Nanoteknologi

This book offers new insights into the process of adjusting nanostructures in high-strength steels to achieve enhanced mechanical properties. It summarizes the state-of-the-art nanoengineering approaches, such as precipitation engineering, interface engineering, and short-range ordering engineering. The book explores the nanostructure-process-property relationships in various high-strength steels, including TRIP/TWIP/MBIP in high-Mn steels (HMnS), medium-Mn steels (MMnS), bearing steels, tool steels, and more. The author investigates a novel approach to control the phase transformation process during deformation and/or thermal treatment in steels, employing both experimental and theoretical tools.

This contributed volume provides a comprehensive understanding of synthetic protocols, characterization techniques, and current applications of iron oxide-based nanocomposite and nanoenzyme materials. It covers basic concepts and recent advancements in iron oxide-based nanocomposites and nanoenzymes, focusing on their synthesis, characterization, and functionalization for specific research applications. The different chapters in the book highlight key characterization techniques including Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Transmission Electron Microscopy, among others while it also explores various applications of these materials, such as adsorption of heavy metals and dyes, gas sensors, biomedical applications, photo-catalysis, and photovoltaic sensors. This book serves as a valuable resource for researchers and graduate students working in the fields of materials science, chemistry, physics, and biotechnology.

This book highlights some of the latest advances in nanotechnology and nanomaterials from leading researchers in Ukraine, Europe and beyond. It features contributions presented at the 10th International Science and Practice Conference Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials (NANO2022), which was held in hybrid format on August 25-27, 2022 at Lviv House of Scientists, and was jointly organized by the Institute of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, University of Tartu (Estonia), University of Turin (Italy), and Pierre and Marie Curie University (France). Internationally recognized experts from a wide range of universities and research institutions share their knowledge and key findings on material properties, behavior, synthesis and their applications.The book will be interesting for leading scientists, advanced undergraduate and graduate students in material and nanoscience. This book¿s companion volume also addresses topics such as nano-optics, nanoelectronics,energy storage, nanochemistryl and biomedical applications.

The issues arising from coal washery operations, particularly concerning the air environment, demand a systematic examination through a suitable computer algorithm. This algorithm should be developed based on mathematical models to quantify the impact on the air environment system. Consequently, this study aims to design and implement a computer algorithm, utilizing an appropriate contaminant transport model, to predict environmental parameters in and around coal washery complexes. The study identifies significant sources within coal washery operations and examines the pollution scenario of various industrial complexes, as well as the environmental status of nearby rivers, streams, and townships. The developed computer algorithm for predicting the dispersion of air pollutants serves as a versatile tool to address environmental issues related to air pollution. It can be considered a universal model that, with the identification of air pollution sources and estimation of their emission rates using suitable statistical models, can be applied to predict air pollution for various industries.

This third edition volume expands on the previous editions with new and updated discussions on the latest developments in endotoxin contamination, complex physicochemical properties, in vitro immunotoxicity traits, and in vitro drug release properties. Eight chapters in this book are dedicated to physicochemical characterization techniques and cover newer methods such as asymmetric-flow field-flow fractionation, single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and resistive pulse sensing. The next eighteen chapters explore the immunotoxicity of nanomaterials, including microbial contaminants such as endotoxin and beta-glucans, anti-PEG antibodies, autoimmunity, and immunosuppressive properties. The last two chapters talk about new pharmacology protocols, including a new technique to assess drug release and a tissue distribution assay using PEG immunohistochemistry. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step instructions to reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.Cutting-edge and thorough, Characterization of Nanoparticles Intended for Drug Delivery, Third Edition is a valuable resource that will help both expert and novice researchers further enhance their understanding of this important and developing field.

Inside you will learn the important lessons you need to master the basics of ethical hacking. No matter if you are a beginner or a knowledgeable it professional; this book will enhance your skills and make you the best ethical hacker you can be. When it comes to honing your talents and seeking certification, this book provides you with the information you need to take the next step. This book covers everything you need to get started and move forward with ethical hackingThis book will prepare you to reach your goals in ethical hacking and will teach you the complex information behind packets, protocols, malware, and network infrastructure. You'll learn from this security book:The type of hackersHow the process of hacking works and how attackers cover their tracesHow to install and use kali linuxThe basics of cybersecurityAll the information on malware and cyber attacksHow to scan the servers and the networkWordpress security & hackingHow to do google hackingBy the time you finish this book, you will have strong knowledge of what a professional ethical hacker goes through. You will also be able to put these practices into action. Unlike other hacking books, the lessons start right from the beginning, covering the basics of hacking and building up from there. If you have been searching for reliable, legal and ethical information on how to become a hacker, then you are at the right place.

