Nanoteknologi

The brain, administrator of the whole body is a delicate and soft organ of the body thatcontrols and regulates most of our abilities to think, see, feel, hear, and much more. Theadministrator has very tight security unlike other organs called the blood-brain barrier(BBB) which allows only limited things to enter the brain. The protection (BBB) is fullof a series of defences that helps to protect the brain from most of the internal andexternal threats. The presence of these protections, most importantly BBB, also offersdifficulties to treat any disease condition in the brain. But, the advancement inneuroscience and drug delivery research has accorded many possible ways to bypass,open, or cross this barrier to treat brain diseases effectively including cancer.BBB is provided with a layer of endothelial cells which also cover the outer layer of allother organs and blood vessels in the body. Generally, this endothelial cell layer hasgaps to allow passage of different important materials including nutrients andmedicines through the layer. But, in the case of brain, these gaps are covered andblocked with proteins that restrict and controls the passage of materials through thelayer. For example, necessary items like glucose, insulin and oxygen are allowed whiletoxins, bacteria and most of medicines are not allowed.Brain cancer is a rapidly expanding disease affecting a large population and is the 10thdominant cause of mortality. The survival rate for brain cancerpatients after starting the treatment with radiation and chemotherapy is less than a year. Treatment of brain cancer with chemotherapeutics is very limited due to the presence of BBB and therefore their restricted entry to the brain. Strategiesacquired to deliver chemotherapeutic drugs to brain include both invasive and noninvasivetechniques. Invasive technique includes chemical or osmotic opening of BBB whilenon-invasive technique includes enhanced transcellular transport by modifying the drugto increase their lipid solubility, inhibition of efflux transporters, use of chimericpeptides, trojan horse approach, intranasal delivery and use of transport or carriersystems.The non-invasive carrier system-based strategy utilises delivery of drugs to braintumors using nano-sized particle systems and this strategy found to have significantpotential in improved therapy of brain disorders. Nanoparticle delivery systems cancamouflage their cargoes to the brain and can provide sustained release of therapeuticmolecules inside the brain resulting in a longer half-life, protection againstenvironmental conditions, and reduced toxicities. Studies comprising direct as well asintravenous administration of nanoparticles loaded with therapeutic agents into thebrain have shown promise in the treatment of brain cancers. But, complex synthesis procedures, low biocompatibility andbiodegradability, and toxicity problems of nanoparticle delivery systems have raisedconcerns for their clinical development.

The proposed book will be a ¿one-stop¿ place for all the young material researchers to understand the recent and reliable material making process, characterization, and reliability test tools. The proposed book is designed to provide basic knowledge to understand and analyse structure-property relationship for reliable emerging material systems for next generation of semiconductor technologies.The book is suggested to engineers and scientists across the world working on various new and novel materials for reliable semiconductor device applications. The book is expected to serve as a reference guide for young scientists and engineers in the field of material science and electronic engineers to acquire latest state-of-art experimental and computational tools to encourage their research activities.Since the scope of the book is generic, the book can be referred by all the students of science and engineering students to create a common awareness about the latest material systems and state-of-art characterization tools that have been broadly utilized to study the physical and chemical properties of different material systems.It introduces the readers to a wide variety of new emerging materials systems including their synthesis, fabrication, measurement, reliability test, modelling and simulations with in-depth analysis of selective applications.This book contains the state-of-art research updates in the various fields of semiconductor, artificial intelligence (AI), bio-sensor, biotechnology, with respect to reliable material research. Therefore, various students who are eager to get a job in semiconductor/AI/Autonomous car/biotechnology are strongly recommended to read this book and learn about related state-of-art knowledge.

This book covers a number of engineered nanotheranostics platforms and nanomedicines applications of FDA-approved medicines for early-stage diagnosis and treatment of cancer. The book focuses on (i) the basic design and bioengineering of safe medicines, (ii) physicochemical understanding of surface engineered medicines and their characteristics, (iii) various examples for site-specific bioimaging and multimode therapies, (iv) stimuli-responsive approaches for targeted drug delivery applications, (v) targeted therapeutics approaches for cancer cells or solid tumor ablations, (vi) targeted mechanisms of administrative biomedicines, (vii) impact of surface modification or engineering of biomedicines for site-selective tumor binding ability, and (vii) requirements for clinical trials and FDA approval. The content of this book appeal to readers who are interested in recent developments of FDA-approved cost-effective rapid cancer imaging and therapeutic platforms.

