Økonomisk geografi

The book provides a comprehensive review of renewable energy from an economic perspective throughout the last two hundred years, starting from traditional renewable energy based on bio and hydro energy. The focus is on modern renewable energy based on geothermal, wind, and solar energy. It emerged when innovative entrepreneurs captured opportunities for valuable energy services. As the services with renewable energy expanded, the costs of technologies decreased entailing global commercialisation. This enables larger access to energy and emission reduction of carbon dioxide, but also causes larger differences in the energy resources across countries which impedes international policies. That optimistic viewpoint on the shift to the global low-carbon economy is largely based on statistical data about purchasing power, energy consumption and businesses, and valuable energy services in many countries on all continents. The data are presented in 70 tables, graphs, and figures, most of them original. Interpretation of the data are useful in support of decisions making about sustainable development in civil society, businesses, and policy makers as well as for the verifications of scholarly hypotheses and projections in energy and climate policies.

This book offers readers a spatial understanding of happiness and subjective well-being. By integrating spatial and geostatistical methods, it sheds new light on the spatial and geographical aspects of subjective well-being. Geographical analysis allows us to measure spatial and regional discrepancies in subjective well-being and to identify heterogeneous profiles in terms of social, economic and environmental patterns. Consequently, the papers gathered here address various topics concerning the spatial aspects of subjective well-being, including social injustice, age, new urban spaces, and tourism. The book proposes a multidisciplinary approach and is intended for scholars and students in the fields of geography, economics and the spatial sciences. By examining several critical dimensions of happiness and subjective well-being, it enriches the complexity of regional decision-making on the path toward happier and more liveable societies.

Maps are essential tools in finding our way around, but they also tell stories and are great depositories of information. Through a carefully chosen selection of maps, the book traces the growth and development of Dublin from the early seventeenth century to the present day, offering a fascinating snap-shot of how the city has changed over time.

Revenue down. New customers scarce. Costs skyrocketing. That's the reality that many businesses are facing today... and the economic storm hasn't even hit yet. For many business owners and leaders, the fear of what's happening, and what's to come, is creeping under their skin and keeping them awake at night. So much uncertainty... so few answers. The storm sirens are blaring as loud as ever: Major - economic bedrock - companies, are missing their targets and steeply down-trending their forecasts. Financial firms are collapsing. Banks are holding back lines of credit, or even recalling them. And billionaires like Jeff Bezos are advising everyone to "batten down the hatches". Yikes! These aren't just empty words of caution either. The data backs it up with Hubspot reporting that a whopping 67% of consumers reported at the end of 2022 that they are spending more cautiously, purchasing less, or outright avoiding making purchases beyond absolute necessities. Another 20% on top of that were expecting to slow their spending in 2023. There is no denying it, the times ahead are going to be hard. There should be no question in your mind about that. The question that should be in your mind is this: "What can I do to prepare my business for the tough times ahead?" That's the question that this book answers.

Homi Kharas looks at how the powerful dream of middle class life has captivated generations, from Victorian England to present day India, but its demands have led younger generations to ask if it is all worth it. Can the middle class continue to thrive, or will it falter under the stresses of automation, consumerism, pollution, and political strife?

On March 9, 1776, An inquiry into the nature and causes of national wealth - often referred to simply as National Wealth - was published for the first time. Smith, a Scottish, philosopher of ethics through marketing, wrote the book to explain the industrial power system that upsets the mercantilist system. Mercantilism emphasized that the economy was limited. The only way to be successful is to hoard gold and tax foreign trade. According to this theory, countries should sell their products to other countries without buying anything. Predictably, countries have entered into a form of reparative debt that has stifled international trade.This free market force that Adam Smith called the invisible hand needs support to work its magic. In particular, the market resulting from the increasing division of labor, both in the production process and in society in general, has created a system of dependence. These relationships promote the common good through individual profit motives.In other words, if you are a professional baker and only produce bread, you will depend on someone else for clothing, meat, and beer. In the meantime, the experts in clothing will depend on you for their bread and other things. Economic growth occurs when people want goods and services that they cannot produce themselves.

Focusing on maritime security, this book discusses Blue Economy and Smart sea transport systems in the context of the Indian Ocean rim countries and the multifaceted challenges that they are likely to face while attempting to develop such systems. It introduces Blue Economy as a concept with an emphasis on lower costs, reduced waste, greater efficiency, and value addition in all services associated with the near and deep oceans, with the establishment of Smart sea transport systems as the adaptive response in a global trade system. It highlights the roles of maritime security in politics, economics, and environmental management issues that constitute the challenges of achieving such goals. In this regard, the authors approach the issues from the institutional perspective to examine ways in which relevant transport and supply chain stakeholders can collaborate to build secure, resilient global systems of maritime trade. This book will be of interest to anyone interested in marine policy and global supply chains, especially in maritime security, its impacts and risks on transport and supply chain infrastructures, and the related socioeconomic activities likely to be affected. Readers will gain insight into the effective ways to adapt to such risks and how to benefit from the generated opportunities on transport, supply chains, and the global economy. Also, it is an ideal companion to policymakers and practitioners who are eager to learn about the dynamics between maritime security and Blue Economy which, in turn, enhances the quality of strategic planning, policies, and practices in addressing these issues. Finally, it inspires researchers and postgraduate students to conduct innovative research on this topic.

