Leo the Great (400-461) Boethius (476-524) Alcuin (735-804) Gottschalk (814-868) Anselm of Canterbury (1033-1109) Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153) Peter Waldo (1140-1205) Bonaventure(1221-1274) John Wycliffe (1320-1384) Jan Hus(1372-1415) Chronicles 1,000 Years of Orthodox Theology see God's providence in the faithful teaching of truth throughout history Meet Key Historical Figures: some well-known, some less so, all in their place and time Written for a wide audience non-academic writing style makes this a great read for anyone interested in history

Pablo H. Vivanco zeichnet in dieser Publikation die Entwicklung des Liberalismus in der Habsburger-Monarchie über einen Zeitraum von zwei Dekaden aus politischer, kultureller und journalistischer Perspektive nach. Der berühmten These des "Versagens" des Wiener und europäischen Liberalismus und seiner Sublimierung in Kunst und Kultur der Jahrhundertwendezeit hält der Verfasser eine Differenzierung der politischen liberalen Öffentlichkeit in Wien entgegen, die sich frühzeitig und aus Anlass prägender Ereignissen von 1861 (Februar-Verfassung), 1867 ("Ausgleich") und 1873 (Börsenkrach) herausbildete und sich mit der ursprünglich breiten gesellschaftlichen Repräsentationskraft der 1848er Generation identifizierte. Konstitutionelle Tageszeitungen (z.B. "Neue Freie Presse", "Neues Wiener Tagblatt") bezogen in diesem Sinne auch Positionen gegen den politischen Katholizismus und aufziehenden deutschnationalistischen Antisemitismus. Liberale Presseorgane bilden somit, ebenso wie die publizistischen Beiträge des österreichisch-jüdischen Historikers, Journalisten und Politikers Heinrich Friedjung (1851-1920), Markierungspunkte in dieser neuen Geschichte liberaler Kultur und Öffentlichkeit in Wien, die durch den Transformationsprozess zu den demokratischen Massenparteien aus dem politischen Gedächtnis verdrängt wurde.

This book is the seventh and final volume in the Global Story of Christianity series. The volume's chapters, written by major scholars in the field, spotlight vital episodes and themes for understanding the historical development of Christianity in the United States and Canada. Serving as an accessible text for students and an informative volume for scholars, the book provides new insights into Christianity's development in North America, offering fresh perspectives on topics frequently overlooked by scholars. The book situates the history of North American Christianity within broader themes associated with Christianity's role as a global religion.

A fascinating glimpse into the life of one of the Early Church Fathers, his defence of orthodox theology, and how his Christ-centredness has shaped the faith of the Church. Cyril of Alexandria (c. 376 - 444 AD) was a towering figure in early Christianity, renowned for his theological prowess and leadership as the Patriarch of Alexandria. Born into a prominent Christian family, Cyril received a comprehensive education in theology and philosophy, which equipped him for his future role as a defender of orthodox Christian doctrine. Daniel Hames unpacks Cyril's tenure as Patriarch, marked by significant theological controversies, notably his fierce defense of the divinity of Christ against the teachings of Nestorius, culminating in the Council of Ephesus in 431 AD. Cyril played a pivotal role in condemning Nestorianism and affirming the doctrine of the hypostatic union - the belief in the union of Christ's divine and human natures in one person. Cyril's legacy endures as one of the most influential figures in the development of the doctrine of Christ, shaping the theological landscape of Christianity for centuries to come. Contents: Series Preface A Chronology of Cyril's Life Foreword 1. The Man, the Myth, the Legend 2. The Nestorian Controversy 3. Who is Jesus? 4. Who is God? 5. What is Salvation? 6. Chalcedon and Beyond Afterword Hames begins with some history and biography of Cyril before setting up the dynamics of the controversy with Nestorius. The chapters on Jesus, God and salvation are a look into Cyril's theology, especially in the light of the battle he was fighting. The final chapter and afterword survey his influence on the church immediately after his lifetime and highlight some of the ways we might turn to Cyril today as we navigate the question and debates of our own time. Early Church Fathers series edited by Michael A. G. Haykin and Shawn J. Wilhite, this series relates the magnificent impact that those fathers of the early church had on our world today Extra Features: a chronology of Cyril's life, including key councils held in the years following his death Theologically Instructive: helps us understand the importance of applying correct Christology

This chronology of the Christian story traces the origins and development of the world's most popular faith from messianic prophecies to modern times.