This book provides an overview of various drug delivery systems at the cellular level including biological, chemical methods, and most importantly physical methods such as photoporation, electroporation, mechanoporation, and device-based techniques (e.g., microfluidics), as well as organism-level techniques including nanomaterials, biomaterials, and transdermal. Drug delivery (DD) can be defined as the method and route by which an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is administered to promote its desired pharmacological effect and/or convenience and/or to reduce adverse effects. Drug delivery systems are developed to maximize drug efficacy and minimize side effects. As drug delivery technologies improve, the drug becomes safer and more comfortable for patients to use. During the last seven decades, extraordinary progress has been made in drug delivery technologies, such as systems for long-term delivery for months and years, localized delivery, and targeted delivery. The advances, however, will face the next phase considering the future technologies that we need to overcome many physicochemical barriers for new formulation development and biological unknowns for treating various diseases. Thus, various technologies are built at a single-cell level as well as an organism level. This book is useful at the university level for graduate courses or research studies and biotechnology-based companies with research and development on cell-based analysis, diagnosis, or drug screening. This book is also very useful for researchers in drug delivery technologies, which came in frontier research for the past decade.

This book provides essential information on the role of phytonanotechnology in the removal of environmental pollutants and covers recent advances in experimental and theoretical studies on plant-derived nanoparticles. It also discusses their current and potential applications and challenges.The combination of nanotechnology and phytoremediation, which is called phytonanotechnology, have the potential to remove contaminants from the environment or degrade them. The efficiency of contaminant removal can be improved by combining both methods as they are complementary to each other.Phytonanotechnology offers the advantages of increased bioavailability, prolongation of heavy metal absorption time, and multiple metal removal, all contributing to improved efficacy and decreased toxicity in plants and surroundings. Therefore, there is immense scope for nature-derived molecules to be formulated into nanotechnology-based phytoremediation approaches targeting the specific heavy metal removal from effluents and surroundings. This encourages research initiatives to synthesize more phytonanotechnology based uptake plant systems with high efficiency. Efficient formulation targeting strategies and the evaluation of targeting efficiency of phytonanotechnology, conforming to international standards of their toxicology and biocompatibility, could pave the way for heavy metal uptake and removal by plant-based systems.This book serves as a valuable resource for postgraduate students, environmental scientists and materials scientists in academia and corporate research. 

This book "Research Trends on Nanomaterials" discusses and reviews the nanomaterials and its various applications in the emerging field of science and technology. The book consists of different chapters discussing about nanomaterial and their role in applications such as textiles, agriculture, fertilizers, sports, defence, automobiles, medicine, cosmetics, food, environmental sustainability and green synthesis. It is noteworthy that the manufacturing of nanomaterials for these applications is progressing. This book emphasizes the properties and characteristics of nanoparticles that make them a good candidate to be used in research and development. The book is primarily designed to help researchers and students gain a reasonably thorough understanding of nanotechnology and nanomaterials employed in many research fields.

This edited volume emphasizes how microorganisms have become a reliable pillar of biotechnology. The authors discuss advances in synthetic biology and genetic engineering that have made it possible to reprogram the microbial cellular capabilities. This enables an economically viable production of high-value products at an industrial level.The first part of the book provides an overview of synthetic biology and genome editing tools for engineering microbial cell factories in modern fermentation. Readers also learn how high-throughput bioprocessing methods are used to recover and purify microbial products.The remaining parts of this book explore the implementation and challenges of these upstream and downstream processing techniques for manufacturing high-value products. Cost-effectiveness and quality-control are key factors, when discussing the production of low-molecular-weight products, biopharmaceuticals, biopolymers and protein-based nanoparticles.This book is a valuable resource for biotechnologists both in the industry and in academia.

This textbook provides readers with a comprehensive introduction to various noise sources that significantly reduce performance and reliability in nanometer-scale integrated circuits. The author covers different types of noise, such as crosstalk noise caused by signal switching of adjacent wires, power supply noise or IR voltage drop in the power line due to simultaneous buffer / gate switching events, substrate coupling noise, radiation-induced transients, thermally induced noise and noise due to process and environmental Coverages also includes the relationship between some of these noise sources, as well as compound effects, and modeling and mitigation of noise mechanisms.