Solid waste management has become a global public concern. According to the World Bank in 2020, the world was estimated to generate 2.24 billion tonnes of solid waste, amounting to a footprint of 0.79 kilograms per person per day. With rapid population growth and urbanization, annual waste generation is expected to increase by 73% from 2020 levels to 3.88 billion tonnes in 2050 while compared to those in developed nations, residents in developing countries especially the urban poor, are more severely impacted by unsustainably managed waste. This assertion is true for a developing country like Ghana and the La Dade-Kotopon Municipality.

This book introduces high-temperature shock technology (HTS), a new method for ultra-fast synthesis of nanomaterials. HTS cannot only effectively avoid surface oxidation, agglomeration and immiscibility during the preparation of nanomaterials but also eliminate the defects or impurities of carbon-based nanomaterials. The book first presents the unique working devices of HTS. Then, it explains the working principle of its rapid heating and cooling rate at the millisecond level. In addition, the book highlights the latest research achievements of this technology in catalysis, batteries, carbon materials and new material devices, and puts forward the cost-benefit analysis and future development direction. Given its scope, the book appeals to a broad readership, particularly researchers engaged in materials, chemistry, new energy and other related fields, as well as teachers of relevant majors in colleges and universities.

Definition and Overview of NanotechnologyNanotechnology is a rapidly evolving field that has garnered immense interest and excitement among engineers in recent years. This subchapter aims to provide a comprehensive definition and overview of nanotechnology, highlighting its significance in the context of renewable energy.Nanotechnology involves the manipulation and control of matter at the nanoscale, typically ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers. At this scale, materials and devices exhibit unique properties and behavior that can be harnessed for various applications. By manipulating matter at the atomic and molecular level, engineers can create novel materials with enhanced properties and develop innovative solutions to address key challenges in renewable energy.The field of nanotechnology encompasses various disciplines, including physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering. Engineers play a crucial role in translating fundamental scientific discoveries into practical applications that can revolutionize the renewable energy sector. They strive to design and develop nanoscale materials, devices, and systems that optimize energy generation, storage, and utilization.One of the key advantages of nanotechnology in renewable energy lies in its ability to improve the efficiency of energy conversion processes. By utilizing nanomaterials, engineers can enhance the absorption and conversion of sunlight into electricity, leading to more efficient solar cells. Similarly, nanotechnology enables the development of advanced catalysts for fuel cells, which enhance the conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy.Furthermore, nanotechnology offers immense potential in energy storage systems. Engineers can design nanomaterials for high-performance batteries and supercapacitors, enabling more efficient energy storage and retrieval. This has significant implications for renewable energy integration, as it facilitates the smooth integration of intermittent energy sources like solar and wind into the electrical grid.

This book highlights the applications of nanotechnology in modern medicine. Today we are living in a world of fast-changing behavior and lifestyles. Despite health and wellbeing are often pronounced and enforced, the diseases and illnesses are emerging in different forms, at an alarming rate. Protecting the mankind is becoming ever more challenging. In this backdrop, medicine needs new approaches and technologies to build the defenses. Nanotechnology is successfully confronting the situation. It does so in two avenues, namely, nanomaterials, and, nanodevices. Nanomaterials possess extraordinary properties that are utilized to confront bacteria and viruses, and for targeted drug delivery. Nanodevices can be maneuvered inside the human body to reach extreme locations. This book presents the latest developments in these areas.

The work presents a supervised and distributed approach based on holonic architecture, called SUDIHA, for dynamic scheduling of CPPS. This approach integrates three holons: the product holon, the resource holon and the order holon. The product holon provides global supervision, while the resource holon offers dynamic local control. The idea is to adjust the level of autonomy of the local holons according to the level of authority of the global holons to achieve a delicate balance and ensure the stability of the manufacturing system.In a second step, we developed the DT-SUDIHA architecture, using the Digital Twin concept. DTs are virtual representations of the real system that enable bidirectional interaction with their physical counterparts. This helps resolve the complexity and increase the flexibility of production systems. A case study is carried out in a flexible workshop to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The results show that the SUDIHA architecture, combined with the use of digital twins, enables robust and flexible dynamic planning, capable of handling disturbances.