Byzantine Icons: Narrative Messages and Interpretation is an 88-page book that incorporates 36 full-color plates of my paintings, a collection of contemporary iconography inspired by classic Byzantine style iconography, painted using the traditional egg tempera technique. It is an old-world painting process of mixing egg yolk and ancient earth pigments.The practice of iconography is a visual language about God that comes alive in color and texture through practice, patience, and living tradition is always in a process of responsive development that holds together, in lesser or greater tension, the past and the present. Living tradition is always open to new possibilities, insights, perspectives, and careful, faithful editing. While not overwhelming the reader with detail, Miller provides sufficient detail to identify both the tradition received and her reading of the tradition in our current context. For example, the icon of the Pool at Bethesda (#11) where we see the stones on mountains, taken from the ancient Jewish tradition of placing small rocks on a grave, a multivalent symbol to honor the dead or the re-appearance of women in a scene where they were certainly a part of the event, but have been erased from the scene by early male iconographers in a male-dominated church.This book, Byzantine Icons: Narrative Messages and Interpretation, invites the reader to read a visual language and seek its meaning and message. On the one hand???, it is a conventionally written icon image based on a biblical text of words. On the other hand???, the reader or viewer is invited to explore the storytelling and enter the icon. The forty images, colors, and shapes engage the viewer with the narrative put forth and at times provoke a surprising response to what you see as you ponder the image. Byzantine iconography contains a powerful narrative in color, texture, and style. As they say, a picture is worth a thousand words and in this case a thousand meditations. May your reading bless you, opening to you the knowledge and truth of God who created you in God's image and likeness, redeems you in your very humanness, and raises you into the new life of grace through the Son in the Spirit. May you find the infinite Mystery of God for you and with you...you who are beloved utterly by God. The story written in these icons is, finally, a love story. It is the story of God's love for us that gives us life and empowers us to live it in all its wonder.

"This book offers the first thorough presentation of the rich Mahayana Buddhist textual sources on mindfulness, featuring many previously unpublished translations from Sanskrit and Tibetan"--

A groundbreaking study of Farid al-Din ¿A¿¿¿r, one of Persian literature's greatest poets.

"Jews and Christians have interacted for two millennia, yet there is no comprehensive, global study of their shared history. Comprising a broad collection of over 200 primary documents and commentaries, this book offers a chronological and thematic approach to developments in the history of Jewish-Christian relations worldwide"--

The year 2021 marked the five-hundredth anniversary of Christianity in the Philippines. With over 90% of the Filipin@s (Filipino/as) in the country and more than eight million around the world identifying as Christian, they are a significant force reshaping global Christianity. The fifth centenary called for celebration, reflection, and critique. This book represents the voices of theologians in the Philippines, the United States, Australia, and around the world examining Christianity in the Philippines through a postcolonial theological lens that suggests the desire to go beyond the colonial in all its contemporary manifestations. Part 1, ¿Rethinking the Encounters,¿ focuses on introducing the context of Christianity¿s arrival in the archipelago and its effect on its peoples. Part 2, ¿Reappropriation, Resistance, and Decolonization,¿ grapples with the enduring presence of coloniality in Filipin@ religious practices. It also celebrates the ways Christianity has been critically and creatively reimagined.

