Geokemi

Increased environmental and energy concerns have renewed global interest in raw earth as a building material. Low-energy requirements, low-cost, high availability at construction sites, and favorable engineering properties make (EBMs) an attractive alternative to conventional cement-based construction materials. Though the use of native binders to improve soil properties has garnered attention in recent literature, the available knowledge has not been covered in a single document. This book highlights the key soil properties that determine the mechanical performance of earthen building materials, importance of unsaturated soil mechanics in the engineering behavior of earthen building materials, the different types of stabilizers used to improve the engineering performance of earthen building materials including the use of select native binders, the characteristics of compressed earth blocks stabilized with cement and cement + wood ash additives and the improvement in the engineering properties of adobes stabilized with plant fibers and cow dung.

This edited book is based on the accepted papers for presentation at the 1st MedGU Annual Meeting, Istanbul 2021. With four parts spanning a large spectrum of geological, geochemical, geophysical and petroleum topics, this book presents a series of newest research studies that are nowadays relevant to Middle East, Mediterranean region, and Africa.The book covers various topics from the fields of (1) sedimentology, stratigraphy, paleontology, (2) geochemistry, mineralogy, petrology, volcanology, (3) structural geology, tectonics, geodynamics, and (4) petroleum and energy engineering, and petroleum geology. The content of these papers provides new scientific knowledge for further understanding new case studies and approaches in these various topics.

This book is directed to those who are interested in petroleum geology, especially source rock from both academia and industrial societies. Our chapter-based book is written by a list of world-class subject-matter experts.The book includes recent advancements in analytical source rock characterization methods with some case studies. It is also used as part of a course curriculum or guide for source rock interpretation for all researcher categories.Significant improvement in the source rock characterization techniques in the last two decades and the knowledge is disseminated in a huge amount of papers and studies. The book intends to collect these recent advancements in one textbook to benefit students and researchers in general. In addition, it is supplemented by many case studies from all over the world that represent important data sets for the regional geology of these areas.

This textbook presents an extensive manual of crystallography, including geometric crystallography, crystallochemistry, and crystallophysics. Illustrated with a wealth of figures and diagrams, it offers a thorough introduction to crystals for undergraduate and graduate students interested in learning the essentials and advanced concepts of crystallography.The book begins with basic concepts such as the geometry, morphology and symmetry of lattices, allowing readers to approach the subject from a mathematical point of view, abstracting it from its material content. In turn, the second part focuses on crystallochemistry and explains the differences between ideal and real crystals, and between static and dynamic ones. The third part of the textbook concerns crystallophysics and addresses the electrical, magnetic, mechanical, elastic and optical properties of crystals, as well as the fundamental laws and methods of X-ray diffraction.

This book focuses on Meso- to Neoproterozoic geology and Petroleum resources in China. It offers the oldest sediments knowledge for petroleum generation, accumulation, alteration and preservation in the world. It provides a valuable contribution to the understanding of a potential Precambrian oil and gas exploration realm through well-developed Meso- to Neoproterozoic sedimentary strata with petroleum resources. This work will appeal to a wide readership, from geologists, geochemists, petroleum prospector, university faculty members to advanced students working for Precambrian and petroleum geological and geochemical research.

This book comprehensively discusses the methods and practices for evaluating geochemical processes in aquifer groundwater. Possible occurrence and mechanisms of rock-water interaction, trace metal mobilization, thermodynamic explanation, actions of aquifer CO2, pollution sources, geogenic influencing factors, and isotope dilution methods are the primary areas of focus. These water quality variables are analyzed using a variety of logical/theoretical explanations, statistical techniques, and experimental procedures to determine the suitability of groundwater for drinking, irrigation, and other industrial purposes. The work is an important addition to hydrogeochemical literature since many existing indexing methods for the assessment of water quality are very old and have some degree of limitation. The book will be a useful resource for students, lecturers, and researchers working in the fields of hydrogeochemistry, hydrology, water pollution, and groundwater quality.

This edited book is based on the accepted papers for presentation at the 1st MedGU Annual Meeting, Istanbul 2021. With three sections spanning a large spectrum of geological and geoenvironmental topics, this book presents a series of newest research studies that are nowadays relevant to Middle East, Mediterranean region, and Africa.The book includes major subjects related to hydrogeology, geoecology, and atmospheric sciences. Case studies are from the fields of hydrology, hydrogeology, hydrogeochemistry and water resources, biogeochemistry, geobiology and geoecology, atmospheric sciences, meteorology, climatology, and oceanography.