"From the collaborators behind the modern business classic All the Devils are Here comes a damning indictment of American capitalism-and the leaders that left us brutally unprepared for a global pandemic In 2020, the novel coronavirus pandemic made it painfully clear that the U.S. could not adequately protect its citizens. Millions of Americans suffered-and over a million died-in less than two years, while government officials blundered; prize-winning economists overlooked devastating trade-offs; and elites escaped to isolated retreats, unaffected by and even profiting from the pandemic. Why and how did America, in a catastrophically enormous failure, become the world leader in COVID deaths? In this page-turning economic, political, and financial history, veteran journalists Bethany McLean and Joe Nocera offer fresh and provocative answers. With laser-sharp analysis and deep sourcing, they investigate both what really happened when governments ran out of PPE due to snarled supply chains and the shock to the financial system when the world's biggest economy stumbled. They zero in on the effectiveness of wildly polarized approaches, with governors Andrew Cuomo of New York and Ron DeSantis of Florida taking infamous turns in the spotlight. And they trace why thousands died in hollowed-out hospital systems and nursing homes run by private equity firms to "maximize shareholder value." In the tradition of the authors' previous landmark exposâes, The Big Fail is an expansive, insightful account on what the pandemic did to the economy and how American capitalism has jumped the rails-and is essential reading to understand where we're going next"--

Zero-sum economics is a new theory of economics that can be used to explain the general operation of economies including such phenomena as business cycles, cash distribution, global labor, and ultimately poverty. These explanations use system analysis and control theory to describe how economic phenomena occur and use numerical simulations and current economic statistics to validate the claims. The most interesting part of this theory is that it shows how to stabilize an economy to avoid business cycles that cause recurrent recessions and potentially solve poverty.This edition has more details about Universal Basic Income (UBI) and Other supporting details about how and why this strategy would work.

This book provides a significant contribution to the literature on land reform in various African contexts. While the economic evidence is clear that secure property rights are a necessary condition for catalysing broad-based economic development, the governance process by which those rights are secured is less clear. This book details the historical complexity of land rights and the importance of understanding this history in the process of trying to improve tenure security. Through a combination of single country case studies, comparative case studies and regional comparisons, the book is unequivocal that good governance is paramount for improving the performance of land reform programmes. All attempts at moving towards more formal secure tenure require congruence with informal norms, beliefs and values, and a set of clear systems and processes to avoid corruption and unintended negative consequences.

Agriculture is the backbone of our economic system. It provides not only food and raw material but also employment opportunities to a very large number of people. Higher atmospheric temperature has an impact on crop yields while the changes in rainfall could affect both crop quality and quantity. Climate change, therefore, could increase the prices of major crops in some regions. For the most vulnerable people, lower agricultural output means lower income. In addition, climate change is expected to increase the risk of illness and death from extreme heat and poor air quality. Recent evidence is the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, climate change also affects the occurrence of other infectious diseases. A number of well-known diseases are climate-sensitive - malaria, dengue fever, and cholera among others. Tourism is considered as an industry and alternative contributor to a nation¿s income. It can generate employment opportunities and boost up the economy. This book, consisting of 26 chapters, focuses on the issues of agriculture, tourism and health for livelihood enhancement. It is essential to discuss these diverse issues in the field of geography as it encompasses interdisciplinary topics. The range of concerns at the national, regional and local levels is not confined to geography only but also involves other disciplines as well. Therefore, this book is a valuable source for scientists and researchers in allied fields such as livelihood, agriculture, land use, tourism management, health care and tribal studies. Furthermore, this book can be of immense help to the researchers, planners and decision makers engaged in solving problems in these areas in developing countries and beyond.

Britain is broken, but how did it become so divided?

This book brings together academics and experts on Turkish network industries. It provides fundamental information on the current developments regarding regulation of the different network industries in Turkey. Turkey has gone through a liberalization process in most of the network industries during the past 20 years. In most of them, independent regulatory authorities have been established, but some network industries are still remaining under the central or local government regulatory regime. As a result, there is now a very complicated regulatory regime in place which makes Turkey¿s regulatory system difficult to understand for practitioners, academics, lawyers, researchers and investors. This book offers unique insight into Turkey¿s regulatory regime in various network industries. It also offers a historical background to regulation, a description of the current regulatory regimes, as well as an analysis of the foreseeable evolutions. The bookcovers all the important network industries in Turkey. No similar book is available on the market to date. Moreover, the book provides an extensive analysis of the current regulatory regimes in the energy, the transport, and the telecommunications industries. This book should be of interest to anyone wishing to understand Turkish regulation and will be very helpful handbook to researchers who are interested in regulation of network industries not only in Turkey but also in other developing countries, as Turkey is quite representative of other emerging countries. Readers will acquire a thorough understanding of the state of play of the Turkish network industries and their regulation.