Pilgrimage is the most essential of medieval studies - that's a conclusion which Tim Porter has drawn from years of reading, research and exploration. Religion, politics, economics, travel, industry, art, architecture - pilgrimage opens into all these fields, and many more! And it cuts across classes and genders like nothing else, because nobody could be denied the vocation, if it was held to be genuine.Scores of places had some kind of pilgrimage attached to them: but the Gloucestershire/Worcestershire region was especially rich, with a host of saints and shrines reflecting every aspect of the ethos. Hailes and Winchcombe in particular offer in a nutshell so much of what we need to know.

[a.d.100.] The writer of this Epistle is supposed to have been an Alexandrian Jew of the times of Trajan and Hadrian. He was a layman; but possibly he bore the name of "Barnabas," and so has been confounded with his holy and apostolic name-sire. It is more probable that the Epistle, being anonymous, was attributed to St. Barnabas, by those who supposed that apostle to be the author of the Epistle to the Hebrews, and who discovered similarities in the plan and purpose of the two works. It is with great reluctance that I yield to modern scholars, in dismissing the ingenious and temperate argument of Archbishop Wake1 for the apostolic origin of this treatise. The learned Lardner shares his convictions; and the very interesting and ingenious views of Jones never appeared to me satisfactory, weighed with preponderating arguments, on the other side.

Når familie og venner samles til den traditionsrige påskefrokost, tænker man nok sjældent på, at fasten er slut, og at man nu skal fejre den kristne verdens vigtigste højtid – Jesu død og opstandelse. Påske er fortællingen om nyt liv og håb.Historiker, ph.d. Torben Svendrup beretter på sin karakteristiske og smittende måde om, hvordan Jesu lidelser fandt sted under den jødiske påske, som er en gammel frugtbarhedsfest og markerer afslutningen på slaveriet i Egypten. Vor tids kristne påske har elementer af farvestrålendeog forskelligartede middelalderskikke fra både den kirkelige og den verdslige livsverden.Fastelavn er oprindelig en stor, larmende folkefest med rod i førkristne vinter- og nytårsskikke. Efter kristendommens indførelse begyndte man denne aften før fastetiden at spise og drikke i overflod og dyrke grænseoverskridende adfærd: Fx stammer skikken med at slå en levende kat aftønden fra forestillingen om, at man herigennem kunne beskytte sig mod pestudbrud i det kommende år.Forfatteren viser gennem fund i kilder og arkiver, hvordan traditioner, skik og brug er under evig forandring. Samtidig holder vi af at kunne samles om noget årligt tilbagevendende."Da påsken kom til Danmark" kortlægger forbindelserne mellem fest og højtid og alt det, som minder os om, at foråret er på vej med sit lys, sine farver og dufte.

From Antioch to Babylon traces the spread of Christianity in its first two centuries between two major centers of the Jewish diaspora. Antioch of Syria has long been known as the city where non-Jewish adherents to Christianity first emerged in substantial numbers, but it was also the gateway between two empires-that of Rome and that of its eastern counterpart Parthia, located on terrain once occupied by the ancient Babylonian Kingdom that had exiled the Jewish people from their homeland centuries earlier and from which many never returned. As such, Antioch served as a center from which differing versions of Christianity spread not only to the west but to the east. Although the importance of the city in its Western religious context has been frequently examined, its importance in its Eastern context has been less frequently explored.Christianity's tale in the West is in some ways the reverse of that in the East insofar as while the Roman Empire became increasingly tolerant of Christianity but less so of the Jewish faith, the territories controlled by the Parthian Empire began as tolerant of both but with that empire's fall became increasingly intolerant. The result was an early Eastern faith that was in many ways just as diverse as that in the West, as local cultures transformed it, but that also maintained a more heavily Jewish tinge. The story of Christianity, then, involves not just such luminaries in Antioch as Peter, Paul, and Ignatius but also such influential easterners as Addai, Aggai, and Palut.