The book provides a characteristic of sulfate karst, the features of its distribution and development in the Perm region, based on their own research and generalization of data accumulated in recent years. An updated zoning of the territory is given, partly based on the use of GIS technologies. This book also offers a detailed description of areas with characteristics of geological and hydrogeological conditions for the development of karst and karst phenomena. Besides, it also provides a detailed description of a number of caves, information about specially protected natural areas associated with sulfate karst and new unique objects that need protection. The book describes the influence of karst on economic activity and the ecological situation.The publication is intended for geologists, geographers, ecologists, karst scientists, speleologists, local historians, teachers and students of specialties related to earth sciences, as well as a wide range of karst and cave enthusiasts.

The volume of Springer Proceedings in Geoarchaeology and Archaeological Mineralogy contains selected papers presented at the 9th Geoarchaeology Conference, which took place during September 19¿22, 2022, at the South Urals Federal Research Center, the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Miass, Russia. The Proceedings unite studies in the fields of archeometry, geoarchaeology, and ancient technologies, based on cases from northern Eurasia, and include archaeometallurgy, stone tools investigation, exploitation of geological resources in the past, bioarchaeology, residue analysis, pottery and lithics investigation, use of the GIS in archaeology. A study of non-organic materials, rocks, minerals, ores, metals, metallurgical slags is a special focus of the book. Many papers also use modern analytical methods of isotopic, chemical, and mineralogical analysis to study the composition and structure of ancient materials and the technological practices of past human populations ofModern Russia, Ukraine, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Mongolia. The volume is intended for archaeologists, historians, museum workers, and geologists, as well as students, researchers from other disciplines, and the general public interested in the interdisciplinary research in the field of archaeology and archaeological materials, strategies and techniques of past quarrying, mining, metallurgy and lithic technologies at different chronological periods in Eurasian steppe and adjacent forest zone.

This book presents a summary of high-pressure phase transitions of minerals and related inorganic compounds. The first part reviews the methods to investigate phase transitions by direct high-pressure and high-temperature experiments together with thermodynamic approaches that consist of calorimetric measurements and thermodynamic calculation. In the second part, phase relations and thermodynamic properties of olivine, pyroxene, garnet, spinel, perovskite, rutile, and related inorganic compounds with A2BO4, ABO3, AB2O4, and AO2 stoichiometries are described. Particular emphasis is placed on spinel- and perovskite-structured phases and their high-pressure polymorphs called post-spinel and post-perovskite phases. The last part of the book focuses on phase relations of mantle rocks and on natural high-pressure minerals from the Earth's deep mantle and in shocked meteorites.  

This book highlights various aspects of geochemical and geological processes. In brief, it facilitates to understand the geochemical behavior of major, trace and rare earth elements in rocks to identify the magmatic processes involved in present-day magma generation and their relation to global tectonic regimes as well as geothermal studies. Therefore, the book provides a comprehensive view of the generation of magma types (mafic to felsic in composition) and their role in the petrogenesis. The book also covers the development of new geosoftware to effectively process the geochemical data before its interpretation.

This book is the first comprehensive account of the modern Kenya Rift Valley lakes and their precursor lakes preserved in the sedimentary record. The first part gives the broad geological and environmental background to the Kenya Rift and a history of research. In the second part, each modern lake is described from perspectives of geology, limnology, ecology, sedimentology and late Quaternary history. The fossil lake sediments, some linked to hominin sites, and their paleoenvironmental history are considered in the third part. In the fourth section, the global tectonic, volcanic and climate controls of lake evolution in continental rifts are examined. The last section discusses the resource potential of the lakes and their sediments, and the environmental issues that currently affect the modern lakes. This research-level book (geology, paleoecology) is illustrated throughout by original figures and photographs.

Environmental Geochemistry: Site Characterization, Data Analysis, Case Histories, and Associated Health Issues provides a wealth of information on modern geochemical methods, techniques, and procedures for those studying toxic substances found in soil, air, and water. This new edition takes an especially close look at environmental pollution and its impact on human health. It includes a variety of methods and procedures, such as taking groundwater samples, biological monitoring, geochemical mapping, and models of geochemical speciation. This is followed by a close look at different pollutants, including lead and pesticides. The authors conclude with several detailed case histories that examine health issues resulting from environmental pollution. Environmental researchers and practitioners will use this book for their work, thus helping them understand and reduce environmental pollutants that affect health.

In this book, readers will gain a deep understanding of the distinct characteristics and intricate formation mechanisms behind each type of diamond.A standout feature of this book is its in-depth exploration of nanodiamonds, shedding light on their unique formation processes. The narrative is thoughtfully organized, covering four main categories of natural diamonds and their related formation processes: 1)Interstellar nanodiamond particles; 2) Nano- and microcrustal diamonds associated with coals, sediments, and metamorphic rocks; 3) Nanodiamonds and microdiamonds associated with secondary alterations of mafic and ultramafic rocks mainly in the oceanic lithosphere; 4) Mantle-derived diamonds associated with kimberlites and their xenoliths, such as peridotites and eclogites.With clarity and precision, this book caters to both researchers and students in the fields of mineralogy and mineral formation. This book serves as an invaluable resource, offering an all-encompassing perspective on diamond formation, appealing to those curious minds eager to delve into the captivating realm of these precious gems.