This book provides readers with a detailed overview of second- and third-order nonlinearities in various nanostructures, as well as their potential applications. Interest in the field of nonlinear optics has grown exponentially in recent years and, as a result, there is increasing research on novel nonlinear phenomena and the development of nonlinear photonic devices. Thus, such a book serves as a comprehensive guide for researchers in the field and those seeking to become familiar with it.This text focuses on the nonlinear properties of nanostructured systems that arise as a result of optical wave mixing. The authors present a review of nonlinear optical processes on the nanoscale and provide theoretical descriptions for second and third-order optical nonlinearities in nanostructures such as carbon allotropes, metallic nanostructures, semiconductors, nanocrystals, and complex geometries. Here, the characterization and potential applications of these nanomaterials are also discussed. The factors that determine the nonlinear susceptibility in these systems are identified as well as the influence of physical mechanisms emerging from resonance and off-resonance excitations. In addition, the authors detail the effects driven by important phenomena such as quantum confinement, localized surface plasmon resonance, Fano resonances, bound states, and the Purcell effect on specific nanostructured systems. Readers are provided with a groundwork for future research as well as new perspectives in this growing field.

This book highlights the most efficient and latest ways to deal with cancer, focusing on IONPs. The book describes some well-designed surface modifications performed through several functional materials over the surface of IONPs, which results in the development of multifunctional IONPs-based delivery nanoplatforms by enhancing solubility, stability, and avoiding side effects on healthy cells. Several types of stimuli-responsive IONPs-based strategies are also discussed. Owing to magnetic, structural, and thermal properties, IONPs themselves can be utilized for magnetic targeting, magnetic hyperthermia, and phototherapy. Significant advancements are presented in IONPs-based immunotherapy, radiotherapy, and sonodynamic therapy for the efficient treatment of cancer. Finally, the book presents RIONs which serve as the parent platform for the development of powerful DMCAs utilized in SPECT/MRI and PET/MRI applications.

This book presents a very useful and valuable collection of chapters associated with recent developments in energy, environment, and nanotechnology including nanofluids dynamics. The book provides insights related to various forms of nanotechnological applications in green buildings, environmental and electrochemical systems, solar distillation systems, green energy, storage tank of the solar water heating systems, solar concentrator system's receiver, solar adsorption refrigeration system, and CFD simulations of various aspects of nanofluids/hybrid nanofluids, which are particularly useful, valuable for the betterment of society, culture, and ultimately mankind.

This book discusses advancements in the applications of nanoparticles in tissue engineering. It examines the applications of nanobiomaterials in hard tissue regeneration, fabrication, and characterization. The book also analyzes the implication of three-dimensional and four-dimensional fabrication techniques for the production of the scaffold in tissue engineering and their advantages over conventional scaffold production techniques. Further, it presents smart materials used in making 4-D scaffolds that imitate the dynamic response of tissue against natural stimuli and adapt to the microenvironment by changing their conformation or other properties. It also summarizes the growing field of biomolecular detection and biosensors in tissue engineering and the increasing prominence of nanoparticles in the biosensors. Further, it provides the future outlook and associated challenges of the application of nanomaterials in tissue engineering.

This contributed volume reviews the latest advances in all the new technologies currently developed for MagnetoEncephaloGraphy (MEG) recordings, as well as sensor technologies and integrated sensor arrays for on-scalp MEG. The book gives an account of the first MEG imaging studies and explores the new field of feasible, experimental paradigms of on-scalp MEG. This is an ideal book for engineers, researchers, and students in the neurosciences interested in MEG imaging. 

This handbook comprehensively covers the rapidly evolving field of power generation using triboelectric nanogenerators. Since their emergence in 2012, triboelectric nanogenerators have experienced fast development both in fundamental science aspects and technological innovations resulting in a plethora of outstanding applications and commercial opportunities in e.g. micro-nano energy systems, self-powered sensors, blue energy, and high-voltage power sources.The Handbook of Triboelectric Nanogenerators provides an indispensable overview of the state of the art in the field. It begins with a review of the physical and technological fundamentals and provides detailed coverage of triboelectric nanogenerators for cutting-edge applications from wearable electronics and medical implants to smart home sensing devices and human¿machine interfacing.Edited and authored by active researchers in the field, the handbook offers a wealth of information for applied physicists and chemists, as well as materials scientists and engineers. In addition, mechanical and electronic engineers working in the fields of energy scavenging, power sources, and sensor-related application development will benefit greatly from the technical information presented in this groundbreaking reference work.

