Agronomi og planteproduktion

Potato is a versatile, carbohydrate-rich food which is a good source of nutrition since it contains dry matter, edible energy and edible protein. It is also a good source of vitamins such as Vitamin B1, B3 and B6, and minerals such as potassium, phosphorus and magnesium. Additionally, it is a moderate source of iron, and its high vitamin C content promotes the absorption of iron in the body. Potatoes are cultivated in many countries around the world and have the potential to significantly improve future food security since they can be grown in a wide range of agroclimatic conditions. This book attempts to understand the multiple advantages of potato as a crop and how it is important for ensuring food security. The topics included herein on the nutritional aspects of potato are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Potato is a versatile, carbohydrate-rich food which is a good source of nutrition since it contains dry matter, edible energy and edible protein. It is also a good source of vitamins such as Vitamin B1, B3 and B6, and minerals such as potassium, phosphorus and magnesium. Additionally, it is a moderate source of iron, and its high vitamin C content promotes the absorption of iron in the body. Potatoes are cultivated in many countries around the world and have the potential to significantly improve future food security since they can be grown in a wide range of agroclimatic conditions. This book attempts to understand the multiple advantages of potato as a crop and how it is important for ensuring food security. The topics included herein on the nutritional aspects of potato are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Agricultural, horticultural, forestry and fodder production etc. for the burgeoning population are ever increasing enterprises that impose heavy tasks on the management of natural resources.

The book provides the basic and emerging facts whereby its readers may be introduced to the scientific foundation of this noble course called "Plant Pathogens and Principles of Plant Pathology" The book fills up the gaps and helps its readers

This book provides the traditional as well as modern analytical techniques used for sample preparation of different matrices for extraction, clean-up, detection and estimation of pesticide residues in soil, water and food commodities.

This book includes the techniques of soil quality and pesticide residue analysis in field of forage science.

Pesticides and Plant Protection Appliances is designed as a practical manual for students and teachers specializing in plant protection.

Seed Testing Techniques for Seed Spices It is imperative to assess the seed quality with respect to field and laboratory standards as per Seed Act and ISTA rules

Soil Physical Analysis is written for Bachelor and Master Students to learn and perform soil physical analysis in how-to-do-it manner.

We would like to recommend "Fruit Crops: Cultivation Practices and Economics" to students, educators, researchers, extension specialists and orchard practitioners for cultivation practices of fruit crops and their economics.

Apomixis is the development of a plant from a seed that does not require normal sexual reproduction or fertilization. There is no genetic recombination because the process does not include the fusion of the female and male gametes. The three kinds of apomixis that are typically recognized are apospory, diplospory, and adventitious embryony. The expression of apomixis involves the coordination of several independent phenotypes including the production of an unreduced embryo sac, and the development of an embryo from an unreduced and unfertilized egg cell. There are many potential agronomic advantages of apoximis including the development of pure lines, reduction in cost and time of breeding, avoidance of sexual reproduction complications and viral transfer in plants, conservation of heterosis, and easy hybrid seed production. This book provides comprehensive insights on the evolution, mechanisms and molecular perspectives of apomixis. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers updated with the latest concepts in this area of study.

Soil salinity is a major abiotic stress, which limits the growth and productivity of plants and crops. There are two phases of salinity stress on plants, namely, the osmotic phase and the ionic phase. The osmotic phase happens immediately after salinity stress and leads to a rapid inhibition in the growth of the plant. On the other hand, ionic phase occurs after several days or weeks of salinity stress. In the ionic phase, ions are accumulated in highly toxic levels in the shoot, which adversely affects the shoot function. Plants have developed various physiological and biological mechanisms for tolerating and dealing with salinity. It can be bifurcated into three mechanisms which include osmotic tolerance, ion exclusion and tissue tolerance. Research has also been conducted for developing molecular and genomic approaches that can help crop plants develop tolerance towards salinity stress. This book provides significant information of on this topic to help develop a good understanding of salinity tolerance in plants. It consists of contributions made by international experts. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals associated with the field of agriculture and plant science.

Remote sensing technology encompasses the systems that use digital cameras and remote control systems for obtaining photographs and images from hard-to-access places. It has multiple applications in agriculture, such as obtaining information about crops, soil, and surrounding environment. This technology enables the collection of high-resolution information from agricultural land and assists the farmers and crop scientists in making various decisions. Different types of image capturing devices used in remote imaging include drones, satellites, in-field devices and digital cameras integrated in wireless sensor networks on the ground. Remote sensing is able to generate different types of spectral information such as multispectral images, standard RGB images, and hyperspectral images. Some major applications of remote sensing technology include plant monitoring, automatic harvesting, mapping and detection of plants, water management, and yield estimation. This book outlines the use of remote sensing technology in modern agriculture in detail. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. This book aims to equip students and experts with the latest concepts in this area.