This book comprehensively reviews the theranostic applications of nanomaterials against various neurological disorders. The initial chapters briefly introduce various neurological disorders, their molecular mechanism, available treatments, and the latest research. It further reviews the challenges associated with the current theranostics strategies, including blood-brain-barrier. This book examines the synthesis of nanoparticles, development of efficient biosensors, fabrication of nanomaterials, diagnosis through nano-chips, and their interaction with neuronal cells. The chapter also discusses the various nanoformulations or nanocarriers of natural therapeutics, including herbal products, peptides, nootropics, and dietary supplements used to prevent and delay neurological disorders. Additionally, the book provides information on the commonly used molecular imaging tools and biosensors, using different nanomaterials for the early detection of neurological disorders. Towards the end,the book covers the imaging techniques like gold nanocages and photoacoustic imaging for diagnosing and targeted drug delivery for neurological disorders. The chapter presents the current challenges in using nanotechnology for neurological disorders and their potential solutions.

Bio-based materials, including those containing wood, will become increasingly important as we move to a bio-based economy. Among their many attributes, it is vitally important that these materials are renewable, sustainable with proper management and environmentally benign.  Wood remains one of our most important bio-based materials. While it is an amazing material, wood still has negative attributes and drawbacks that can affect performance, including dimensional instability when wetted, vulnerability to fire and high temperatures, and susceptibility to biodeterioration. A variety of treatments have been developed to overcome these weaknesses. Among the most exciting of these treatments are nanomaterials. These materials have some exceptionally attractive properties for improving timber performance and have been the subject of intensive research over the past decade. There is a tremendous need for a single comprehensive source of information on this rapidly emerging subject with tremendous potential to enhance the performance of a variety of bio-based materials. This book contains 10 chapters, each compiled by different author(s) who are considered the top researcher(s) in their respective fields. The chapters begin with some basic background on nanomaterials and their synthesis, then explore different areas for potential applications and conclude with a review of the emerging questions about nanomaterial safety. The book is designed to provide the latest information and know-how on application and utilization of different nanomaterials to improve the properties of wood and wood-based composite panels. The contents cover some main topics in the industry including improving physical and mechanical properties, increasing resistance to biodegradation (including fungi and insects), developing wood-plastic composites (WPC), applying nanomaterials in paper and board industry, and emergence of transparent wood and radiation shielding. It also covers the use of nanomaterials to improve the performance of paints and finishes used for forest products. The book provides a single location for those interested in the field to begin.

In this thesis, the author proposes "metal-responsive base pair switching" of ligand-modified nucleobases as a novel tool for stimuli-responsive control of DNA assemblies. It is written to demonstrate broad applicability of the base pair switching in dynamic DNA nanotechnology and inspire researchers to use this technique. Based on specific interactions between ligand-type nucleobases and target metal ions, in this volume, DNA hybridization was dynamically controlled through strand displacement reactions. The base pair switching was further applied to develop metal-dependent DNA molecular machines. This novel strategy for stimuli-responsive regulation of DNA assemblies will greatly expand the scope of dynamic DNA nanotechnology. This volume uniquely features importance of elaborate molecular design based on chemistry for imparting stimuli responsiveness to DNA assemblies.

This book gives you theory and design of PV/T systems. Are you interested in solar energy? If you are, you must have read about solar panels, or photovoltaics (PV). If you have installed a photovoltaic system, you must have noticed it not to generate the amount of power mentioned in its datasheet. A major issue that PV suffers from is its temperature, which causes a drop in its power. Among the solutions to this issue is to use active cooling methods, such as the hybrid photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) system. These systems can produce electrical and thermal energy simultaneously and within same area. The thermal collector serves to cool down the PV surface temperature, which negatively affects the PV efficiency, to reclaim the efficiency or bring it back close to standard testing conditions value. Moreover, the thermal collector will convey this heat using a working fluid and extract it as thermal energy. On the other hand, the electrical power generated from the PV can be utilized in standalone or grid-connected configuration. Moreover, the book presents a novel PV/T collector which can utilize nanofluids and nano-Phase Change Material (PCM) to enhance its performance in tropical climate conditions. The methods used to develop the heat transfer and energy balance equations are presented as well. PV/T collector numerical simulation using MATLAB and computational fluid dynamic (CFD) was also presented. Finally, the approach of life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) is presented to evaluate PV/T with nanofluid and nano-PCM, economically.

This book highlights the latest advances in advanced insulating materials. Energy crisis and environmental pollution are two major themes currently faced by the human society. It is of unprecedented strategic importance to construct a strong smart grid with super/ultra-high voltage network as the backbone and clean energy transmission as the leading force. However, the performance of electrical equipment and devices is greatly determined by the properties of their insulating materials, especially when they have to work in extreme circumstances including high-temperature differences, intense radiation, and strong electric fields. The key advantage of polymers is that their properties could be adjusted by changing their chemical composition and molecular structure. Research on polymer insulating materials has been highly successful as progress has been made in characterizing these properties, designing molecular structures, and studying polymers¿ specialized properties. On the other hand, nanodielectrics are prepared by adding certain nanoscale fillers into a polymer matrix to yield better electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties. When the particle pretreatment methods and the content or category of fillers are adjusted, nanodielectrics tend to have greater breakdown strength as well as better high-temperature resistance and space charge suppression. Therefore, this book covers investigations of properties of insulating materials that explore their interface effects and composite structures and introduces findings in methods that improve the performance of electrical devices. The book is not only used as a timely reference for engineering and technical personnel in related fields but also as a comprehensive textbook for college students.