Lithography refers to a planographic technique of printing that was formerly based on the immiscibility of water and oil. The printing is done on a smooth-surfaced stone or metal plate. Due to the requirement of high functional miniaturized systems in diverse fields, techniques of lithography have been developed and implemented for their intended goals in numerous fields. These include biomedical researches, semiconductor development, and chemical and biological analysis. Lithography plays an important role in nanofabrication and microfabrication techniques. Microfabrication is the technique of fabricating microscopic structures on the micrometer and smaller scales. Nanofabrication refers to a technique utilized for creating one, two or three-dimensional nanostructures in the size range of 1-100 nanometers. Microfabrication and nanofabrication are critical to the growth of miniaturized systems. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to lithography and its application in microfabrication and nanofabrication. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field of study.

The synthesis of nanoparticles can be done using biological, physical and chemical pathways. Green synthesis of nanomaterials refers to the synthesis of diverse metal nanoparticles utilizing bioactive agents. These include microorganisms, plant materials, and several biowastes such as eggshells, vegetable waste, agricultural waste, and fruit peel trash. Green synthesis of nanoparticles is aimed to reduce waste and develop sustainable techniques. It is a bottom-up strategy in which nanoparticles are synthesized by oxidation/reduction of metallic ions through organic moieties derived from biological resources. Microorganisms such as actinomycetes, fungi, algae, bacteria and yeast may be found in these biological systems. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to the green synthesis of nanomaterials, their characterization and applications. It covers in detail some existent theories and innovative concepts revolving around this domain. This book is a vital tool for all researching and studying the green synthesis of nanomaterials.

Microfluidics is the science that studies the behavior of fluids through microchannels. Microfluidic technology is involved in manufacturing systems that manipulate small amounts of fluidics using micro-channels. It deals with the behavior, precise control, and manipulation of fluids that are constrained in small spaces in the range of sub-millimeters, where the surface forces dominate volumetric forces. It plays an important role in the design of systems which process low volumes of fluids to achieve multiplexing, automation, and high-throughput screening. It is used in the development of lab-on-a-chip (LOC) technology, DNA chips, micro-propulsion, inkjet print heads, and micro-thermal technologies. LOC devices are a part of microelectromechanical systems devices performing analyses on micro-amounts of fluids. They integrate and automate multiple high-resolution laboratory techniques such as synthesis and analysis of chemicals or fluid testing into a system that fits on a chip. This book outlines the processes and applications of microfluidics and lab-on-a-chip in detail. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, the book makes an effort to highlight their impact as a modern tool for the growth of the discipline.

This book provides a mechanical engineering-based analysis of wave dispersion response in various structures created from different materials. Looking at materials including strengthened nanocomposites, functionally graded materials, metal foams and anisotropic materials, it uses analytical solution methods to solve typical problems.

Optoelectronics and Spintronics in Smart Thin Films presents a comprehensive overview of this emerging area and details the current and near future integration of smart thin films in solar cells, sensors, and memory storage.

This book provides a systematic coverage of research into medical and biotextiles based on nanomaterials as applicable in healthcare. Divided into three sections, it explains manufacturing, properties, types, and recent developments in nanotechnology based medical textiles backed by case studies.

This book deals with various new generation interconnect materials for 3D integrated circuit design. It provides information about advanced nanomaterials like carbon nanotube (CNT) and graphene nanoribbon (GNR) for the realization of interconnects, interconnect models, and crosstalk noise analysis.

This book provides an overview of the development and selection of functional polymer and nanomaterials for membrane development and their applications. It covers the definition, classification, and preparation of various functional polymers and nanocomposites and highlights potential applications in membrane technology.

Chemical sensors contain two basic functions: recognition and transduction, and provide real-time information about substances rather than physical quantities. Such devices are extensively utilized for various applications in diverse fields.

The book includes current and emerging concepts in the area of environmental biotechnology like pollution- source, control and measurement, bioremediation, biofuels, biosensors, conservation biotechnology etc. The book includes recent studies and innovations made in this field and incorporates case studies to help in understanding the concepts.

This book characterizes the HEMT based on InAs III-V material to achieve outstanding current and frequency performance. It explains different types of device architectures available to enhance the performance including InAs based single gate (SG) HEMT and double gate (DG) HEMT. The noise analysis of InAs based SG and DG-HEMT is also discussed.