Biotechnology is the application of biology to the creation of new products, organisms and methods with the goal of benefiting the society as well as improving human health. It has a wide range of applications most notably in agriculture and medicine. Modern biotechnology offers innovative products and technologies to lessen environmental footprint, use cleaner and less energy, combat debilitating and uncommon diseases, and have cleaner, safer and more effective industrial manufacturing processes. Biotechnology in agriculture not only aids in increasing productivity but also improves quality of crop production. Another advantage of biotechnology is the creation of crops that are resistant to diseases and pests. Gene editing technology enables targeted and high-precision restructuring of plant genomes which decreases the cost of product development. This book explores all the important aspects of biotechnology and its applications in crop improvement. It consists of contributions made by international experts. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Plant breeding refers to the science of modifying the traits of plants to generate desired qualities. It has been utilized to improve the quality of nutrition in the food products for animals and humans. Plant breeding aims to create crop varieties with superior and unique features that can be used for a range of agricultural purposes. The most commonly studied traits are those associated with end-use quality attributes such as flavor or concentrations of certain biological molecules, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, processing ease, and biomass or grain production. The type of quantitative or qualitative traits a plant will have is determined by its genes. Plant breeding can be done in a variety of ways, such as selecting plants with desirable features for propagation and using approaches that rely on the knowledge of genetics. This book presents the complex subject of plant breeding in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about the theories and methods of plant breeding.

Fertilizers are chemical substances that are applied to the soil for supplying essential nutrients required by plants. They are used as a part of nutrient management practice for enhancing the agricultural productivity or crop yield. Fertilizers can be classified into two categories, namely, organic fertilizers and inorganic fertilizers. Organic fertilizers are natural fertilizers derived from plants and animals. They have various benefits such as promoting the reproduction of microorganisms, enriching the soil with carbonic compounds, altering the physical and chemical properties of soil, and increasing the content of organic matter in the soil. Inorganic fertilizers are chemical-based fertilizers used for providing nutrients for the development of crops. These can be further classified into nitrogen fertilizers and phosphorous fertilizers. Although fertilizers are beneficial for soil and productivity, excessive application of fertilizers may also lead to soil fertility degradation. This book includes some of the vital pieces of works being conducted across the world on various topics related to fertilizers, crop yield and nutrient management. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Wheat and barley both are important domesticated crops which belong to the grass family. Barley is a significant source of dietary fiber whereas wheat is a significant source of carbohydrates. Wheat is used to make biscuits, pasta, cookies, bread, noodles, crackers, bulgur and various other products. It is also used to manufacture animal feed and beverages. Barley is primarily utilized to make beer and other alcoholic beverages. It is also widely used as livestock feed. Wheat and barley genetics have undergone a revolutionary change with advancement in genomics. Marker-assisted selection (MAS), marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC) and pyramiding of genetic factors influencing important traits have accelerated the discovery and use of rare allelic variants in traditional breeding schemes. This book provides significant information on the molecular approaches to improvements in wheat and barley. It will also provide interesting topics for research, which interested readers can take up. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.

Plants are exposed to a number of biotic and abiotic stresses. Soil salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses, which negatively affects plant growth and crop production. Stress due to salinity leads to various changes in the physiological and metabolic processes based on the severity and duration of the stress. In the initial stages, soil salinity leads to osmotic stress, which causes physiological changes such as nutrient imbalance, interruption of membranes, decreased photosynthetic activity, and inhibition of the ability to detoxify the reactive oxygen species. In the later stage, soil salinity leads to ionic toxicity that leads to nutrient imbalance in the cytosol. In order to overcome salinity stress, plants have developed several mechanisms such as ion homeostasis and compartmentalization, ion transport and uptake, generation of nitric oxide (NO), and synthesis of polyamines. This book includes some of the vital pieces of works being conducted across the world on various topics related to plant salinity tolerance. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this area of study.

Remote sensing is the process of detecting and monitoring the physical characteristics of an area by measuring its reflected and emitted radiation at a distance from a satellite, drone or aircraft. It is used in several fields including photography, geology, and surveying. Remote sensing plays an instrumental role in the field of crop production and management. It is used extensively for forecasting crop production, assessing crop damage and crop progress, identifying pests and disease infestation, soil mapping, monitoring and managing irrigation, and collecting past and current weather data. Crop intensification is another important application of remote sensing that involves collecting important data related to crops including crop rotation needs, cropping pattern, and crop diversity over a given piece of land. The remote sensing data can also be used in crop models, which show the relationships among plant, water and soil. Such models help reveal water stress and its effects on crop growth and development. This book is a detailed explanation of the various applications of remote sensing in crop plants. It is a vital tool for all researching or studying the role of remote sensing in crop production as it gives incredible insights into emerging modeling methods and applications.

