Nanoteknologi

The chemistry of nanomaterials has developed considerably in the past two decades, and concepts that have emerged from these developments are now well established. The surface modification of nanoparticles is a subject of intense research interest given its importance for many applications across a number of disciplines. This comprehensive guide is the first to be devoted to the surface chemistry of inorganic nanocrystals. Following an introduction to the physical chemistry of surfaces, chapters cover topics such as the surface modification of nanoparticles, water compatible, polymer-based, and inorganic nanocomposites, as well as relevant applications in catalysis, biotechnology and nanomedicine. Highlighting recent advances, Surface Chemistry of Colloidal Nanocrystals provides an integrated approach to chemical aspects related to the surface of nanocrystals. Written by prestigious scientists, this will be a useful resource for students and researchers working in surface science, nanoscience and materials science as well as those interested in the applications of the nanomaterials in areas such as health science, biology, and environmental engineering.

From a political, societal and scientific point of view, it is imperative to counteract global warming and overcome energy scarcity. From a scientific perspective, nanostructured materials play a crucial role in achieving these goals, e.g. in the development of energy-saving light-emitting diodes, solar cells, rechargeable batteries or gas storage technologies. However, the potential design of the structure-related properties of such nanostructured compounds requires in-depth knowledge and strict control of their crystallization processes, which can be achieved by monitoring the corresponding chemical reactions in situ. This book is aimed at undergraduate and graduate students who wish to gain an overview of the applications, synthesis, or in situ characterization of inorganic nanostructured compounds such as lanthanide-based materials, quantum dots, magnetic nanoparticles, bioceramics, battery electrodes, and metal-organic frameworks.

The ?eld of ferroelectricity is a very active one. Many hundreds of papers in this ?eld are published each year and a large number of local and international conferences are held. We felt that it wouldbeappropriate at this time to publish a set of papers in a single journal describing some of the most active areas in the ?eld. The Journal of Materials Science agreed to publish a special issue on ferroelectricity. Accordingly, we sent requests for papers to a number of research groups around the world. It was diff?culttoselect a small number of groups from among the many excellent ones in the ?eld and we apologize to those not included. We received 24 manuscripts from groups in North America, Asia and Europe, each one of which was reviewed by two referees. The papers include reviews and current research, both experimental and theoretical. It was especially satisfying that the authors included not only established researchers but also manyyounger people who are destined to continue in the ?eld in the future. The special issue entitled "e;Frontiers of Ferroelectricity"e;appeared as Volume 41, Issue 1 of the Journal of Materials Science in January 2006. Because webelieved that many researchers and students would ?nd great value in having the complete set of papers on their bookshelf, we suggested to the editors of Springer that Frontiers of Ferroelectricity shouldbe published in book form.

The ability to understand and control the unique properties of interfaces has created an entirely new field of magnetism which already has a profound impact in technology and is providing the basis for a revolution in electronics. The last decade has seen dramatic progress in the development of magnetic devices for information technology but also in the basic understanding of the physics of magnetic nanostructures. Volume III describes thin film magnetic properties and methods for characterising thin film structure topics that underpin the present 'spintronics' revolution in which devices are based on combined magnetic materials and semiconductors. The present volume (IV) deals with the fundamentals of spintronics: magnetoelectronic materials, spin injection and detection, micromagnetics and the development of magnetic random access memory based on GMR and tunnel junction devices. Together these books provide readers with a comprehensive account of an exciting and rapidly developing field. The treatment is designed to be accessible both to newcomers and to experts already working in this field who would like to get a better understanding of this very diversified area of research.

The scanning probe microscopy ?eld has been rapidly expanding. It is a demanding task to collect a timely overview of this ?eld with an emphasis on technical dev- opments and industrial applications. It became evident while editing Vols. I-IV that a large number of technical and applicational aspects are present and rapidly - veloping worldwide. Considering the success of Vols. I-IV and the fact that further colleagues from leading laboratories were ready to contribute their latest achie- ments, we decided to expand the series with articles touching ?elds not covered in the previous volumes. The response and support of our colleagues were excellent, making it possible to edit another three volumes of the series. In contrast to to- cal conference proceedings, the applied scanning probe methods intend to give an overview of recent developments as a compendium for both practical applications and recent basic research results, and novel technical developments with respect to instrumentation and probes. The present volumes cover three main areas: novel probes and techniques (Vol. V), charactarization (Vol. VI), and biomimetics and industrial applications (Vol. VII). Volume V includes an overview of probe and sensor technologies including integrated cantilever concepts, electrostatic microscanners, low-noise methods and improved dynamic force microscopy techniques, high-resonance dynamic force - croscopy and the torsional resonance method, modelling of tip cantilever systems, scanning probe methods, approaches for elasticity and adhesion measurements on the nanometer scale as well as optical applications of scanning probe techniques based on near?eld Raman spectroscopy and imaging.