This book is a historical study of Africian American Christians who choose to stay within white denominations. Four key objectives are covered, first to propose an alternative framework for the study of black Lutheranism, second this book will trace the development of black Lutheranism beginning with the middle of the 17th century, third it examine the development of black Lutheranism in the larger social context in which it occurred, and finally identifies the strategies Lutherans have used in working with black people.

Empfehlungsschreiben beeinfl ussen die Lebenswege der empfohlenen Personen maßgeblich und unterliegen dabei den Einfl üssen ihrer historischen Umgebung. Ausgehend von der Frage, wie Empfehlungsschreiben im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert geschichtsmächtig und geschichtsträchtig wurden und wie sie sich im Laufe der Zeit veränderten, werden vier Fallstudien aus dem Bereich der deutsch-jüdischen Geschichte des späten 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhunderts untersucht. Hierzu gehören Schreiben von und an Bankier Gerson von Bleichröder, das Bankhaus Arnhold, die Hebräische Universität und die Hilfsorganisation AFSC. Durch die Kombination von semantischer Analyse und Netzwerkanalyse zeigt die Arbeit die Bedeutung von Formulierungen, die unter anderem Freundschaft, Vertrauen und/oder Machtverhältnisse beschreiben und abbilden. Zwischenmenschliche Verbindungen, die sich in Empfehlungsschreiben manifestierten, werden so sichtbar. Es wird nachvollziehbar, wie Empfehlungen sozialen Aufstieg, gesellschaftliche Etablierung und Institutionalisierung ermöglichten und humanitäre Hilfe nachhaltig prägten.

This history of early Christian creeds contains an up-to-date account of their origin and development from the credal texts in the New Testament to the fully fledged classical formulae of the 4 th century. It includes the creeds' use and alteration in subsequent periods until the time of Charlemagne and the beginnings of the filioque controversy. In addition, the author provides a scholarly commentary on the most common ancient confessions: the Nicene Creed and the Apostles' Creed. Going beyond previous studies, the book contains chapters dedicated to the use of creeds in law, art, music, everyday life and even magic. Recently discovered source texts, such as a new Ethiopic version of the Roman Creed and a short recension of the Creed of Nicaea-Constantinople, receive extensive treatment. Credal developments in the eastern churches beyond the borders of the Roman Empire complete this comprehensive overview. This volume is intended both as a textbook for advanced students of theology and cognate disciplines and as a reference book on the creeds in a wide range of contexts. All source texts are accompanied by modern English translations. Winner of the Alberigo Award 2024 awarded by the European Academy of Religion.

A Third of the Submarines in the Sea Died - Wormwood is a nonfiction book written by Johan Andreas Rautenbach. Johan believes that some of the initial signs of Jesus' return to take us home have passed. In this book, he discusses the three trumpets blown by angels and why he believes the numerous historical events Christell Lindeque mentioned in this book are related to the end of days.The author crafts the historical events in a manner that captures the reader's attention and includes photographs taken during some of the historical events, such as war trenches and a starving child in South Africa. As a South African, I was captivated by the fact that this book was written by a fellow South African, which was one reason I chose to read it. Although war is not my preferred reading material, history is, and the author's writing style was so effective at capturing my interest that I wouldn't mind reading another of his books. This book discusses numerous events, including World War I, World War II, and the Anglo-Boer War, as well as numerous other conflicts, Chernobyl, and pandemics.I appreciate the author's attention to historical events and the fact that he provides just enough information to keep the reader interested while avoiding boredom. The inclusion of photographs for each event enhances the realism of these historical moments for the reader and was essential for establishing their veracity. Particularly enthralling was the section about General Allenby, but I fear revealing too much by being more specific.I give this book 5 out of 5 stars because there was nothing I disliked about it. The inclusion of photographs of the historical events described in the book captivated my interest. I also believe the book has been edited by a professional, as I discovered only a few errors.I recommend this work to Christians who are fascinated by the connection between biblical prophecies and actual historical events. I also recommend this book to all Christians because I found its theory to be intriguing.