A cropping system refers to the order in which the crops are grown or cultivated on a piece of land over a fixed period of time. Modern agricultural practices are based on the concept of sustainability. Sustainable cropping systems are a group of agricultural practices that aim to fulfill the increasing demands of agricultural products for the growing population. At the same time, it also seeks to reduce the adverse effects of crop production on environment. There are three main types of cropping systems, namely, monoculture, rotation cropping, and multiple cropping. Crop rotation is a system of growing different types of crops on the same land in recurrent succession. Nitrogen management is another sustainable cropping system that seeks to achieve the dual goals of increasing crop and animal productivity, and decreasing nitrogen losses to acceptable levels in order to reduce air and water pollution. Some other sustainable cropping systems or methods include residue management, cover crops, crop management, and organic management. The book studies, analyzes, and upholds the pillars of sustainable cropping systems and their utmost significance in modern times. It aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this area of study.

A crop refers to a type of plant that can be developed and harvested majorly for subsistence or income. Crops have been categorized into six different varieties depending on the applications which include fiber crops, industrial crops, food crops, ornamental crops, feed crops and oil crops. The selection of crop genetics in plants is commonly utilized to find out the optimum genes for increasing crop varieties. It is mainly focused on forecasting their performance and suitable circumstances. This is a useful technique for plant breeding for selecting crop plants according to the requirements. Crop breeding is mainly concerned with the creation, selection and fixation of superior phenotypes to develop better lines or cultivars. This book aims to shed light on the genetics, genomics and breeding of crop plants. It elucidates new techniques and their applications in a multidisciplinary manner. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.

Potassium is an essential macronutrient required for the growth and metabolism in plants. Its deficiency causes poor root development, slow growth, low disease resistance, delayed maturity, insufficient seed production, smaller seed production and lower yields. The potassium concentration in soil is little as a major part of potassium exists in insoluble form. It has been further depleted due to the rapid development of agriculture along with an extensive use of fertilizers. In order to mitigate the effects of potassium deficiency, several strains of bacteria and fungi have been identified for their potential of high potassium solubilization. Pisolithus, Cenococcum, Piloderma, Bacillus, Paenibacillus, Acidithiobacillus, Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, Aspergillus and Clostridium are some of the species that release large amounts of potassium from different minerals. These species can potentially enhance the productivity of many crops. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world on various topics related to the role of potassium in agriculture. Agronomists, educators and students in this field will be assisted by this book.

Capsicum refers to a genus of flowering plants in the nightshade family solanaceae. It is farmed for its bell pepper fruit or chili pepper throughout the world. Capsicum is a major spice crop and vegetable, which is grown for dried, processed and fresh products. It is primarily a temperate crop that requires a low temperature for fruit set and its growth. The low temperature is also responsible for the color development of capsicum. It thrives during summer in the hills and in the plains during winters. Capsicum comes in a variety of species and hues and can taste tart and sweet; however, green variants have a little more flavor. It has a wide range of flavors and nutritional qualities. There are several benefits of capsicum such as reducing anxiety, improving bone health, preventing anemia and cancer, boosting immunity, and improving eye health. This book unravels the biology, cultivation and applications of capsicum. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

Forage refers to the edible parts of the plant such as stems and leaves. Grasses, herbaceous legumes, and tree legumes are examples of common forages. These are primarily consumed by grazing animals such as goats, horses, llamas, cows and sheep. Forage crops are crops that are cultivated for use as feeds for animals after their grain has been separated. Mostly, forage crops are grown in fragile habitats having poor fertility and various restrictions. Forage plants support both domesticated and wild herbivores. These plants comprise varied amounts of proteins, fiber, minerals, and lignin. This book explores all the novel perspectives related to forage crops in the present day scenario. It will also provide interesting topics for research, which interested readers can take up. The book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

Crops are exposed to frequent episodes of abiotic stresses such as soil salinity, draughts, extreme temperatures and nutrient deficiencies. All these stresses inhibit plant growth and development. A number of researches are being undertaken to find mitigation strategies for abiotic stresses and increase yield productivity under unfavorable conditions. Genetic engineering is a major tool that is being used to develop crop plants, which are resistant to these stresses. Plants respond to different types of stresses through complex and diverse responses on cellular, molecular and physiological levels. Some of the methods which have been developed to increase crop resistance to abiotic stresses include genetically engineered organisms (GMO's) and new breeding technologies such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR/Cas) edition strategy. The application of biostimulants is also an effective method to improve abiotic stress tolerance in plant species. This book provides a comprehensive understanding of plant responses to abiotic stresses. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers updated with the latest concepts in this area of study. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with agriculture and plant science will benefit alike from this book.