This volume unravels the power relations that are masked in the present discourse of ecological sustainability and conflicts over natural resources in India. It looks at the inter-linkages of discourse, resources, risk and resistance in the neoliberal world, conservation, management, science, gender, community politics and governance policies.

Quaternary studies provide the essential context for evaluation of what is happening with the earth's climate today, and to clarify our vulnerability to hazardous natural processes. This book covers scientific aspects of past and present climatic changes of the quaternary period focused on the Indian subcontinent via response of modern environmental conditions on climate proxies, reconstruction of paleoclimate, paleomonsoon, glacial geology, climate variabilities using dendrochronology, cave deposits including quaternary tectonics and climate change over the Himalayan region. It consists of data generated from different landforms including lakes, caves, rivers, swamps, pits, and trenches using different proxies. Aimed at researchers, graduate students, professionals in geology, geography and environmental sciences, micropaleontology, and Quaternary climate change, this book:Studies Quaternary climate using various proxies in varied environments on the Indian sub-continent Covers pertinent historical and environmental archives to understand the current climate scenarioDiscusses the impact of climate change on biotic and abiotic components Includes thorough review of paleoclimate change studies Devotes significant space to glacial geology and all glacial climate proxies

Meso- to Neoarchean is a critical transitional period for the formation and evolution of continental crust and the corresponding geodynamic mechanisms, during which the average composition of continental crust gradually shifted from Na-enriched to K-enriched. However, the ultimate source of K and its enrichment mechanism in continental crust are still enigmatic. Moreover, fierce controversies remain on the Precambrian subdivision and late Archean geodynamic models of the North China Craton (NCC). Archean basement terranes in the Eastern Hebei-Western Liaoning Provinces, northern NCC display characteristic lithological zonation similar to those developed in modern convergent plate margins, and from northwest to southeast can be subdivided into the MORB-type tholeiite belt, oceanic arc tectonic belt, and K-rich granitoid belt. This book reports systematic field geological, petrographic, structural, whole-rock geochemical, and zircon U-Pb-Hf-O isotopic data for the various late Neoarchean lithological assemblages of the K-rich granitoid belt. Their deformational characteristics and petrogenesis are discussed in detail, and integrated with their spatiotemporal relationships and metamorphic features, a late Neoarchean active continental margin setting with multi-stage trench retreats and subsequent arc-continent collision is proposed to account for the formation and evolution of the K-rich granitoid belt. It also throws light upon the ultimate source and enrichment mechanism of K in the late Archean continental crust by comparing K-rich granitoid belt with the adjacent oceanic arc tectonic belt.

The recent understandings about global earth mechanics are widely based on huge amounts of monitoring data accumulated using global networks of precise seismic stations, satellite monitoring of gravity, very large baseline interferometry, and the Global Positioning System. New discoveries in materials sciences of rocks and minerals and of rock deformation with fluid water in the earth also provide essential information. This book presents recent work on natural geometry, spatial and temporal distribution patterns of various cracks sealed by minerals, and time scales of their crack sealing in the plate boundary. Furthermore, the book includes a challenging investigation of stochastic earthquake prediction testing by means of the updated deep machine learning of a convolutional neural network with multi-labeling of large earthquakes and of the generative autoencoder modeling of global correlated seismicity. Their manifestation in this book contributes to the development of human society resilient from natural hazards. Presented here are (1) mechanics of natural crack sealing and fluid flow in the plate boundary regions, (2) large-scale permeable convection of the plate boundary, (3) the rapid process of massive extrusion of plate boundary rocks, (4) synchronous satellite gravity and global correlated seismicity, (5) Gaussian network dynamics of global correlated seismicity, and (6) prediction testing of plate boundary earthquakes by machine learning and generative autoencoders.

This book presents an in-depth review of El Hierro Island, the youngest and most southwesterly volcano of the Canary Islands. In October 2011, a submarine eruption started offshore El Hierro Island. The 2011¿2012 El Hierro eruption has probably been the best monitored and studied submarine eruption to date and has sparked interest in the study of this young ocean island volcano. During the last decade, multidisciplinary investigations, e.g., on the geological and volcanological character of its past and latest onshore and offshore eruptions, the geophysical and geochemical signatures of its magmatic plumbing system structure and dynamics, as well as the bio-geophysical interactions and consequences of submarine eruptions in the ocean, have been conducted. This book provides an authoritative review of many of these scientific advances as well as multiple remaining unknowns for the study of El Hierro Island and its 2011¿2012 submarine eruption. Such knowledge should be of great interestto specialists not only in the Canary Islands volcanism but also in similar ocean island intraplate volcanoes.