Modern science and technology, from materials science to integrated circuit development, is directed toward the nanoscale. From thin films to field effect transistors, the emphasis is on reducing dimensions from the micro to the nanoscale. Fundamentals of Nanoscale Film Analysis concentrates on analysis of the structure and composition of the surface and the outer few tens to hundred nanometers in depth. It describes characterization techniques to quantify the structure, composition and depth distribution of materials with the use of energetic particles and photons.The book describes the fundamentals of materials characterization from the standpoint of the incident photons or particles which interrogate nanoscale structures. These induced reactions lead to the emission of a variety of detected of particles and photons. It is the energy and intensity of the detected beams that is the basis of the characterization of the materials. The array of experimental techniques used in nanoscale materials analysis covers a wide range of incident particle and detected beam interactions.Included are such important interactions as atomic collisions, Rutherford backscattering, ion channeling, diffraction, photon absorption, radiative and nonradiative transitions, and nuclear reactions. A variety of analytical and scanning probe microscopy techniques are presented in detail.

In Periodic Nanostructures, the authors demonstrate that structural periodicity in various nanostructures has been proven experimentally. The text covers the coalescence reactions, studied by electronic microscopy, and shows that the nanoworld is continuous, giving rise to zero- (fullerenes), one- (tubules), two-(graphite) and three-(diamond, spongy carbon) dimensional carbon allotropes.The authors explore foam-like carbon structures, which relate to 'schwarzites', and which represent infinite periodic minimal surfaces of negative curvature. They show that these structures contain polygons (with dimensions larger than hexagons w.r.t. to graphite) that induce this negative curvature. The units of these structures appear as nanotube junctions (produced via an electron beam) that have wide potential molecular electronics applications. Self-assembled supramolecular structures (of various tessellation) and diamond architectures are also proposed. The authors propose that the periodicity of close repeat units of such structures is most evident not only in these formations but also present in all of the carbon allotropes. It is also shown that depending on the lattice tessellation, heteroatom type, and/or doping, metal nanostructures (nanotubes in particular) can display both metallic and semiconductor characteristics. Therefore, their properties can be manipulated by chemical functionalization. The authors therefore suggest that nanostructures have heralded a new generation of nanoscale biological, chemical, and physical devices.The text also provides literature and data on the field of nanostructure periodicity and the authors' own results on nanostructure building and energy calculations as well as topological characterization by means of counting polynomials of periodic nanostructures. The aromaticity of various coverings of graphitic structures is also discussed.This book is aimed at scientists working in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology, Ph.D. and MSc. degree students, and others interested in the amazing nanoarchitectures that could inspire the cities of the future.

Carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond-forming reactions are the backbone of synthetic organic chemistry. Scientists are constantly developing and improving these techniques in order to maximize the diversity of synthetically available molecules. These techniques must be developed in a sustainable manner in order to limit their environmental impact. This book highlights green bond forming reactions for bioactive scaffolds.

Nanotechnology is increasingly being utilized within the food industry to create innovative products with new or improved properties. This book introduces the history of nanotechnology applications in the food industry. It then discusses the key physicochemical and structural characteristics of the different kinds of nanoparticles found in foods, as well as showing how these characteristics lead to their unique functional attributes. Applications of nanotechnology in the food and agricultural industries are then covered, including the creation of nanopesticides, nanofertilizers, nutrient delivery systems, functional ingredients, smart packaging materials, nanofilters, and sensors, as well as for the conversion of waste materials into value-added products. Finally, the potential toxicity of both organic and inorganic nanoparticles found in foods is critically assessed. The author is a Distinguished Professor of food science who uses physics, chemistry, and biology to improve the quality, safety, and healthiness of foods. He has published over a thousand scientific articles and numerous books in this area and is currently the most highly cited food scientist in the world. He has won numerous awards for his scientific achievements. The aim of this book is to provide scientists and technologists with an understanding of the basic principles of nanotechnology and how they can be used in the food and agricultural industry to improve the quality, sustainability, safety, and healthiness of our foods.