This book reviews the potential of next-generation point-of-care diagnosis in healthcare. It also discusses the printed chip-based assay (Lab-on-a-Chip, Lab-on-a-PCB) for rapid, inexpensive biomarkers detection. The book presents the development of sensory systems based on the use of nanomaterials. It examines different biosensors for medical diagnosis using surface modification strategies of transducers. It presents electrochemical concepts based on different nanobiomaterials and nanocomposites for cancer theranostics. Notably, the book examines the recent advances in wearable, cost-effective hemodynamic sensors to detect diseases at an early stage. It further explores the combination of redox cycling and electrochemical detection to develop ultrasensitive and reproducible biosensors for point-of-care testing. Finally, the book summarizes the significant challenges in the point of care diagnostics and its future opportunities in healthcare. 

This book provides an overview of pseudocapacitive materials, including their fundamentals, synthetic methods, architectural enhancements to boost their properties, and emerging materials. It covers numerous strategies to enhance their performance, such as altering morphology, doping, introducing multivalent ions, designing devices, and utilizing emerging pseudocapacitive materials. The book also delves into fundamental approaches for fine-tuning the properties of pseudocapacitive materials and explores their applications in energy storage devices, with a specific focus on emerging pseudocapacitive materials and their utilization in energy storage devices.

Hot Embossing: Theory of Microreplication, Second Edition presents the current state-of-the-art in microreplication, with a focus on hot embossing, nanoimprint, thermoforming, and roll-to-roll replication. Polymer processing, the theory of polymers and the processing of polymers are discussed in detail. The book contains in-depth analysis of processing processes and replication techniques, including mold fabrication. Monitoring, data analysis and reliability of molded parts is also discussed. In this updated edition, new processes are included, such as the process of micro- and nanothermoforming to generate 3D structures and the hot pulling processes to generate hierarchical structures with high aspect ratios. Based on hot pulling, "Nanofur? for Oil-water-separation is a large-scale biomimetic application. Upscaling, especially the seamless roll-to-roll replication, is also explored. The book is designed to cover the entire workflow for a seamless lithographic sleeve. This new edition marks a substantial update of the previous edition, incorporating several new chapters. It is an important resource for materials scientists and engineers working in the areas of micro- and nanofabrication.

This book covers the new field of straintronics, using strain switched nanomagnets for extremely energy-efficient computing, information processing, communication, and signal generation. Based on well-established CMOS technology, traditional electronics have two significant shortcomings: excessive energy dissipation and volatility, which is the inability to retain information after power has been switched off. Straintronics is more energy-efficient and non-volatile (but also more error-prone), allowing it to eclipse traditional electronics in niche areas that are increasingly attracting attention, such as image processing and probabilistic computing, computer vision, machine learning, neuromorphic networks, probabilistic computing, and belief networks. Magnetic Straintronics: An Energy-Efficient Hardware Paradigm for Digital and Analog Information Processing introduces straintronics and the technology's myriad applications for researchers, engineers, and scientists in electrical engineering, physics, and computer engineering.

About this bookThis book features a collection of reviews focusing on interrelated topics in nano-optics and nanophononics written by some of the world's leading scientists in these fields. The book discusses recent results of numerical investigations of light-matter interactions at the nanoscale using first-principles calculations. Additionally, it reviews selected topics in the areas of nanophotonic devices based on functional nanoparticles for energy harvesting and the development of photo materials for advanced applications in optics and nanotechnologies. Finally, the book reviews the experimental development of quantum-dot single-photon sources on integrated photonic circuits and looks at applications in quantum information processing and quantum information distribution based on color center in diamond.

This book presents a comprehensive review of recent developments in vanadium-based nanomaterials for next-generation electrochemical energy storage. The basic electrochemical energy storage and conversion equipment are elaborated, and the vanadium-based nanomaterials of the synthesis approaches, characterizations, electrochemical storage mechanisms, and performance optimization tactics are discussed. Examples are taken from various chemical energy storage devices to expound the functions of advanced vanadium-based nanomaterials for specific applications. Finally, various challenges and perspectives on vanadium-based nanomaterial development as an emerging energy storage solution are considered.