This book presents the mechanism of in-situ radon volatilization and outlines the geological requisites to site a radon monitoring well for earthquake warning. A small fractured aquifer under undrained conditions is an effective natural strain meter for earthquake prediction. It shows significant merit on a local basis, and most importantly, the analysis can also be applied globally in subduction zones with similar tectonic settings and physical¿chemical relationships.Between 2003 and 2010, anomalous declines in groundwater radon concentration were recurrently recorded at Antung, Taiwan, which are considered as precursory to local major earthquakes. The correlations between radon decline and earthquake magnitude are useful for early warning of local main earthquakes. The book consists of 7 chapters. Chapter 1 presents background information and the objectives of the book. Chapter 2 illustrates the methods of monitoring groundwater radon and a brief review of earthquake prediction research using groundwater radon. Chapter 3 provides the details of anomalous decrease in groundwater radon before the Taiwan Mw 6.8 Chengkung Earthquake of 2003. Chapter 4 provides the description of the mechanism of groundwater-radon volatilization. Chapter 5 shows the recurrent anomalous declines in groundwater radon concentration consistently recorded at Antung, Taiwan, prior to local main earthquakes that occurred between 2003 and 2010. Monitoring groundwater radon in small, unconfined fractured aquifers is explained in Chapter 6, followed by an analysis of correlating precursory declines in groundwater radon, precursory time with earthquake magnitudes for small, confined fractured aquifers in Chapter 7.

This book describes the mineralization process of barite-fluorite deposits in southeastern Sichuan, Yangtze Block, China. Mainly through systematic field geological surveys and detailed indoor research work, the typical barite-fluorite deposits in this area were analyzed using a variety of analysis methods such as single fluid inclusion LA-ICP-MS composition analysis, trace rare earth element analysis, H-O-S-Sr isotope analysis, F element content analysis, and Sm-Nd geochronological analysis. By in-depth analysis of the ore-forming environment, mineralization process and geological characteristics of barite-fluorite deposits, the following were determined: (1) the source of ore-forming fluids of barite-fluorite deposits and (2) the migration, concentration, enrichment, and evolution of ore-forming sources, exploring the formation mechanism of barite-fluorite deposits. Summarizing the mineralization regularity of the deposit in this area of China provides a new insight and basis for the study of similar types of deposits in the world.

NASA's Mars 2020 mission successfully landed the Perseverance rover in Jezero crater on February 18, 2021.This book provides the definitive pre-landing documentation of the Mars 2020 mission, its scientific payload elements, and its exploration area.The chapters in this volume include detailed descriptions of: The Perseverance mission, and its relationship to a possible Mars Sample Return campaign; The geology of the mission's exploration environment in Jezero crater; and The purpose, design and operation of all seven instruments aboard the rover (Mastcam-Z, SHERLOC, RIMFAX, Supercam, MOXIE, PIXL, and MEDA) as well as the engineering cameras and the Mars helicopter Ingenuity. NASA's ambitious Mars 2020 mission extends a long arc of Martian exploration by seeking evidence that life may once have existed on Mars, and by preparing a collection of samples for possible return to Earth by a future mission. Mars 2020 will also enable future exploration by characterizing modern weather conditions and by demonstrating new technologies.Previously published in Space Science Reviews in the Topical Collection "The Mars 2020 Mission"

Das Buch gibt einen anschaulichen Überblick über das facettenreiche Gebiet der Gemmologie in Theorie und Praxis. Im ersten Teil werden die klassischen und modernen Methoden zur Bestimmung und Erkennung der Edelsteine ausführlich vorgestellt. Der zweite Teil des Buches umfasst den komplexen Bereich der Manipulationen und Behandlung der Schmuckmaterialien sowie ihre Erkennungsmöglichkeiten. Die Kapitel des letzten Teils widmen sich den Grundlagen zum besseren Verständnis der Eigenschaften und Methoden.

This book examines novel geological formations and lava flows of basaltic rock in India, and provides a comprehensive understanding of basaltic rock geology, petrography, stratigraphy and geochemistry. Readers are given insight into the geologic conditions of basaltic rock in central India, and a basic introduction to field geology methods and parameters in the study region. The author shows detailed petrographic and mineralogical characteristics of various basaltic rock formations, and identifies key features using major, trace and rare earth element stratigraphic analysis. An analysis of the sequence of hydro-geological formations of the basaltic rock area using ground water fluctuation models is also provided to assess surface and groundwater resources, which are important for planning development in the basaltic hard rock area. The book aims to be a resource for researchers, scientists, teachers and students interested in geology, petrography and geochemistry.